Depression Therapists in West Hempstead, NY

Photo of Francine Saitta, Counselor in West Hempstead, NY
Francine Saitta
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hempstead, NY 11552  (Online Only)
My passion is to help women make positive changes in their lives, build confidence, increase well-being and self-care, and create more satisfying lives for themselves. Life can be difficult and change can throw us for a loop, leaving us feeling overwhelmed, confused and lost. This can lead to stress, anxiety and depression. We all face periods of transition and change. Whether you are experiencing divorce/separation, parenting issues, empty nest, relationship issues, work issues, postpartum, health/aging issues or another transition, don't be overwhelmed! I am here to help.
My passion is to help women make positive changes in their lives, build confidence, increase well-being and self-care, and create more satisfying lives for themselves. Life can be difficult and change can throw us for a loop, leaving us feeling overwhelmed, confused and lost. This can lead to stress, anxiety and depression. We all face periods of transition and change. Whether you are experiencing divorce/separation, parenting issues, empty nest, relationship issues, work issues, postpartum, health/aging issues or another transition, don't be overwhelmed! I am here to help.
(516) 368-0032 View (516) 368-0032
Photo of Kenya Wilder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Kenya Wilder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
West Hempstead, NY 11552  (Online Only)
Are struggling to communicate with your partner, experiencing issues with mood, anxiety, trust and intimacy? If you and your relationship feels broken, there's hope. I have provided treatment for clients with Anger Management, Anxiety, Depression, Grief & Losses, Relationship issues, Self-Esteem, Chronic Illness, Trauma and Abuse. I have experience in working with children, adolescents, adults, partners and families.
Are struggling to communicate with your partner, experiencing issues with mood, anxiety, trust and intimacy? If you and your relationship feels broken, there's hope. I have provided treatment for clients with Anger Management, Anxiety, Depression, Grief & Losses, Relationship issues, Self-Esteem, Chronic Illness, Trauma and Abuse. I have experience in working with children, adolescents, adults, partners and families.
(516) 321-4097 View (516) 321-4097
Photo of NewDay Counseling Services, Counselor in West Hempstead, NY
NewDay Counseling Services
Counselor, MSEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552  (Online Only)
Choosing to see a therapist can be a groundbreaking decision. You may be struggling and feel that you have no place to turn. You do. I am here to help you. I will help you work through your issues: your anxiety, pain, depression, grief or whatever issues are preventing you from living a more satisfying life. We will work together to help you on the road to a happier and healthier life.. You have already started the process by taking that first step in seeking counseling.
Choosing to see a therapist can be a groundbreaking decision. You may be struggling and feel that you have no place to turn. You do. I am here to help you. I will help you work through your issues: your anxiety, pain, depression, grief or whatever issues are preventing you from living a more satisfying life. We will work together to help you on the road to a happier and healthier life.. You have already started the process by taking that first step in seeking counseling.
(917) 924-8678 View (917) 924-8678
Photo of J Hersh Counseling Services , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
J Hersh Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552  (Online Only)
I have provided individual counseling for over ten years and have helped treat various issues related to anxiety and depression. Whether these issues are triggered by relationships, loss, self-doubt or other factors; there is opportunity for self-awareness and growth. Your comfort is most important in treatment. We will work together to identify what treatment strategies work for you. If this is your first time seeking therapy or you’re looking to resume prior treatment, I look forward to meeting you and being a source of support.
I have provided individual counseling for over ten years and have helped treat various issues related to anxiety and depression. Whether these issues are triggered by relationships, loss, self-doubt or other factors; there is opportunity for self-awareness and growth. Your comfort is most important in treatment. We will work together to identify what treatment strategies work for you. If this is your first time seeking therapy or you’re looking to resume prior treatment, I look forward to meeting you and being a source of support.
(516) 548-6127 View (516) 548-6127
Photo of Ari Gabin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Ari Gabin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience working with individuals, couples, and families, including adolescents and adults suffering from depression, mood disorders, anxiety, trauma/abuse, divorce, family conflict, relationship issues, self-harm, suicidal ideations, and grief.
The intake process is quick and easy and serves as the building blocks for understanding the course of therapy. Progress is different for each client but can be measured by a decrease of symptoms. I work with all clients ranging from three years old up to 95-years-old who are struggling with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, PTSD, trauma, personality issues, self-esteem, relationship issues, parenting, college transitions, social issues, special education, behavior modification, phobias, oppositional behavior, grief, and parent-child relationships.
I have extensive experience working with individuals, couples, and families, including adolescents and adults suffering from depression, mood disorders, anxiety, trauma/abuse, divorce, family conflict, relationship issues, self-harm, suicidal ideations, and grief.
The intake process is quick and easy and serves as the building blocks for understanding the course of therapy. Progress is different for each client but can be measured by a decrease of symptoms. I work with all clients ranging from three years old up to 95-years-old who are struggling with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, PTSD, trauma, personality issues, self-esteem, relationship issues, parenting, college transitions, social issues, special education, behavior modification, phobias, oppositional behavior, grief, and parent-child relationships.
(516) 614-4463 View (516) 614-4463
Photo of Jasmine Mathurin, Licensed Master Social Worker in West Hempstead, NY
Jasmine Mathurin
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
Jasmine Mathurin received a B.A. in Sociology at Boston College and her Masters in Social Work at Fordham University. She has a background that involves providing individual and group therapy to women, children, adolescents, and families battling various forms of mental illness, including depression, anxiety disorders, learning disabilities, phobias and attention disorders. She has received intensive training in the dynamics of Domestic Violence, Rape, Sexual Assault and the Neurobiology of Trauma. She has special interests in Narcissistic Abuse and Complex Trauma.
Jasmine Mathurin received a B.A. in Sociology at Boston College and her Masters in Social Work at Fordham University. She has a background that involves providing individual and group therapy to women, children, adolescents, and families battling various forms of mental illness, including depression, anxiety disorders, learning disabilities, phobias and attention disorders. She has received intensive training in the dynamics of Domestic Violence, Rape, Sexual Assault and the Neurobiology of Trauma. She has special interests in Narcissistic Abuse and Complex Trauma.
(516) 530-7958 View (516) 530-7958
Photo of Joan Klemm, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Joan Klemm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and I provide generalist therapeutic services over the lifespan. My areas of specialty include depression, anxiety, adjustment, parenting support, PTSD and trauma. My approach is a person-centered philosophy with strength-based trauma-informed and using a collaborative approach that incorporates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, mindfulness, coping skills, and psychotherapy. I consider trust and safety to be the most important and effective tools I provide during the therapeutic process.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and I provide generalist therapeutic services over the lifespan. My areas of specialty include depression, anxiety, adjustment, parenting support, PTSD and trauma. My approach is a person-centered philosophy with strength-based trauma-informed and using a collaborative approach that incorporates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, mindfulness, coping skills, and psychotherapy. I consider trust and safety to be the most important and effective tools I provide during the therapeutic process.
(516) 289-0882 View (516) 289-0882
Photo of Amanda Moore, Counselor in West Hempstead, NY
Amanda Moore
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
Amanda is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with more than 3 years of specializing with clients with acute and persistent mental illness. Some of these diagnoses include depression, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, psychosis, substance abuse disorders, and other diagnoses from the DSM-5. Amanda typically treats patients between the ages of 17 and 90, where she provides a non-judgmental environment that clients can express themselves comfortably and freely. In addition, she typically seeks to utilize a holistic approach with clients, due to believing that therapy is not always a "one-size-fits all" process.
Amanda is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with more than 3 years of specializing with clients with acute and persistent mental illness. Some of these diagnoses include depression, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, psychosis, substance abuse disorders, and other diagnoses from the DSM-5. Amanda typically treats patients between the ages of 17 and 90, where she provides a non-judgmental environment that clients can express themselves comfortably and freely. In addition, she typically seeks to utilize a holistic approach with clients, due to believing that therapy is not always a "one-size-fits all" process.
(516) 407-7824 View (516) 407-7824
Photo of Jesse Asher, Psychologist in West Hempstead, NY
Jesse Asher
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
Asher primarily works with adults and specializes in the treatment of depression and anxiety as well as related issues.
Dr. Jesse Asher is a Psychologist in New York who has been practicing since 2010. He obtained his Doctor of Psychology degree from Yeshiva University's Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology and has been practicing for almost 13 years in a variety of inpatient and outpatient settings. Trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dr. Asher uses a range of evidence-based techniques to help his clients approach and understand their challenges and identify ways forward that incorporate acceptance and full engagement in life.
Asher primarily works with adults and specializes in the treatment of depression and anxiety as well as related issues.
Dr. Jesse Asher is a Psychologist in New York who has been practicing since 2010. He obtained his Doctor of Psychology degree from Yeshiva University's Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology and has been practicing for almost 13 years in a variety of inpatient and outpatient settings. Trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dr. Asher uses a range of evidence-based techniques to help his clients approach and understand their challenges and identify ways forward that incorporate acceptance and full engagement in life.
(516) 871-3304 View (516) 871-3304
Photo of Christine Weiss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Christine Weiss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
Chris is an experienced therapist who has treated adults with both mental health and substance abuse issues. Chris believes in creating a trusting relationship through active listening and empathy to provide a nonjudgmental atmosphere. She works with each person to help identify achievable goals to bring about meaningful, visible change. Chris specializes in the treatment of Mood Disorders, specifically Anxiety, Depression and Bipolar Disorders. She has had extensive training and experience with Substance Abuse including Co-Occurring Disorders.
Chris is an experienced therapist who has treated adults with both mental health and substance abuse issues. Chris believes in creating a trusting relationship through active listening and empathy to provide a nonjudgmental atmosphere. She works with each person to help identify achievable goals to bring about meaningful, visible change. Chris specializes in the treatment of Mood Disorders, specifically Anxiety, Depression and Bipolar Disorders. She has had extensive training and experience with Substance Abuse including Co-Occurring Disorders.
(516) 774-2640 View (516) 774-2640
Photo of Mordechai David Fried, Licensed Master Social Worker in West Hempstead, NY
Mordechai David Fried
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hempstead, NY 11552
Are you suffering from a low self esteem? Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Do you want to feel empowered? I have extensive experience working with clients who have been feeling that their anxiety and or depression is taking over their life. I enable individuals to face their challenges, and set goals to improve their quality of life. I am proficient in serving adults, adolescents, and children.
Are you suffering from a low self esteem? Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Do you want to feel empowered? I have extensive experience working with clients who have been feeling that their anxiety and or depression is taking over their life. I enable individuals to face their challenges, and set goals to improve their quality of life. I am proficient in serving adults, adolescents, and children.
(516) 430-3706 View (516) 430-3706
Photo of Reva Holczer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Reva Holczer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
West Hempstead, NY 11552
I specialize in the treatment of depression and anxiety, low self esteem, eating disorders and infertility issues.
It is my belief that the therapeutic process is meant to be a collaborative effort; a partnership between client and therapist. We will work together to find the best path to deal with the issues you bring into the room. It is of the utmost importance that a sense of comfort and open communication be established in the therapeutic relationship, as a foundation to accomplish the desired changes.
I specialize in the treatment of depression and anxiety, low self esteem, eating disorders and infertility issues.
It is my belief that the therapeutic process is meant to be a collaborative effort; a partnership between client and therapist. We will work together to find the best path to deal with the issues you bring into the room. It is of the utmost importance that a sense of comfort and open communication be established in the therapeutic relationship, as a foundation to accomplish the desired changes.
(646) 783-1636 View (646) 783-1636
Photo of Danielle Mizrahi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Danielle Mizrahi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hempstead, NY 11552
I am a Long Island-based clinical social worker with 12+ years of experience. I provide a safe, judgement free environment for children, adolescents, adults and families to work through struggles with depression, anxiety, trauma, social issues, bullying, behavioral issues, family issues and more. Together we can work collaboratively to help you grow. I whole heartedly believe that anyone can make the change they wish to make in their life and I am invested in helping you achieve your goals.
I am a Long Island-based clinical social worker with 12+ years of experience. I provide a safe, judgement free environment for children, adolescents, adults and families to work through struggles with depression, anxiety, trauma, social issues, bullying, behavioral issues, family issues and more. Together we can work collaboratively to help you grow. I whole heartedly believe that anyone can make the change they wish to make in their life and I am invested in helping you achieve your goals.
(516) 259-6964 View (516) 259-6964
Photo of Becky Fenton, Psychologist in West Hempstead, NY
Becky Fenton
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
Are you or your child struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use, self-harm, executive functioning deficits or relationship difficulties? Are you unhappy in your marriage or with your family dynamic? I assist clients in addressing challenges across the lifespan, including navigating stressful life events and moving beyond roadblocks to achieve personal growth. I provide treatment (and parent coaching using PMT and PCIT) to address problematic behaviors, troubling emotions, procrastination, maladaptive thought patterns, and relationship issues. I also specialize in school refusal. Intrigued?
Are you or your child struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use, self-harm, executive functioning deficits or relationship difficulties? Are you unhappy in your marriage or with your family dynamic? I assist clients in addressing challenges across the lifespan, including navigating stressful life events and moving beyond roadblocks to achieve personal growth. I provide treatment (and parent coaching using PMT and PCIT) to address problematic behaviors, troubling emotions, procrastination, maladaptive thought patterns, and relationship issues. I also specialize in school refusal. Intrigued?
(516) 253-5633 View (516) 253-5633
Photo of Dodi L Lamm, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Dodi L Lamm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
I've always believed that the person who enters therapy is a brave soul. Coming to therapy means taking a leap of faith that the therapist will hear you and respond with empathy and connect in a way that makes the experience comforting in an environment of acceptance with purpose and growth. The impetus that compels someone to come to therapy may be depression, anxiety, relationship issues, or a general lack of fulfillment in life. You may want to be compassionate to your thriving inner critic. All are a genesis to a new beginning that we will work on together.
I've always believed that the person who enters therapy is a brave soul. Coming to therapy means taking a leap of faith that the therapist will hear you and respond with empathy and connect in a way that makes the experience comforting in an environment of acceptance with purpose and growth. The impetus that compels someone to come to therapy may be depression, anxiety, relationship issues, or a general lack of fulfillment in life. You may want to be compassionate to your thriving inner critic. All are a genesis to a new beginning that we will work on together.
(516) 543-3607 View (516) 543-3607
Photo of On Course Psychological Counseling, P.C., Psychologist in West Hempstead, NY
On Course Psychological Counseling, P.C.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
Our Psychologists,Social workers and Marriage & Family therapists are dedicated to helping each client with a wide range of concerns including anxiety, depression, addiction, eating disorders, and trauma as well as anger management problems and relationship difficulties.
Are you feeling overwhelmed with sadness or anxiety? Initially, change can be difficult to make but seeking help is the first step to empowering yourself to feel better. We will work collaboratively with each client to identify underlying sources of their emotional distress and maladaptive patterns that interfere with personal and work relationships in order to develop more effective ways of coping with life's stressors. On Course Psychological Counseling, P.C. is a multidisciplinary group practice comprised of psychologists, social workers, mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists.
Our Psychologists,Social workers and Marriage & Family therapists are dedicated to helping each client with a wide range of concerns including anxiety, depression, addiction, eating disorders, and trauma as well as anger management problems and relationship difficulties.
Are you feeling overwhelmed with sadness or anxiety? Initially, change can be difficult to make but seeking help is the first step to empowering yourself to feel better. We will work collaboratively with each client to identify underlying sources of their emotional distress and maladaptive patterns that interfere with personal and work relationships in order to develop more effective ways of coping with life's stressors. On Course Psychological Counseling, P.C. is a multidisciplinary group practice comprised of psychologists, social workers, mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists.
(516) 518-8997 View (516) 518-8997
Photo of Dov Snow in West Hempstead, NY
Dov Snow
PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hempstead, NY 11552
I have extensive experience in working with patients who are struggling with ADHD, substance abuse disorders, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and phase of life concerns.
Are you feeling out of control of your life? You're not sleeping enough, eating the way you want, having the relationships you want and you don't know how to change it? I understand that it takes tremendous courage to engage in the therapeutic process and do my best to be direct and challenge my patients with empathy to make necessary changes in their lives. I strive to help them unpack their thoughts and emotions, offering simple solutions to complex problems.
I have extensive experience in working with patients who are struggling with ADHD, substance abuse disorders, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and phase of life concerns.
Are you feeling out of control of your life? You're not sleeping enough, eating the way you want, having the relationships you want and you don't know how to change it? I understand that it takes tremendous courage to engage in the therapeutic process and do my best to be direct and challenge my patients with empathy to make necessary changes in their lives. I strive to help them unpack their thoughts and emotions, offering simple solutions to complex problems.
(516) 928-6088 View (516) 928-6088
Photo of Soul Discovery Mental Health Counseling, Counselor in West Hempstead, NY
Soul Discovery Mental Health Counseling
Counselor, LMHC, CASAC-T, NCC
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552
Are you struggling in your relationships? Do you feel unhappy, depressed, anxious, confused, or stuck? Are you on an emotional roller coaster? If you answered yes to any of these questions, we may be of some help. With over 16 years of experience we have all worked with trauma survivors, substance use clients and individuals who have experienced difficulties in various areas of their life. Clinicians at Soul Discovery Mental Health Counseling can offer an understanding environment where the true nature of problems can be addressed and healthy solutions can be discovered without judgment.
Are you struggling in your relationships? Do you feel unhappy, depressed, anxious, confused, or stuck? Are you on an emotional roller coaster? If you answered yes to any of these questions, we may be of some help. With over 16 years of experience we have all worked with trauma survivors, substance use clients and individuals who have experienced difficulties in various areas of their life. Clinicians at Soul Discovery Mental Health Counseling can offer an understanding environment where the true nature of problems can be addressed and healthy solutions can be discovered without judgment.
(516) 847-4636 View (516) 847-4636
Photo of Jennifer Cristiano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Jennifer Cristiano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC
Verified Verified
West Hempstead, NY 11552  (Online Only)
Welcome! I'm Jen, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Credentialed Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Counselor (CASAC). I am a compassionate and experienced psychotherapist dedicated to empowering individuals to navigate life's challenges and foster personal growth. With over 10 years of experience, I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, substance misuse, relationship issues, and more.
Welcome! I'm Jen, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and Credentialed Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Counselor (CASAC). I am a compassionate and experienced psychotherapist dedicated to empowering individuals to navigate life's challenges and foster personal growth. With over 10 years of experience, I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, substance misuse, relationship issues, and more.
(516) 636-2192 View (516) 636-2192
Photo of Deyanira Ruiz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hempstead, NY
Deyanira Ruiz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hempstead, NY 11552  (Online Only)
Whether therapy is a new step for you or a path you stepped off from and are trying to return to, I commend you for making the move. Therapy is an opportunity to increase self- awareness, build skills, nurture healing and live a more authentic life. Our work will be informed by the expert in the room: you. Feelings of anxiety, depression, stress and isolation are at an all-time high. Ingrained, unproductive thoughts and behaviors, old patterns, new fears may have caused disruptions in your life, and you are now ready to face them. Thru therapy you will not be doing it alone.
Whether therapy is a new step for you or a path you stepped off from and are trying to return to, I commend you for making the move. Therapy is an opportunity to increase self- awareness, build skills, nurture healing and live a more authentic life. Our work will be informed by the expert in the room: you. Feelings of anxiety, depression, stress and isolation are at an all-time high. Ingrained, unproductive thoughts and behaviors, old patterns, new fears may have caused disruptions in your life, and you are now ready to face them. Thru therapy you will not be doing it alone.
(646) 681-1924 View (646) 681-1924

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Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.