Photo of Stephanie Topol, Licensed Professional Counselor in Northglenn, CO
Stephanie Topol
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Northglenn, CO 80233
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who helps children and individuals work through challenging events, assisting them to thrive. Creating a non-judgmental, safe, positive, compassionate and supportive environment is one of my ultimate goals. I have experience in helping individuals and children manage anxiety, depression, health & eating issues, loss of a loved one, addictions, life transitions, divorce, deployments and much more. I have worked with children and adults diagnosed with ADHD and Autism, as well as helped their families through the challenging times.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who helps children and individuals work through challenging events, assisting them to thrive. Creating a non-judgmental, safe, positive, compassionate and supportive environment is one of my ultimate goals. I have experience in helping individuals and children manage anxiety, depression, health & eating issues, loss of a loved one, addictions, life transitions, divorce, deployments and much more. I have worked with children and adults diagnosed with ADHD and Autism, as well as helped their families through the challenging times.
(720) 815-4347 View (720) 815-4347
Photo of Christine Thorp, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Northglenn, CO
Christine Thorp
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate , LPCC
Verified Verified
Northglenn, CO 80234  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! My name is Christine Thorp and I am a LPCC in Colorado. I received my MA degree from Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado and previously graduated with my Bachelors degree at Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri. This education has given me the knowledge and ability to implement different treatment interventions along side traditional therapy. I have worked with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, and behavioral issues. I have also worked with families experiencing separation, trauma, and attachment disruptions.
Hello! My name is Christine Thorp and I am a LPCC in Colorado. I received my MA degree from Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado and previously graduated with my Bachelors degree at Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri. This education has given me the knowledge and ability to implement different treatment interventions along side traditional therapy. I have worked with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, and behavioral issues. I have also worked with families experiencing separation, trauma, and attachment disruptions.
(303) 647-5963 View (303) 647-5963
Photo of Oak Tree Behavioral Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Northglenn, CO
Oak Tree Behavioral Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80233
Oak Tree Behavioral Services offers therapy to adolescents and their families for depression, anxiety, grief and loss, childhood behavior concerns, anger management, and social skills training.
Oak Tree Behavioral Services, Inc. is known throughout Colorado in diagnosing, and treating treating mental health conditions. Oak Tree Behavioral Services, Inc, provides: Individual Therapy, Marriage Therapy, and Testing. Interventions target problematic behavior, cognitions, and emotional dysregulation. Treatments are pragmatic, evidence-based and interventions that address the factors that contribute to the personal adversity. Therapeutic style is marked mutual collaboration, fresh perspective taking, active teaching, and warmth. Clinicians are committed to tailoring strategies to build upon client's unique qualities, concerns, and circumstances. We strive to provide the direction needed to not only cope, but to "own" challenges and strengths.
Oak Tree Behavioral Services offers therapy to adolescents and their families for depression, anxiety, grief and loss, childhood behavior concerns, anger management, and social skills training.
Oak Tree Behavioral Services, Inc. is known throughout Colorado in diagnosing, and treating treating mental health conditions. Oak Tree Behavioral Services, Inc, provides: Individual Therapy, Marriage Therapy, and Testing. Interventions target problematic behavior, cognitions, and emotional dysregulation. Treatments are pragmatic, evidence-based and interventions that address the factors that contribute to the personal adversity. Therapeutic style is marked mutual collaboration, fresh perspective taking, active teaching, and warmth. Clinicians are committed to tailoring strategies to build upon client's unique qualities, concerns, and circumstances. We strive to provide the direction needed to not only cope, but to "own" challenges and strengths.
(303) 622-5676 View (303) 622-5676
Photo of Kim Colna, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northglenn, CO
Kim Colna
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80234
Kim Colna is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 12 years of experience providing evidence based mental health services to children, adults and families to include diagnostic assessment, individual, family, and group therapy. Kim uses a variety of individualized treatment modalities to include, but not limited to CBT, ERP, ACT, DBT, Play Therapy, family systems, and strengths based treatment to treat a wide range of mental health symptoms and conditions to include but not limited to, Anxiety, OCD, ADHD, Behavioral Dysregulation, Trauma/PTSD, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Conversion Disorders and Psychosis.
Kim Colna is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 12 years of experience providing evidence based mental health services to children, adults and families to include diagnostic assessment, individual, family, and group therapy. Kim uses a variety of individualized treatment modalities to include, but not limited to CBT, ERP, ACT, DBT, Play Therapy, family systems, and strengths based treatment to treat a wide range of mental health symptoms and conditions to include but not limited to, Anxiety, OCD, ADHD, Behavioral Dysregulation, Trauma/PTSD, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Conversion Disorders and Psychosis.
(970) 825-1096 View (970) 825-1096
Photo of Hannah Hemming, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northglenn, CO
Hannah Hemming
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80234
Hannah has received training to work with kids and adolescents who are experiencing symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, ADHD, emotion dysregulation, grief, loss & trauma.
Hannah Hemming is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Colorado. Hannah has been practicing evidenced-based individual, group, and family therapy, as well as diagnostic assessment since 2016. Ms. Hemming is trained in and utilizes a variety of interventions to include, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Exposure-Response Prevention (ERP), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Family Systems, Behavior Management, Parent Management Training and Strengths-based approaches to treat an array of mental health conditions.
Hannah has received training to work with kids and adolescents who are experiencing symptoms of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, ADHD, emotion dysregulation, grief, loss & trauma.
Hannah Hemming is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Colorado. Hannah has been practicing evidenced-based individual, group, and family therapy, as well as diagnostic assessment since 2016. Ms. Hemming is trained in and utilizes a variety of interventions to include, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Exposure-Response Prevention (ERP), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Family Systems, Behavior Management, Parent Management Training and Strengths-based approaches to treat an array of mental health conditions.
(970) 470-8977 View (970) 470-8977
Photo of Tiffany Nerguizian, Licensed Professional Counselor in Northglenn, CO
Tiffany Nerguizian
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Northglenn, CO 80260  (Online Only)
Are you ready to feel and function better? Feel in control of your emotions and take better care of yourself. It's time to heal Psych Today. There is hope as you begin your journey to wellness.. Let's explore a personal plan for healing in a calm and trusting manner. I work with families, adults and adolescents to help heal from anxiety, depression and trauma. Formerly, I was the USA counselor for Colorado, where I had the joy of working with military families. I received my Masters degree in Professional Counseling from Liberty University and opened my practice in 2009.
Are you ready to feel and function better? Feel in control of your emotions and take better care of yourself. It's time to heal Psych Today. There is hope as you begin your journey to wellness.. Let's explore a personal plan for healing in a calm and trusting manner. I work with families, adults and adolescents to help heal from anxiety, depression and trauma. Formerly, I was the USA counselor for Colorado, where I had the joy of working with military families. I received my Masters degree in Professional Counseling from Liberty University and opened my practice in 2009.
(720) 817-4531 View (720) 817-4531
Photo of New Day New Beginnings Therapeutic services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Northglenn, CO
New Day New Beginnings Therapeutic services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CPP
Verified Verified
Northglenn, CO 80260
New Day New Beginnings, "Living in the moment through Mindfulness". Over the years I have assisted individuals of all ages as well as families manage and overcome life challenges by creating opportunity for growth and a brighter future.I have been devoted to providing skills and support for individuals and their families to regain hope and take steps towards long-term sustainable changes.
New Day New Beginnings, "Living in the moment through Mindfulness". Over the years I have assisted individuals of all ages as well as families manage and overcome life challenges by creating opportunity for growth and a brighter future.I have been devoted to providing skills and support for individuals and their families to regain hope and take steps towards long-term sustainable changes.
(720) 637-2915 View (720) 637-2915
Photo of Angel Manjarrez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Northglenn, CO
Angel Manjarrez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80234
I believe therapy is essential to understanding how our mental health can improve our everyday life. I take a holistic approach with each client to treat the whole person while using neuroscience to inform my work. I am passionate about building an inclusive and collaborative therapeutic environment to address daily challenges around stress, anxiety, trauma, and/or depressive thoughts. It is also important to address my clients’ identities through an antiracist and multicultural based approach to help create an equal relationship where one feels seen and heard.
I believe therapy is essential to understanding how our mental health can improve our everyday life. I take a holistic approach with each client to treat the whole person while using neuroscience to inform my work. I am passionate about building an inclusive and collaborative therapeutic environment to address daily challenges around stress, anxiety, trauma, and/or depressive thoughts. It is also important to address my clients’ identities through an antiracist and multicultural based approach to help create an equal relationship where one feels seen and heard.
(720) 806-4495 View (720) 806-4495
Photo of Mark Sossi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Northglenn, CO
Mark Sossi
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Northglenn, CO 80234
As the Co-owner of Woods N Waters Wellness and a licensed professional counselor, I am dedicated to guiding individuals towards their path to growth, healing, and self-discovery. With a focus on balance, self-awareness, and holistic healing, I strive to create a supportive environment where clients can explore their inner selves and achieve alignment in mind, body, and spirit. Through personalized counseling sessions, I aim to empower clients to discover their strengths, overcome challenges, and cultivate a sense of wholeness and fulfillment in their lives.
As the Co-owner of Woods N Waters Wellness and a licensed professional counselor, I am dedicated to guiding individuals towards their path to growth, healing, and self-discovery. With a focus on balance, self-awareness, and holistic healing, I strive to create a supportive environment where clients can explore their inner selves and achieve alignment in mind, body, and spirit. Through personalized counseling sessions, I aim to empower clients to discover their strengths, overcome challenges, and cultivate a sense of wholeness and fulfillment in their lives.
(970) 410-3271 View (970) 410-3271
Photo of Andrea Morocoima Rivas in Northglenn, CO
Andrea Morocoima Rivas
LPC, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80233
Waking up every morning to take on your world is already challenging, even before tackling your mental health. It takes a lot of bravery to reach out for help and I want to honor your decision. You are no longer alone: when we work as a team, I will provide you with practical evidence-based techniques to own, overcome and conquer your challenges.
Waking up every morning to take on your world is already challenging, even before tackling your mental health. It takes a lot of bravery to reach out for help and I want to honor your decision. You are no longer alone: when we work as a team, I will provide you with practical evidence-based techniques to own, overcome and conquer your challenges.
(303) 653-9640 x108 View (303) 653-9640 x108
Photo of Jennifer Stancer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northglenn, CO
Jennifer Stancer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80234
You have within you, right now, everything you need to deal with whatever the world can throw at you. Whether you have experienced small setbacks or major traumas, you are influenced by memories and past experiences, and this can impact your current self. I believe in creating a safe therapeutic environment in which clients can be vulnerable enough to explore what is within themselves.
You have within you, right now, everything you need to deal with whatever the world can throw at you. Whether you have experienced small setbacks or major traumas, you are influenced by memories and past experiences, and this can impact your current self. I believe in creating a safe therapeutic environment in which clients can be vulnerable enough to explore what is within themselves.
(720) 792-6915 View (720) 792-6915
Photo of Ryann Elizabeth Gay in Northglenn, CO
Ryann Elizabeth Gay
MAMFT-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80234
As a Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate, specializing in relational issues, I work with individuals, couples and families, taking into account the significant relationships in each person's lives. I draw on a variety of styles and techniques to incorporate what will be most helpful for you. I work with you to develop your strengths and achieve your life goals. My certificate in Transformative Counseling taught me that therapy has the potential to be a wonderful journey. When you decide to embark on the next step of your journey, I would be honored to be part of your quest.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate, specializing in relational issues, I work with individuals, couples and families, taking into account the significant relationships in each person's lives. I draw on a variety of styles and techniques to incorporate what will be most helpful for you. I work with you to develop your strengths and achieve your life goals. My certificate in Transformative Counseling taught me that therapy has the potential to be a wonderful journey. When you decide to embark on the next step of your journey, I would be honored to be part of your quest.
(720) 463-2474 View (720) 463-2474
Photo of Madz Kluz, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Northglenn, CO
Madz Kluz
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC, ATR-P
Verified Verified
Northglenn, CO 80260
Hi there! I operate strongly with the belief that kindness and care for others goes a long way. I enjoy connecting with and helping others regardless of our differences. I am passionate about working with kids and with family preservation. I hope to be an advocate for a child when they may not otherwise have one. I aim to help families connect and better understand one another to create a more cohesive home environment. As an artist, I am especially passionate about using art as healing. Art can create a strong container for difficult emotions, and I believe you don’t have to be an artist to benefit from the power of art making!
Hi there! I operate strongly with the belief that kindness and care for others goes a long way. I enjoy connecting with and helping others regardless of our differences. I am passionate about working with kids and with family preservation. I hope to be an advocate for a child when they may not otherwise have one. I aim to help families connect and better understand one another to create a more cohesive home environment. As an artist, I am especially passionate about using art as healing. Art can create a strong container for difficult emotions, and I believe you don’t have to be an artist to benefit from the power of art making!
(720) 928-2424 View (720) 928-2424
Photo of Megan Amery Aliffi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northglenn, CO
Megan Amery Aliffi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, AASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80234
Megan Aliffi is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Animal Assisted Therapist. Ms. Aliffi has been practicing evidence-based individual, family and group therapy as well as diagnostic assessment since 2015. Ms. Aliffi provides a unique focus on strength-based interventions to make therapy enjoyable as well as highly effective. Specific interventions include: CBT, DBT, Trauma Focused-CBT, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Exposure Response Prevention, CBIT and Parent Management Training. She maintains extensive experience in crisis-intervention, OCD, mood disorders and PTSD.
Megan Aliffi is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Animal Assisted Therapist. Ms. Aliffi has been practicing evidence-based individual, family and group therapy as well as diagnostic assessment since 2015. Ms. Aliffi provides a unique focus on strength-based interventions to make therapy enjoyable as well as highly effective. Specific interventions include: CBT, DBT, Trauma Focused-CBT, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Exposure Response Prevention, CBIT and Parent Management Training. She maintains extensive experience in crisis-intervention, OCD, mood disorders and PTSD.
(970) 398-3639 View (970) 398-3639
Photo of Meggan McBride Garwood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northglenn, CO
Meggan McBride Garwood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BSW, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80234
I have treated a wide variety of presenting concerns. Areas of clinical interest: pregnant/ new moms, healing generational trauma ,nervous system regulation, career wellness, quarter life crisis, recovery coaching, family estrangement, positive psychology, pre-marital counseling, anxiety, lessening the impact of divorce on children, recovering professionals and families, menopause, intuitive wellness, developmental trauma, & intersection of spirituality and psychology. I believe we were all put on this beautiful planet to do things only we were meant to do. Working on “clinical soul care” helps us connect to purposeful living.
I have treated a wide variety of presenting concerns. Areas of clinical interest: pregnant/ new moms, healing generational trauma ,nervous system regulation, career wellness, quarter life crisis, recovery coaching, family estrangement, positive psychology, pre-marital counseling, anxiety, lessening the impact of divorce on children, recovering professionals and families, menopause, intuitive wellness, developmental trauma, & intersection of spirituality and psychology. I believe we were all put on this beautiful planet to do things only we were meant to do. Working on “clinical soul care” helps us connect to purposeful living.
(970) 538-9891 View (970) 538-9891
Photo of Stephany Gonzalez, Pre-Licensed Professional in Northglenn, CO
Stephany Gonzalez
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA, MA, LMFTC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80260
The moment I realized I wanted to pursue a career as a Marriage and Family Therapist was during my first psychology course in high school. This course sparked my interest in counseling, specifically with couples and families. A core value of mine is how important relationships are with the world, our families, and ourselves. Learning about the developmental stages inspired me to focus on the importance of relationships. Relationships are fundamental to a child's upbringing, not just to children but at all stages of life, starting with childhood, leading to adolescence, and though adulthood.
The moment I realized I wanted to pursue a career as a Marriage and Family Therapist was during my first psychology course in high school. This course sparked my interest in counseling, specifically with couples and families. A core value of mine is how important relationships are with the world, our families, and ourselves. Learning about the developmental stages inspired me to focus on the importance of relationships. Relationships are fundamental to a child's upbringing, not just to children but at all stages of life, starting with childhood, leading to adolescence, and though adulthood.
(720) 573-2429 View (720) 573-2429
Photo of Meg'n E Deaner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Northglenn, CO
Meg'n E Deaner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, Coach
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80233
Mantis Counseling and Coaching Services, LLC is committed to serving adults, adolescents, families, couples, and children by providing psychotherapy and coaching sessions to fit your personal goals. We believe you are the expert regarding your own path to growth and success. We create collaborative treatment plans for mind, body, and spirit to allow you to access your innate potential.
Mantis Counseling and Coaching Services, LLC is committed to serving adults, adolescents, families, couples, and children by providing psychotherapy and coaching sessions to fit your personal goals. We believe you are the expert regarding your own path to growth and success. We create collaborative treatment plans for mind, body, and spirit to allow you to access your innate potential.
(303) 500-3887 View (303) 500-3887
Photo of Michelle Burns, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Northglenn, CO
Michelle Burns
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC, R-DMT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80241
I provide mental health care to a variety of individuals from children to adults with a focus on grief, loss, and working through life changes/challenges. My practice is person-centered, so the counselor (Michelle) follows the client (you). I may come to session with ideas for interventions or questions in mind, but these sessions are for you. I follow what you would like to use your sessions for, and work with you to create therapeutic goals. We may work on building coping skills, increasing self-esteem, or adapting to changes.
I provide mental health care to a variety of individuals from children to adults with a focus on grief, loss, and working through life changes/challenges. My practice is person-centered, so the counselor (Michelle) follows the client (you). I may come to session with ideas for interventions or questions in mind, but these sessions are for you. I follow what you would like to use your sessions for, and work with you to create therapeutic goals. We may work on building coping skills, increasing self-esteem, or adapting to changes.
(720) 458-0642 View (720) 458-0642
Photo of Kathy Calkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northglenn, CO
Kathy Calkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northglenn, CO 80241
Therapy works best when personal stories are heard, and individuals and families construct their own meaning. Through a variety of treatment models like CBT, Solution Focused Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and trauma informed models, we work together to identify challenges and to navigate a path that feels healthier. I bring experience working with a broad range of clients from childhood through the lifespan; specializing in complex trauma and helping people navigate transitions like caregiving, relationship changes and family coping and medical complexities that stress family systems.
Therapy works best when personal stories are heard, and individuals and families construct their own meaning. Through a variety of treatment models like CBT, Solution Focused Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and trauma informed models, we work together to identify challenges and to navigate a path that feels healthier. I bring experience working with a broad range of clients from childhood through the lifespan; specializing in complex trauma and helping people navigate transitions like caregiving, relationship changes and family coping and medical complexities that stress family systems.
(720) 458-0642 View (720) 458-0642
Photo of Aubrey Bertron, Clinical Social Work Candidate in Northglenn, CO
Aubrey Bertron
Clinical Social Work Candidate, MSW, SWC
Verified Verified
Northglenn, CO 80234
Not accepting new clients
You know yourself, your child, and your situation better than anyone else. If you have a feeling that your family may benefit from therapy, please reach out. I work primarily with young children who have experienced trauma or mental health challenges and their caregivers to help nurture healthy attachment bonds and work together through big emotions.
You know yourself, your child, and your situation better than anyone else. If you have a feeling that your family may benefit from therapy, please reach out. I work primarily with young children who have experienced trauma or mental health challenges and their caregivers to help nurture healthy attachment bonds and work together through big emotions.
(720) 782-0287 View (720) 782-0287

See more therapy options for Northglenn

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.