Photo of Sara Campbell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Sara Campbell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49423
I am LGBTQIA+ friendly and specialize in treating issues such as anxiety, depression, family conflicts, life changes and relationship struggles. I have a great passion for working with children, teens, young adults, and women struggling in self-esteem and body image issues. I am empathetic and understanding and strive to provide a warm and caring atmosphere to facilitate the healing process. I am here to walk with clients through the tough times so they can love their life and themselves fully.
I am LGBTQIA+ friendly and specialize in treating issues such as anxiety, depression, family conflicts, life changes and relationship struggles. I have a great passion for working with children, teens, young adults, and women struggling in self-esteem and body image issues. I am empathetic and understanding and strive to provide a warm and caring atmosphere to facilitate the healing process. I am here to walk with clients through the tough times so they can love their life and themselves fully.
(616) 300-1152 View (616) 300-1152
Photo of Brent Ellens, Psychologist in Holland, MI
Brent Ellens
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49423
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, anger, or relationship problems? I have been providing psychological services since 1998, and have been in private practice since 2002. I deliver compassionate and professional psychological evaluation and psychotherapy to the people of Holland, Zeeland, and surrounding areas.
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, anger, or relationship problems? I have been providing psychological services since 1998, and have been in private practice since 2002. I deliver compassionate and professional psychological evaluation and psychotherapy to the people of Holland, Zeeland, and surrounding areas.
(616) 319-4497 View (616) 319-4497
Photo of Lisa Benavides, Licensed Professional Counselor in Holland, MI
Lisa Benavides
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CAADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49423
For over 20 years I have been involved in the mental health system and have had the privilege of helping individuals & families achieve their goals and overcome a variety of challenges (i.e. depression, anxiety, mood disorders, new transitions, relational, & substance abuse struggles). While speaking both English & Spanish languages, my hope is that each individual that I encounter will gain a better understanding of themselves, and also learn valuable skills to move forward towards a more fulfilling and flourishing life---to be able to find 'Peace of Mind'--within themselves and within their surroundings.
For over 20 years I have been involved in the mental health system and have had the privilege of helping individuals & families achieve their goals and overcome a variety of challenges (i.e. depression, anxiety, mood disorders, new transitions, relational, & substance abuse struggles). While speaking both English & Spanish languages, my hope is that each individual that I encounter will gain a better understanding of themselves, and also learn valuable skills to move forward towards a more fulfilling and flourishing life---to be able to find 'Peace of Mind'--within themselves and within their surroundings.
(616) 205-9759 View (616) 205-9759
Photo of Elizabeth Davis, Psychologist in Holland, MI
Elizabeth Davis
Psychologist, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49423
I have over ten years of experience in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), specific phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, school anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety and related disorders across the lifespan (ages 4+), and have particular expertise in working with children and adolescents. I utilize innovative, evidence-based treatments informed by the latest science and cutting edge research. I also currently offer Virtual Reality treatment for many difficult to treat symptoms (fear of needles, flying, bugs, driving, and more!)
I have over ten years of experience in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), specific phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, school anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety and related disorders across the lifespan (ages 4+), and have particular expertise in working with children and adolescents. I utilize innovative, evidence-based treatments informed by the latest science and cutting edge research. I also currently offer Virtual Reality treatment for many difficult to treat symptoms (fear of needles, flying, bugs, driving, and more!)
(475) 882-8770 View (475) 882-8770
Photo of Elizabeth M DelReal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Elizabeth M DelReal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CAADC
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49424
I have experience treating clients with addiction issues, anxiety, depression, grief, ADHD, as well as other mental health concerns.
I believe that every person who is seeking therapy has already taken the first step toward positive change. This is often the most difficult step of the healing process. My first goal is to listen well and to seek to understand you. While my training includes many therapeutic approaches informed by research, I see therapy most of all as a process that unfolds with building a genuine relationship. I seek to find strengths within each person and assist them in building upon those strengths within therapy.
I have experience treating clients with addiction issues, anxiety, depression, grief, ADHD, as well as other mental health concerns.
I believe that every person who is seeking therapy has already taken the first step toward positive change. This is often the most difficult step of the healing process. My first goal is to listen well and to seek to understand you. While my training includes many therapeutic approaches informed by research, I see therapy most of all as a process that unfolds with building a genuine relationship. I seek to find strengths within each person and assist them in building upon those strengths within therapy.
(616) 207-1353 View (616) 207-1353
Photo of Ellen R Eggerding, Counselor in Holland, MI
Ellen R Eggerding
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49423
I have experience and training in depression, anxiety, panic, suicide, grief and loss, aging issues, and spiritual issues.
Thank you for reaching out. Sometimes life is hard and it can be difficult to know where to turn for the support and acceptance you need to handle the struggles. Anxiety and depression can impact our lives in many ways. Unacknowledged feelings of grief express themselves as irritability, chronic anxiety, low-grade depression, and a negative outlook on life. Come in to a safe place where we will work together to find solutions to help you live your life more fully.
I have experience and training in depression, anxiety, panic, suicide, grief and loss, aging issues, and spiritual issues.
Thank you for reaching out. Sometimes life is hard and it can be difficult to know where to turn for the support and acceptance you need to handle the struggles. Anxiety and depression can impact our lives in many ways. Unacknowledged feelings of grief express themselves as irritability, chronic anxiety, low-grade depression, and a negative outlook on life. Come in to a safe place where we will work together to find solutions to help you live your life more fully.
(616) 201-3025 View (616) 201-3025
Photo of Roland Hart, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Holland, MI
Roland Hart
Limited Licensed Psychologist, LLP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49423
Experiencing an emotional or personal issue that is restricting your ability to enjoy life? I help clients work on those things that are getting in the way, such as, problematic emotional, behavioral or relational patterns, stress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Life is really hard at times and it can help to have some extra support, especially, if you are feeling alone, isolated or finding that others don't really understand. NOTE: I am now offering tele-therapy over video as an option for therapy.
Experiencing an emotional or personal issue that is restricting your ability to enjoy life? I help clients work on those things that are getting in the way, such as, problematic emotional, behavioral or relational patterns, stress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Life is really hard at times and it can help to have some extra support, especially, if you are feeling alone, isolated or finding that others don't really understand. NOTE: I am now offering tele-therapy over video as an option for therapy.
(616) 552-4486 View (616) 552-4486
Photo of Christina Adamski, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Holland, MI
Christina Adamski
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49424
She has worked with issues such as suicidal thoughts, abuse/neglect, foster care/adoption issues, trauma, family issues, depression, anxiety, grief & loss, self-esteem, relationship issues, school issues, and anger management.
Our mission, at Footprints Counseling, is to walk alongside our clients as they navigate through the struggles of life. Life can be a tough at times with many different challenges to face. You do not have to walk that journey alone without support. Footprints Counseling is here to support you. Reach out to us on this journey of life and we will be there for you every step of the way to support, advocate and encourage you.
She has worked with issues such as suicidal thoughts, abuse/neglect, foster care/adoption issues, trauma, family issues, depression, anxiety, grief & loss, self-esteem, relationship issues, school issues, and anger management.
Our mission, at Footprints Counseling, is to walk alongside our clients as they navigate through the struggles of life. Life can be a tough at times with many different challenges to face. You do not have to walk that journey alone without support. Footprints Counseling is here to support you. Reach out to us on this journey of life and we will be there for you every step of the way to support, advocate and encourage you.
(616) 219-8215 View (616) 219-8215
Photo of Jennifer W Kates, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Jennifer W Kates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49423
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked as a Hospice Social Worker, an outpatient therapist for Pine Rest, and as a therapist treating adults with major mental health disorders with two Community Mental Health organizations. I have experience treating a variety of issues including depression, anxiety, sleep issues, compulsive behaviors, bipolar disorder, relationship and marital issues, grief and loss, domestic violence, stress, post-traumatic stress, trauma, anger management, and women's issues. I currently have immediate openings and no waiting list.
I have worked as a Hospice Social Worker, an outpatient therapist for Pine Rest, and as a therapist treating adults with major mental health disorders with two Community Mental Health organizations. I have experience treating a variety of issues including depression, anxiety, sleep issues, compulsive behaviors, bipolar disorder, relationship and marital issues, grief and loss, domestic violence, stress, post-traumatic stress, trauma, anger management, and women's issues. I currently have immediate openings and no waiting list.
(616) 499-6087 View (616) 499-6087
Photo of Jessica Bradley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Jessica Bradley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, RYT-200
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49423
Hi there! My name is Jessica. I’m glad you’re here, and I think it’s great that you are taking steps forward on your mental health journey. I want you to know that feeling better is possible. You deserve to wake up feeling hopeful about your day, and fall asleep without the weight of the world on your shoulders. I specialize in working with teenagers, college students, and young adults. I am best able to support in the areas of generalized anxiety, social anxiety, depression, negative thinking patterns, perfectionism, self-esteem, school/family/friend stress, life transitions, emotional regulation, suicidal thoughts, and self-harm.
Hi there! My name is Jessica. I’m glad you’re here, and I think it’s great that you are taking steps forward on your mental health journey. I want you to know that feeling better is possible. You deserve to wake up feeling hopeful about your day, and fall asleep without the weight of the world on your shoulders. I specialize in working with teenagers, college students, and young adults. I am best able to support in the areas of generalized anxiety, social anxiety, depression, negative thinking patterns, perfectionism, self-esteem, school/family/friend stress, life transitions, emotional regulation, suicidal thoughts, and self-harm.
(616) 625-0917 View (616) 625-0917
Photo of Lianne Lindner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Lianne Lindner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49423  (Online Only)
I work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, and low self esteem. I specialize in helping young adults navigate life transitions and challenging life stages (college, career concerns, marriage, divorce). I enjoy helping you traverse difficult relationship issues with your partner, children, siblings, or parents. Specifically, I have extensive experience in providing relationship support and coaching for parents, partners, and siblings who are coping with their loved one’s eating disorder. Reach out if you think you are ready to take this step, and then you will get a call/email back from my practice, TheFloCo.
I work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, and low self esteem. I specialize in helping young adults navigate life transitions and challenging life stages (college, career concerns, marriage, divorce). I enjoy helping you traverse difficult relationship issues with your partner, children, siblings, or parents. Specifically, I have extensive experience in providing relationship support and coaching for parents, partners, and siblings who are coping with their loved one’s eating disorder. Reach out if you think you are ready to take this step, and then you will get a call/email back from my practice, TheFloCo.
(616) 236-4455 View (616) 236-4455
Photo of Natasha Rietveld, LMSW, LCSW, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Natasha Rietveld, LMSW, LCSW, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW, PLLC
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49423
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in working with clients learning to manage depression, anxiety, grief, self esteem issues, relationship issues, self harm, divorce recovery, domestic violence, women's issues, child abuse, post adoption concerns, and Dementia.
As you seek out a counselor, you can understandably feel vulnerable at times. I provide a supportive space for you come as you are. It's a privilege when you trust and allow me to walk alongside you through challenges but also to celebrate your successes. It is rewarding to work with you, to learn together and to help you reach a more full life. For over twenty years I have offered support in relational work with children, teens, adults and families helping them navigate life transitions and offered information on supportive services.
I specialize in working with clients learning to manage depression, anxiety, grief, self esteem issues, relationship issues, self harm, divorce recovery, domestic violence, women's issues, child abuse, post adoption concerns, and Dementia.
As you seek out a counselor, you can understandably feel vulnerable at times. I provide a supportive space for you come as you are. It's a privilege when you trust and allow me to walk alongside you through challenges but also to celebrate your successes. It is rewarding to work with you, to learn together and to help you reach a more full life. For over twenty years I have offered support in relational work with children, teens, adults and families helping them navigate life transitions and offered information on supportive services.
(616) 239-3097 View (616) 239-3097
Photo of Scott Steenwyk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Scott Steenwyk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49423
Hi, my name is Scott! I earned my Master’s in Social work from Western Michigan University in April 2006. My post graduate experience has been in behavioral health and I have been practicing as a therapist since having obtained my Master’s degree. I specialize in working with kids, adolescents, teens, and young adults, on issues such as anxiety, depression, grief, ADHD, school related issues, behavioral concerns, learning to regulate emotions, and family issues.
Hi, my name is Scott! I earned my Master’s in Social work from Western Michigan University in April 2006. My post graduate experience has been in behavioral health and I have been practicing as a therapist since having obtained my Master’s degree. I specialize in working with kids, adolescents, teens, and young adults, on issues such as anxiety, depression, grief, ADHD, school related issues, behavioral concerns, learning to regulate emotions, and family issues.
(616) 439-9704 View (616) 439-9704
Photo of Anxiety Depression O C D And Couples Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Holland, MI
Anxiety Depression O C D And Couples Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, MSJ
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49424
MIchael Angelo treats Anxiety: Whatever form of anxiety you have, treatment can help, especially if you feel like you’re worrying too much and it’s interfering with your work, relationships, or other parts of your life. If your anxiety is upsetting to you and difficult to control, seek out counseling. Depression: Although depression may occur only once in a person’s life, people typically have multiple episodes. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day. Why live like this when you don’t have to?
MIchael Angelo treats Anxiety: Whatever form of anxiety you have, treatment can help, especially if you feel like you’re worrying too much and it’s interfering with your work, relationships, or other parts of your life. If your anxiety is upsetting to you and difficult to control, seek out counseling. Depression: Although depression may occur only once in a person’s life, people typically have multiple episodes. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day. Why live like this when you don’t have to?
(616) 449-2699 View (616) 449-2699
Photo of Tracy Nykamp, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Tracy Nykamp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49424
Currently accepting new clients. I have extensive experience working with teens and adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, shame/guilt, trauma, family and relational difficulties, grief/loss and bereavement, school related or social issues. Through cognitive therapy, mindful practices, and skill based coping techniques I can work with you to reduce symptoms and improve your quality of life and relationships.
Currently accepting new clients. I have extensive experience working with teens and adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, shame/guilt, trauma, family and relational difficulties, grief/loss and bereavement, school related or social issues. Through cognitive therapy, mindful practices, and skill based coping techniques I can work with you to reduce symptoms and improve your quality of life and relationships.
(616) 504-2852 View (616) 504-2852
Photo of Elizabeth White, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Holland, MI
Elizabeth White
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49423
I am a Limited Licensed Master Social Worker with experience working with adolescents and adults. I specialize in working with individuals who struggle with chronic illness, depression, anxiety, life transitions, and other issues life throws your way. I strive to establish a safe place for individuals to learn, share, and heal without the fear of being judged. I realize the importance of having someone in your corner to help you to better understand yourself and your life circumstances. In my free time, I enjoy spending time with family and friends, watching Notre Dame football, and listening to crime podcasts!
I am a Limited Licensed Master Social Worker with experience working with adolescents and adults. I specialize in working with individuals who struggle with chronic illness, depression, anxiety, life transitions, and other issues life throws your way. I strive to establish a safe place for individuals to learn, share, and heal without the fear of being judged. I realize the importance of having someone in your corner to help you to better understand yourself and your life circumstances. In my free time, I enjoy spending time with family and friends, watching Notre Dame football, and listening to crime podcasts!
(616) 303-5082 View (616) 303-5082
Photo of Dina M Anaya, Licensed Professional Counselor in Holland, MI
Dina M Anaya
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49424
For many years, I have specialized in working with adults, both English and Spanish speaking, who struggle with anxiety, depression and family issues.
Maybe your life has gone off course, a relationship didn't go as planned or shame is weighing you down from reaching your full potential. I would like the opportunity to walk alongside you on your path to discovery and healing and help you realize you are not alone. Sharing your story takes courage and Healing Hope Counseling is here to listen.
For many years, I have specialized in working with adults, both English and Spanish speaking, who struggle with anxiety, depression and family issues.
Maybe your life has gone off course, a relationship didn't go as planned or shame is weighing you down from reaching your full potential. I would like the opportunity to walk alongside you on your path to discovery and healing and help you realize you are not alone. Sharing your story takes courage and Healing Hope Counseling is here to listen.
(616) 219-8206 View (616) 219-8206
Photo of Susan R. Brenner, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Holland, MI
Susan R. Brenner
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Not Verified Not Verified
Holland, MI 49423
I am interested in treating clients that are struggling with chronic illness &/or pain, self-esteem issues, depression, grief, stress and anxiety in a relaxing environment.
I hope you will find working with me to be rewarding, educational and helpful. I am comfortable working with adolescents, men, women and senior citizens. You will receive counseling in a non-judgmental, relaxing and peaceful environment. Life can be a journey that is sometimes filled with struggles. I am here to help navigate that journey and learn some new techniques to get back on the path to a joyful life.
I am interested in treating clients that are struggling with chronic illness &/or pain, self-esteem issues, depression, grief, stress and anxiety in a relaxing environment.
I hope you will find working with me to be rewarding, educational and helpful. I am comfortable working with adolescents, men, women and senior citizens. You will receive counseling in a non-judgmental, relaxing and peaceful environment. Life can be a journey that is sometimes filled with struggles. I am here to help navigate that journey and learn some new techniques to get back on the path to a joyful life.
(616) 379-3041 View (616) 379-3041
Photo of Alex Robbins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Holland, MI
Alex Robbins
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Holland, MI 49423
I am here to help HEAL from whatever it is you may be dealing with. I am willing to help you through whatever it is you are facing. I just want you to know that you are enough! You deserve to get through this! I have years of experience working with those struggling with trauma, depression, grief, anxiety, stress, motivation, adjustment, life skills, coping skills, etc. Sport Performance work is also a passion of mine. As a younger, male counselor, it's easy for me to connect with youth, adolescents and younger adults. However, I have and will work with any population.
I am here to help HEAL from whatever it is you may be dealing with. I am willing to help you through whatever it is you are facing. I just want you to know that you are enough! You deserve to get through this! I have years of experience working with those struggling with trauma, depression, grief, anxiety, stress, motivation, adjustment, life skills, coping skills, etc. Sport Performance work is also a passion of mine. As a younger, male counselor, it's easy for me to connect with youth, adolescents and younger adults. However, I have and will work with any population.
(517) 366-4741 View (517) 366-4741
Photo of Heather Louise O'Brien, Licensed Professional Counselor in Holland, MI
Heather Louise O'Brien
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holland, MI 49424
I have worked in the mental health field for over 20 years & can help with a wide range of issues, including self-esteem, spirituality, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, relationships (couples, divorce, separation) and am LGBTQ affirming.
We all have meaningful stories to tell, and I look forward to learning how I can be of service to you, whether it’s easing stress, improving communication, getting your relationship (with others and yourself) back on track or helping you develop healthy thinking patterns. I can help give you “tools for your toolbox” to help overcome life’s obstacles. My goal is for you to feel valued, safe, and heard while building a relationship of trust and understanding. I will walk alongside you and provide collaborative, action oriented and honest feedback to shape your journey towards a greater sense of freedom, meaning & purpose.
I have worked in the mental health field for over 20 years & can help with a wide range of issues, including self-esteem, spirituality, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, relationships (couples, divorce, separation) and am LGBTQ affirming.
We all have meaningful stories to tell, and I look forward to learning how I can be of service to you, whether it’s easing stress, improving communication, getting your relationship (with others and yourself) back on track or helping you develop healthy thinking patterns. I can help give you “tools for your toolbox” to help overcome life’s obstacles. My goal is for you to feel valued, safe, and heard while building a relationship of trust and understanding. I will walk alongside you and provide collaborative, action oriented and honest feedback to shape your journey towards a greater sense of freedom, meaning & purpose.
(616) 952-3173 View (616) 952-3173
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.