Photo of Dana M Decapite, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland County, MI
Dana M Decapite
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Royal Oak, MI 48067
I am state-licensed therapist serving Pleasant Ridge and the Metro Detroit area. I offer psychotherapy and counseling services, helping people overcome life's challenges. My specialties include the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, relationship problems, grief/bereavement, ADHD, OCD and mood disorders. I build a personalized treatment plan designed specifically for your needs, and then take you through the process at your own pace. Opening up your soul to a stranger requires a great deal of trust. I provide a comfortable and private setting for you to share your feelings.
I am state-licensed therapist serving Pleasant Ridge and the Metro Detroit area. I offer psychotherapy and counseling services, helping people overcome life's challenges. My specialties include the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, relationship problems, grief/bereavement, ADHD, OCD and mood disorders. I build a personalized treatment plan designed specifically for your needs, and then take you through the process at your own pace. Opening up your soul to a stranger requires a great deal of trust. I provide a comfortable and private setting for you to share your feelings.
(248) 876-3549 View (248) 876-3549
Photo of Nida Haleema Hamid, Psychologist in Oakland County, MI
Nida Haleema Hamid
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Troy, MI 48084
As a clinician I provide psychotherapy for anxiety, depression, acculturation and immigration issues, bereavement, relationship conflicts, eating disorders, body image concerns and various other personal conflicts.
Individuals are unique and view the world in relation to their personal experience. Hence, treatment must be tailored to individual goals and needs. We are the authors of our lives. Along our journey, we add chapters to our life's narrative. All individuals face struggle and uncertainty in life that affects their health. Although we are unable to erase the past we can recreate our story by evaluating experiences and changing our perceptions. Consequently, we can author additional chapters to our life's narrative.
As a clinician I provide psychotherapy for anxiety, depression, acculturation and immigration issues, bereavement, relationship conflicts, eating disorders, body image concerns and various other personal conflicts.
Individuals are unique and view the world in relation to their personal experience. Hence, treatment must be tailored to individual goals and needs. We are the authors of our lives. Along our journey, we add chapters to our life's narrative. All individuals face struggle and uncertainty in life that affects their health. Although we are unable to erase the past we can recreate our story by evaluating experiences and changing our perceptions. Consequently, we can author additional chapters to our life's narrative.
(248) 438-8032 View (248) 438-8032
Photo of James J. Zohoury, Counselor in Oakland County, MI
James J. Zohoury
Counselor, LLPC, MBA, EMDR
Verified Verified
Walled Lake, MI 48390
Assisting individuals in overcoming childhood trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and depression is deeply fulfilling and rewarding. At Overcome and Thrive Therapy, our mission is to foster personal and relational growth, guiding clients from mere survival to thriving. As a licensed therapist, I am committed to providing compassionate support as we work together to address past traumas, including PTSD, while tackling present challenges such as depression and anxiety.
Assisting individuals in overcoming childhood trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and depression is deeply fulfilling and rewarding. At Overcome and Thrive Therapy, our mission is to foster personal and relational growth, guiding clients from mere survival to thriving. As a licensed therapist, I am committed to providing compassionate support as we work together to address past traumas, including PTSD, while tackling present challenges such as depression and anxiety.
(248) 206-3942 View (248) 206-3942
Photo of Alexis Stone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland County, MI
Alexis Stone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Birmingham, MI 48009
Waitlist for new clients
These include issues with anxiety, depression, trauma, loss, and other mental health issues that interfere with daily functioning and enjoyment.
Are you looking for change, and seeking your happier self, healthier partnership, or assistance for a child? Then I am here to help you identify problem areas, learn to effectively communicate with others, learn to set limits, and improve overall well-being. I provide a person centered approach in a supportive, welcoming, and confidential environment. I do not believe in one approach fits all therapy. I offer a wide array of best-practices, evidence-based approaches that are adjusted to address individual needs. I am committed to helping you heal in a way that brings lasting changes.
These include issues with anxiety, depression, trauma, loss, and other mental health issues that interfere with daily functioning and enjoyment.
Are you looking for change, and seeking your happier self, healthier partnership, or assistance for a child? Then I am here to help you identify problem areas, learn to effectively communicate with others, learn to set limits, and improve overall well-being. I provide a person centered approach in a supportive, welcoming, and confidential environment. I do not believe in one approach fits all therapy. I offer a wide array of best-practices, evidence-based approaches that are adjusted to address individual needs. I am committed to helping you heal in a way that brings lasting changes.
(248) 282-4247 View (248) 282-4247
Photo of Dr. Carol Ann Crowley, Psychologist in Oakland County, MI
Dr. Carol Ann Crowley
Psychologist
Verified Verified
I have clinical expertise in: depression, anxiety, grief and loss (including perinatal loss), sexual trauma, relationship dysfunction, medical illness issues (including infertility), eating disorders and women's issues.
"There are just some times in life when it can often help to talk." I have twenty-five years of experience in providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples and older adolescents. Talking and working in a therapeutic relationship can be an opportunity to identify issues, thoughts and behaviors that may cause distress for someone in their life and relationships. I believe that a deepened and thoughtful understanding of the self offers the possibility of new choices and healthy choices that can enhance personal peace and contentment.
I have clinical expertise in: depression, anxiety, grief and loss (including perinatal loss), sexual trauma, relationship dysfunction, medical illness issues (including infertility), eating disorders and women's issues.
"There are just some times in life when it can often help to talk." I have twenty-five years of experience in providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples and older adolescents. Talking and working in a therapeutic relationship can be an opportunity to identify issues, thoughts and behaviors that may cause distress for someone in their life and relationships. I believe that a deepened and thoughtful understanding of the self offers the possibility of new choices and healthy choices that can enhance personal peace and contentment.
(248) 639-4892 View (248) 639-4892
Photo of Christina Norton, Counselor in Oakland County, MI
Christina Norton
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Milford, MI 48381
Hi! I am a fully licensed therapist and I enjoy providing therapy for teens and adults. I offer a laid back and casual vibe to therapy, where you can be comfortable. I often see people who are overwhelmed with life stress, have trouble communicating, or are trying to cope with anxiety and depression, school issues, PTSD, relationship problems, family struggles, grief, or parenting problems. As a therapist I help clients change patterns, take ownership of their path to healing, and identify core negative beliefs. Thanks for reading... and don't hesitate to reach out if you're looking to feel more like yourself again!
Hi! I am a fully licensed therapist and I enjoy providing therapy for teens and adults. I offer a laid back and casual vibe to therapy, where you can be comfortable. I often see people who are overwhelmed with life stress, have trouble communicating, or are trying to cope with anxiety and depression, school issues, PTSD, relationship problems, family struggles, grief, or parenting problems. As a therapist I help clients change patterns, take ownership of their path to healing, and identify core negative beliefs. Thanks for reading... and don't hesitate to reach out if you're looking to feel more like yourself again!
(248) 587-8779 View (248) 587-8779
Photo of Stephanie P Williams, Psychologist in Oakland County, MI
Stephanie P Williams
Psychologist, PhD, LP, Owner
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Ferndale, MI 48220
I have 19 years experience in helping people with trauma, depression, anxiety, bipolar, addictions, chronic illness, HIV/AIDS, grief, Post Traumatic Stress, Adjustment to Disability, Dissociative Disorder and sexual and gender identity issues (LGBTQIA).
As owner of Transcendence Behavioral Health, my personal mission is to provide a safe place for diverse people to find compassionate, caring and effective treatment for emotional challenges. My highest priority is to have each client be treated with the care I would wish to receive if I were myself a client. I strive to help people get to the root of their challenges for resolution of their pain to achieve life-long healing and recovery.
I have 19 years experience in helping people with trauma, depression, anxiety, bipolar, addictions, chronic illness, HIV/AIDS, grief, Post Traumatic Stress, Adjustment to Disability, Dissociative Disorder and sexual and gender identity issues (LGBTQIA).
As owner of Transcendence Behavioral Health, my personal mission is to provide a safe place for diverse people to find compassionate, caring and effective treatment for emotional challenges. My highest priority is to have each client be treated with the care I would wish to receive if I were myself a client. I strive to help people get to the root of their challenges for resolution of their pain to achieve life-long healing and recovery.
(248) 504-4990 View (248) 504-4990
Photo of Aimee Nimeh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland County, MI
Aimee Nimeh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I have experience working with a diverse array of clients from varying backgrounds with unique concerns. I enjoy working with couples, children, and adults, primarily those who have experienced trauma, the grief associated with a loss, and mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. My style and approach are personalized based on your needs, but are typically solution focused and rooted in empathy, partnership, and humor.
I have experience working with a diverse array of clients from varying backgrounds with unique concerns. I enjoy working with couples, children, and adults, primarily those who have experienced trauma, the grief associated with a loss, and mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. My style and approach are personalized based on your needs, but are typically solution focused and rooted in empathy, partnership, and humor.
(248) 419-1358 View (248) 419-1358
Photo of Alicia Watt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oakland County, MI
Alicia Watt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Clarkston, MI 48346
My goal is to help you work through challenges in your life by encouraging you to explore and discuss these concerns. We will develop goals to work towards change in this process. I work with adults, children, families, and couples. We can process a range of problems including career struggles, depression, anxiety, grief, ineffective coping skills, and relationship problems to name a few.
My goal is to help you work through challenges in your life by encouraging you to explore and discuss these concerns. We will develop goals to work towards change in this process. I work with adults, children, families, and couples. We can process a range of problems including career struggles, depression, anxiety, grief, ineffective coping skills, and relationship problems to name a few.
(248) 487-1488 View (248) 487-1488
Photo of Trisha Szymanski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland County, MI
Trisha Szymanski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hazel Park, MI 48030
For many people depression and anxiety, as well as other mental health problems can be difficult to treat successfully due to unresolved 'developmental trauma', or trauma related to the attachment type you had to your parent(s) / caregiver(s). I utilize psychodynamic psychotherapy and attachment theory which mainly deal with early connections, good or bad, with primary caretakers. I am also trained in many new treatments based on the latest understanding of brain science, that are effective in treating unresolved developmental trauma, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.
For many people depression and anxiety, as well as other mental health problems can be difficult to treat successfully due to unresolved 'developmental trauma', or trauma related to the attachment type you had to your parent(s) / caregiver(s). I utilize psychodynamic psychotherapy and attachment theory which mainly deal with early connections, good or bad, with primary caretakers. I am also trained in many new treatments based on the latest understanding of brain science, that are effective in treating unresolved developmental trauma, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.
(586) 551-7357 View (586) 551-7357
Photo of Lorie Moran, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland County, MI
Lorie Moran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Clarkston, MI 48346
Sometimes when you feel broken, you need the help of another to rebuild. But where do you start when you’re seeking a therapist who is empathetic and experienced, supportive and compassionate? As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 25 years experience, I promise I am here to offer you a hand, not a judgment. Almost three decades, I have worked with individuals, couples and families specializing in depression, anxiety, grief/loss, bereavement, caregiver stress, managing chronic illness, family issues, relationship struggles, adoption related issues and adjustment disorders/life transitions.
Sometimes when you feel broken, you need the help of another to rebuild. But where do you start when you’re seeking a therapist who is empathetic and experienced, supportive and compassionate? As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 25 years experience, I promise I am here to offer you a hand, not a judgment. Almost three decades, I have worked with individuals, couples and families specializing in depression, anxiety, grief/loss, bereavement, caregiver stress, managing chronic illness, family issues, relationship struggles, adoption related issues and adjustment disorders/life transitions.
(248) 479-3984 View (248) 479-3984
Photo of Victoria Schreiber in Oakland County, MI
Victoria Schreiber
MA, LMSW, LPC
Verified Verified
Welcome to my Practice. I have been in private practice for 40 years. I have been providing Psychotherapy and Parent guidance and child Psychoanalysis. I specialize in adoption, trauma, depression and anxiety. Managing the pandemic has become especially needed as so of us many are facing Coronavirus related issues and difficulties that increase anxiety and depression. In addition to seeing patients individually, I provide consultation services to pre-schools, day care centers, grief support groups, teachers and social service agencies. I am available currently exclusively on Telehealth platforms and by phone.
Welcome to my Practice. I have been in private practice for 40 years. I have been providing Psychotherapy and Parent guidance and child Psychoanalysis. I specialize in adoption, trauma, depression and anxiety. Managing the pandemic has become especially needed as so of us many are facing Coronavirus related issues and difficulties that increase anxiety and depression. In addition to seeing patients individually, I provide consultation services to pre-schools, day care centers, grief support groups, teachers and social service agencies. I am available currently exclusively on Telehealth platforms and by phone.
(947) 222-2541 View (947) 222-2541
Photo of Laura Scott, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Oakland County, MI
Laura Scott
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP, RP
Verified Verified
Troy, MI 48083
Do you feel like you are drowning in depression and anxiety? Are you experiencing strained relationships with those you love? Do you feel like you can’t breathe under the weight of the burdens you carry? Life can sometimes let us down. Things don’t always happen as we thought they should. In these seasons, we need a source of hope, trust, support, and wisdom.
Do you feel like you are drowning in depression and anxiety? Are you experiencing strained relationships with those you love? Do you feel like you can’t breathe under the weight of the burdens you carry? Life can sometimes let us down. Things don’t always happen as we thought they should. In these seasons, we need a source of hope, trust, support, and wisdom.
(248) 243-4461 View (248) 243-4461
Photo of Dana Wright, Counselor in Oakland County, MI
Dana Wright
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
She works with those experiencing anxiety, depression and those that have experienced trauma.
We can't determine the cards we get dealt, but we can decide how they get played. As a counselor, I am honored to walked alongside anyone who desires to explore personal goals that they may have and grow to be a better version of themselves. I believe each person deserves that opportunity no matter what their life may look like. In a relaxed, non-judgmental space. I will utilize techniques and tools specific to you and your needs.
She works with those experiencing anxiety, depression and those that have experienced trauma.
We can't determine the cards we get dealt, but we can decide how they get played. As a counselor, I am honored to walked alongside anyone who desires to explore personal goals that they may have and grow to be a better version of themselves. I believe each person deserves that opportunity no matter what their life may look like. In a relaxed, non-judgmental space. I will utilize techniques and tools specific to you and your needs.
(248) 900-0165 View (248) 900-0165
Photo of Eugene Ebner, Psychologist in Oakland County, MI
Eugene Ebner
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
I am a clinical psychologist with 40 years experience in the practice and teaching of psychotherapy. I have been on the faculties of Wayne State University, University of Texas Medical School and Baylor College of Medicine. My treatment philosophy emphasizes enhanced self-understanding and better modes of problem-solving and effective dealing with life situations. The interfering effects of anxiety,depression, self-disparagement and self esteem problems receive particular therapeutic attention. I also provide stress management techniques to individuals and groups,and treat workplace issues and career conflicts. I am particularly interested in providing clinical services to individuals and couples who are coping with ongoing cardiac illnesses.
I am a clinical psychologist with 40 years experience in the practice and teaching of psychotherapy. I have been on the faculties of Wayne State University, University of Texas Medical School and Baylor College of Medicine. My treatment philosophy emphasizes enhanced self-understanding and better modes of problem-solving and effective dealing with life situations. The interfering effects of anxiety,depression, self-disparagement and self esteem problems receive particular therapeutic attention. I also provide stress management techniques to individuals and groups,and treat workplace issues and career conflicts. I am particularly interested in providing clinical services to individuals and couples who are coping with ongoing cardiac illnesses.
(248) 277-5229 View (248) 277-5229
Photo of Laurene Saad-Younis, Psychologist in Oakland County, MI
Laurene Saad-Younis
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
West Bloomfield, MI 48322  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with adolescents, adults, and older adults to address school related issues depression, anxiety, trauma, adjustment issues, Autism Spectrum disorder, and emotional and cognitive issues resulting from head trauma.
Treatment is unique for each client and is determined by their own goals and needs. Areas of specialization include psychological assessment, Autism Spectrum disorder, cognitive remediation, anxiety and panic disorders, depression, adjustment disorders, geriatric issues, and grief and loss. My approach to therapy varies with each client, ranging from cognitive behavioral orientation, and a humanistic orientation. Treatment is tailored to each individual and therapy is focused on finding what works for each individual client.
I enjoy working with adolescents, adults, and older adults to address school related issues depression, anxiety, trauma, adjustment issues, Autism Spectrum disorder, and emotional and cognitive issues resulting from head trauma.
Treatment is unique for each client and is determined by their own goals and needs. Areas of specialization include psychological assessment, Autism Spectrum disorder, cognitive remediation, anxiety and panic disorders, depression, adjustment disorders, geriatric issues, and grief and loss. My approach to therapy varies with each client, ranging from cognitive behavioral orientation, and a humanistic orientation. Treatment is tailored to each individual and therapy is focused on finding what works for each individual client.
(248) 801-1684 View (248) 801-1684
Photo of Ellen Yashinsky Chute, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland County, MI
Ellen Yashinsky Chute
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bingham Farms, MI 48025  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a clinical therapist with 25 years of experience. I work with adults, families, couples and adolescent girls. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, as well as family systems issues such as parenting, abuse, divorce, military transitions, and aging family difficulties. I utilize a wide repertoire of evidenced based practices, as determined by each person's particular needs, seated in a relational foundation that creates a safe space for change.
I am a clinical therapist with 25 years of experience. I work with adults, families, couples and adolescent girls. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, as well as family systems issues such as parenting, abuse, divorce, military transitions, and aging family difficulties. I utilize a wide repertoire of evidenced based practices, as determined by each person's particular needs, seated in a relational foundation that creates a safe space for change.
(248) 671-6217 View (248) 671-6217
Photo of Melinda Abernathy-Pippel, Counselor in Oakland County, MI
Melinda Abernathy-Pippel
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Birmingham, MI 48009
Are anxiety and depression ruling your life? Is everyday a struggle? I am a licensed counselor with experience who can transform your life for the better. I work with clients facing intimate relationship issues, bereavement, severe anxiety and depression. I am compassionate and possess the tools to create positive change in your life. I come from the perspective that everyone has a story to tell and deserves a place where it can be safely heard. My mission is to work with clients in a highly attuned and deeply caring way. I am also trained in EMDR for clients with trauma to help bring balance to their lives.
Are anxiety and depression ruling your life? Is everyday a struggle? I am a licensed counselor with experience who can transform your life for the better. I work with clients facing intimate relationship issues, bereavement, severe anxiety and depression. I am compassionate and possess the tools to create positive change in your life. I come from the perspective that everyone has a story to tell and deserves a place where it can be safely heard. My mission is to work with clients in a highly attuned and deeply caring way. I am also trained in EMDR for clients with trauma to help bring balance to their lives.
(248) 714-0755 View (248) 714-0755
Photo of Lisa A. Barber, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oakland County, MI
Lisa A. Barber
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
I specialize in depression, anxiety, anger management, family conflict and life issues.
"The struggle you're in today is developing the strength you need for tomorrow." I'm passionate about working with adults and couples who are seeking to overcome life challenges and live a fulfilling life. I strive to create a supportive, safe, and non-judgmental environment that encourages insight and self-awareness and enhances the self-discovery process. I will empower you to make positive changes in your life that increase personal connections and help you to feel hopeful about the future.
I specialize in depression, anxiety, anger management, family conflict and life issues.
"The struggle you're in today is developing the strength you need for tomorrow." I'm passionate about working with adults and couples who are seeking to overcome life challenges and live a fulfilling life. I strive to create a supportive, safe, and non-judgmental environment that encourages insight and self-awareness and enhances the self-discovery process. I will empower you to make positive changes in your life that increase personal connections and help you to feel hopeful about the future.
(248) 595-7730 View (248) 595-7730
Photo of Cally Kantarian, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Oakland County, MI
Cally Kantarian
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP, MLP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Birmingham, MI 48009
Waitlist for new clients
I see clients with a variety of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, grief, transitions, and relationship issues.
EVERY human deserves a place in which they can feel safe, un-judged, and respected. Within that safety comes true growth, understanding, realization and acceptance for yourself and your story. I hope to walk with you on your personal journey in finding the grace and compassion to find your authentic self.
I see clients with a variety of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, grief, transitions, and relationship issues.
EVERY human deserves a place in which they can feel safe, un-judged, and respected. Within that safety comes true growth, understanding, realization and acceptance for yourself and your story. I hope to walk with you on your personal journey in finding the grace and compassion to find your authentic self.
(248) 988-3015 View (248) 988-3015

See more therapy options for Oakland County

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.