Photo of Dragana Gajic Pitargue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in California
Dragana Gajic Pitargue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBA
Verified Verified
Claremont, CA 91711
I offer psychotherapy treatment to teens, adults and couples. My specialties include EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) for treatment of trauma and PTSD. I am a certified EMDR therapist and an EMDRIA Consultant. I specialize in treatment of depression, anxiety, panic disorders, OCD, and addiction. I utilize a variety of therapeutic interventions including EMDR, IFS (Internal Family Systems), CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy). I also work with clients who have ongoing medical conditions that cause emotional distress and I provide Christian Counseling upon request.
I offer psychotherapy treatment to teens, adults and couples. My specialties include EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) for treatment of trauma and PTSD. I am a certified EMDR therapist and an EMDRIA Consultant. I specialize in treatment of depression, anxiety, panic disorders, OCD, and addiction. I utilize a variety of therapeutic interventions including EMDR, IFS (Internal Family Systems), CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy). I also work with clients who have ongoing medical conditions that cause emotional distress and I provide Christian Counseling upon request.
(310) 741-9451 View (310) 741-9451
Photo of Bojana Pandurevic in California
Bojana Pandurevic
MS, MFT, RTT, CHT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95816
My focus is on working with youth and adults who carry unique emotional and psychological sensitivities. My style, that embodies more of humanistic and holistic approaches, has proven to be very effective with individuals who are connected to spiritual or creative energies; individuals such as artists, healers and LGBTQ, who struggle with self acceptance, self esteem, anxiety and depression. My aim is to help you find and acknowledge all parts of yourself, heal and embrace them all, in order to create a complete and wholesome you.
My focus is on working with youth and adults who carry unique emotional and psychological sensitivities. My style, that embodies more of humanistic and holistic approaches, has proven to be very effective with individuals who are connected to spiritual or creative energies; individuals such as artists, healers and LGBTQ, who struggle with self acceptance, self esteem, anxiety and depression. My aim is to help you find and acknowledge all parts of yourself, heal and embrace them all, in order to create a complete and wholesome you.
(530) 461-5019 View (530) 461-5019
Photo of Association for Compassionate Transformation, Psychologist in California
Association for Compassionate Transformation
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
My specialties include working with anxiety and depression, addiction, trauma, children and adolescents, premarital counseling, couples therapy, career coaching, hypnotherapy, hair pulling, skin picking and addressing issues unique to the LGTBTQQIA population.
Would you like to be successful emotionally, socially, spiritually and professionally? Do you need assistance directing personal growth, relationships, family life or your career? I specialize in assisting individuals to lead a productive life, a meaningful existence and reach their highest potential.
My specialties include working with anxiety and depression, addiction, trauma, children and adolescents, premarital counseling, couples therapy, career coaching, hypnotherapy, hair pulling, skin picking and addressing issues unique to the LGTBTQQIA population.
Would you like to be successful emotionally, socially, spiritually and professionally? Do you need assistance directing personal growth, relationships, family life or your career? I specialize in assisting individuals to lead a productive life, a meaningful existence and reach their highest potential.
(858) 367-3966 View (858) 367-3966
Photo of Danijela Mudri-Nicin, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Danijela Mudri-Nicin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92131  (Online Only)
Depression, anxiety, and other symptoms don't have to last forever. You deserve to feel better. Can you imagine being able to shush that Inner Critic, meet your Inner Child and their old needs, and come into a deeper understanding of your authentic Self? It takes tremendous courage to confront childhood trauma and heal those invisible wounds. Modern psychotherapy includes evidence-based protocols where traumatic memories become less vivid and emotions less intense and unpleasant. Step by step, you can unlearn the patterns that are no longer serving you and reveal your innate worth. This time, you get to choose the direction!
Depression, anxiety, and other symptoms don't have to last forever. You deserve to feel better. Can you imagine being able to shush that Inner Critic, meet your Inner Child and their old needs, and come into a deeper understanding of your authentic Self? It takes tremendous courage to confront childhood trauma and heal those invisible wounds. Modern psychotherapy includes evidence-based protocols where traumatic memories become less vivid and emotions less intense and unpleasant. Step by step, you can unlearn the patterns that are no longer serving you and reveal your innate worth. This time, you get to choose the direction!
(858) 842-9664 View (858) 842-9664
Photo of Tina Glishich, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Tina Glishich
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
I provide safe, accepting, and mindful environment as well as culturally sensitive services for children, adults, and families who are experiencing difficulties with emotional stress such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, behavioral issues such as ADHD, defiant, and oppositional behaviors, culture-related stress such as immigration and issues regarding identity including gender variant clients. I love helping couples and use Emotionally Focus Therapy in addition to CBT techniques.
I provide safe, accepting, and mindful environment as well as culturally sensitive services for children, adults, and families who are experiencing difficulties with emotional stress such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, behavioral issues such as ADHD, defiant, and oppositional behaviors, culture-related stress such as immigration and issues regarding identity including gender variant clients. I love helping couples and use Emotionally Focus Therapy in addition to CBT techniques.
(916) 347-5794 View (916) 347-5794
Photo of Boulevard Therapy, Psychologist in California
Boulevard Therapy
Psychologist, PsyD, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Studio City, CA 91604
Together, Boulevard Therapy has more than 30 years of experience helping individuals, families, couples and adolescents through various life obstacles, including depression, anxiety, addiction and dependency problems.
At Boulevard Therapy, we believe that life is a journey, and that we often benefit sharing our journey with someone who can help us to navigate life's unexpected or unfamiliar territories. Often the journey can become more difficult when we are overwhelmed with life's stress and challenges, leaving us feeling immobilized, out of control, confused, and/or in despair. Sometimes another perspective is beneficial as we navigate these paths.
Together, Boulevard Therapy has more than 30 years of experience helping individuals, families, couples and adolescents through various life obstacles, including depression, anxiety, addiction and dependency problems.
At Boulevard Therapy, we believe that life is a journey, and that we often benefit sharing our journey with someone who can help us to navigate life's unexpected or unfamiliar territories. Often the journey can become more difficult when we are overwhelmed with life's stress and challenges, leaving us feeling immobilized, out of control, confused, and/or in despair. Sometimes another perspective is beneficial as we navigate these paths.
(818) 805-1172 View (818) 805-1172
Photo of Maria Tia Holden, Psychologist in California
Maria Tia Holden
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94108
Everyone functions uniquely, at times experiencing depression, anxiety, insecurities, doubt, and grief. I help people around these issues, as well as introversion, high-functioning Asperger's, bipolar, OCD, and social awkwardness...relationship issues, self-esteem, living with narcissists, identity. We can decide how to deal with life's changes, challenges, and transitions. We will focus compassionately on emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and relationships to examine patterns and slowly change them. Our ability to observe and use our will to change are the most powerful tools we possess to bring about changes we desire.
Everyone functions uniquely, at times experiencing depression, anxiety, insecurities, doubt, and grief. I help people around these issues, as well as introversion, high-functioning Asperger's, bipolar, OCD, and social awkwardness...relationship issues, self-esteem, living with narcissists, identity. We can decide how to deal with life's changes, challenges, and transitions. We will focus compassionately on emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and relationships to examine patterns and slowly change them. Our ability to observe and use our will to change are the most powerful tools we possess to bring about changes we desire.
(607) 800-4692 View (607) 800-4692
Photo of Vesna Sturman, Psychologist in California
Vesna Sturman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fairfax, CA 94930  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is client-centered and research-based, meaning that I work with you to find which therapy style is most comfortable for you. Included are cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, "tapping", and mindfulness. These have been proven to be effective treatments for both mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, and physical problems like chronic pain. I also specialize in all forms of trauma. I will help to educate you about the different methods of therapy and the research behind why one method might be more beneficial than another for the issue(s) that brings you to therapy.
My approach to therapy is client-centered and research-based, meaning that I work with you to find which therapy style is most comfortable for you. Included are cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, "tapping", and mindfulness. These have been proven to be effective treatments for both mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, and physical problems like chronic pain. I also specialize in all forms of trauma. I will help to educate you about the different methods of therapy and the research behind why one method might be more beneficial than another for the issue(s) that brings you to therapy.
(415) 413-1077 View (415) 413-1077
Photo of Biljana Bujko, Psychologist in California
Biljana Bujko
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106
They include but are not limited to anxiety, depression, sexuality, relationship challenges, traumatic experiences, divorce, female issues, and unidentified unhappiness.
Finding the right therapist from a website is difficult, which is why I offer phone or in-person consultations. It takes courage to address challenges such as relationships, personal problems, or general unhappiness. Your success in treatment will depend on your readiness to open up and my authentic presence that will help create a safe space for you. Together we will work on identifying, experiencing and expanding your capacity to tolerate all ranges of feelings. You will become more conscious of your limiting patterns while developing healthy ones as your sense of a genuine and stronger self emerges.
They include but are not limited to anxiety, depression, sexuality, relationship challenges, traumatic experiences, divorce, female issues, and unidentified unhappiness.
Finding the right therapist from a website is difficult, which is why I offer phone or in-person consultations. It takes courage to address challenges such as relationships, personal problems, or general unhappiness. Your success in treatment will depend on your readiness to open up and my authentic presence that will help create a safe space for you. Together we will work on identifying, experiencing and expanding your capacity to tolerate all ranges of feelings. You will become more conscious of your limiting patterns while developing healthy ones as your sense of a genuine and stronger self emerges.
(818) 960-6244 View (818) 960-6244
Photo of Bianka Lieb, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Bianka Lieb
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
Clients I typically work with have experienced childhood trauma, and as a result suffer from depression, anxiety, poor relationships, and low self-esteem. Their needs include learning how to name and process the traumas they have experienced, how these traumas are affecting them today, and what to do to feel safe, at peace, and to enjoy healthy relationships. Their goals typically include understanding and learning from their past, and improving relationships and day to day interactions with self and others.
Clients I typically work with have experienced childhood trauma, and as a result suffer from depression, anxiety, poor relationships, and low self-esteem. Their needs include learning how to name and process the traumas they have experienced, how these traumas are affecting them today, and what to do to feel safe, at peace, and to enjoy healthy relationships. Their goals typically include understanding and learning from their past, and improving relationships and day to day interactions with self and others.
(925) 281-4405 View (925) 281-4405
Photo of Paul Juranovich, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Paul Juranovich
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
When we come up short, we often experience feelings of worthlessness, anxiety, depression, and anger.
Do you ever feel alone? Do you feel there's more to everything than this? Within every person exists enormous power. At some point in our lives we face a "void." The void is the symbolic space we create for whatever is missing in our lives; what we imagine will make us feel complete. We spend massive amounts of energy attempting to fill this void with negative relationships, substances, money, possessions, etc. Yet somehow we end up feeling empty.
When we come up short, we often experience feelings of worthlessness, anxiety, depression, and anger.
Do you ever feel alone? Do you feel there's more to everything than this? Within every person exists enormous power. At some point in our lives we face a "void." The void is the symbolic space we create for whatever is missing in our lives; what we imagine will make us feel complete. We spend massive amounts of energy attempting to fill this void with negative relationships, substances, money, possessions, etc. Yet somehow we end up feeling empty.
(510) 694-0937 View (510) 694-0937
Photo of Jasna Smanja, Counselor in California
Jasna Smanja
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92103
I work with adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, life transitions, anger management, self-esteem, post traumatic stress disorder.
***evening and weekend appointments available. Entering therapy can be difficult and it is very important to find a therapist with whom you connect well. My goal in therapeutic relationship is to create a safe, non-judgmental environment to honor vulnerability required to make changes in one's life. My approach is collaborative. I believe everyone has a unique story and inherent wisdom. I hope to be able to help uncover that and assist with teaching necessary skills to cope and to make changes needed to get desired results.
I work with adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, life transitions, anger management, self-esteem, post traumatic stress disorder.
***evening and weekend appointments available. Entering therapy can be difficult and it is very important to find a therapist with whom you connect well. My goal in therapeutic relationship is to create a safe, non-judgmental environment to honor vulnerability required to make changes in one's life. My approach is collaborative. I believe everyone has a unique story and inherent wisdom. I hope to be able to help uncover that and assist with teaching necessary skills to cope and to make changes needed to get desired results.
(858) 780-5061 View (858) 780-5061
Photo of Dalija Dragisic, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Dalija Dragisic
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
Waitlist for new clients
Relationships are incredibly complicated, and relationship issues can have profound impact on your quality of life. Anxiety and depression may be the result of unhealthy relationship dynamics, or may be caused by typical stressors such as financial problems or disagreements about raising children. If you are having difficulties in your current relationship, or if you are trying to understand past relationship struggles, I am qualified to help you. I work with couples and individuals engaging in high conflict, affairs, issues of past trauma, parenting, depression, anxiety, substance addiction, divorce, or criminal concerns.
Relationships are incredibly complicated, and relationship issues can have profound impact on your quality of life. Anxiety and depression may be the result of unhealthy relationship dynamics, or may be caused by typical stressors such as financial problems or disagreements about raising children. If you are having difficulties in your current relationship, or if you are trying to understand past relationship struggles, I am qualified to help you. I work with couples and individuals engaging in high conflict, affairs, issues of past trauma, parenting, depression, anxiety, substance addiction, divorce, or criminal concerns.
(619) 547-0175 View (619) 547-0175
Photo of Debra Bernbeck, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Debra Bernbeck
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Nevada City, CA 95959
I am a psychotherapist (MFT) and Coach for the Psychology of Eating. My counseling sessions online and in person aim to help couples and individuals (12 years and up) for a variety of issues, such as emotional eating, depression, anxiety, trauma, couple's conflict, codependency, self-esteem, life transitions, behavioral problems and more. I am trained couples therapist, and have passion for helping couples. I provide space for those who struggle with emotional eating and suffer silently and alone, so they can transform their relationship with their bodies and eating habits, lose weight and achieve greater self-esteem.
I am a psychotherapist (MFT) and Coach for the Psychology of Eating. My counseling sessions online and in person aim to help couples and individuals (12 years and up) for a variety of issues, such as emotional eating, depression, anxiety, trauma, couple's conflict, codependency, self-esteem, life transitions, behavioral problems and more. I am trained couples therapist, and have passion for helping couples. I provide space for those who struggle with emotional eating and suffer silently and alone, so they can transform their relationship with their bodies and eating habits, lose weight and achieve greater self-esteem.
(530) 319-5417 View (530) 319-5417
Photo of Anita Tenzera, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Anita Tenzera
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Specialty training in: - Brainspotting- effective method for variety of emotional and somatic conditions such as depression, anxiety, trauma.
Wellness matters in obtaining a higher quality of life. Daily stressors and emotions impact our well-being and ability to grow. By using the mindful approach, we can process the emotions and traumas that are stuck in the body through aches, anxiety, depression, flashbacks, and triggers. We can work on increasing intimacy, respect, and affection in a relationship. I am a bilingual speaking (Croatian/English) marriage and family therapist and I work with individuals, couples, youths, adults, and families of all ethnic backgrounds, religions, and sexual orientations.
Specialty training in: - Brainspotting- effective method for variety of emotional and somatic conditions such as depression, anxiety, trauma.
Wellness matters in obtaining a higher quality of life. Daily stressors and emotions impact our well-being and ability to grow. By using the mindful approach, we can process the emotions and traumas that are stuck in the body through aches, anxiety, depression, flashbacks, and triggers. We can work on increasing intimacy, respect, and affection in a relationship. I am a bilingual speaking (Croatian/English) marriage and family therapist and I work with individuals, couples, youths, adults, and families of all ethnic backgrounds, religions, and sexual orientations.
(424) 372-5603 View (424) 372-5603
Photo of Katarina Matolek, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Katarina Matolek
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR, BSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Greetings! Do you want to be empowered, find fulfillment, or heal from trauma and let go of the past? I start by creating a safe space to guide you on a journey of self-discovery. I treasure that our minds, bodies, spirits, and relationships are fastened together and are affected by one another in a close manner. I'll address each of those personal facets to help you emerge holistically with a therapeutic style drawn from various approaches such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Brainspotting (BSP), and Jungian Sandplay Therapy.
Greetings! Do you want to be empowered, find fulfillment, or heal from trauma and let go of the past? I start by creating a safe space to guide you on a journey of self-discovery. I treasure that our minds, bodies, spirits, and relationships are fastened together and are affected by one another in a close manner. I'll address each of those personal facets to help you emerge holistically with a therapeutic style drawn from various approaches such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Brainspotting (BSP), and Jungian Sandplay Therapy.
(310) 564-7914 View (310) 564-7914
Photo of Nela Cavelis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in California
Nela Cavelis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Have you been feeling anxiety, stress, feeling out of balance? Do you desire to discuss your situation with a professional, to get more clarity and understanding? Maybe you are going through a difficult life transition, or - you are in a good place right now - however feel that your history may be holding you back from experiencing your full potential. Perhaps you simply want to learn some strategies that will help you manage and thrive in your mental health and overall well being.
Have you been feeling anxiety, stress, feeling out of balance? Do you desire to discuss your situation with a professional, to get more clarity and understanding? Maybe you are going through a difficult life transition, or - you are in a good place right now - however feel that your history may be holding you back from experiencing your full potential. Perhaps you simply want to learn some strategies that will help you manage and thrive in your mental health and overall well being.
(858) 358-5401 View (858) 358-5401
Photo of Ciara Bogdanovic, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Ciara Bogdanovic
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Are you seeking clarity, peace, and stability? Perhaps you have been to therapy before and are seeking a new approach. Maybe you feel trapped by big emotions, anxiety, or trauma and can’t see a way out. Through my own healing, constant curiosity, and rigorous training I have developed an approach that allows my clients to thrive.
Are you seeking clarity, peace, and stability? Perhaps you have been to therapy before and are seeking a new approach. Maybe you feel trapped by big emotions, anxiety, or trauma and can’t see a way out. Through my own healing, constant curiosity, and rigorous training I have developed an approach that allows my clients to thrive.
(323) 615-1164 View (323) 615-1164
Photo of Sonja Baumer, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Sonja Baumer
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94708
I have over 10 years of clinical experience in outpatient clinics, schools, private practice, and humanitarian organizations. My practice has been informed by clinical training and extensive academic background in developmental psychology. It also incorporates my life experience in coping with challenges of immigration, parenthood, career transitions and aging. I believe that healing entails personal growth. You may need to develop a new awareness, an insight, or a specific coping skill to resolve your problem. I provide a safe space for you to explore what is that you need in order to live a more productive and enjoyable life.
I have over 10 years of clinical experience in outpatient clinics, schools, private practice, and humanitarian organizations. My practice has been informed by clinical training and extensive academic background in developmental psychology. It also incorporates my life experience in coping with challenges of immigration, parenthood, career transitions and aging. I believe that healing entails personal growth. You may need to develop a new awareness, an insight, or a specific coping skill to resolve your problem. I provide a safe space for you to explore what is that you need in order to live a more productive and enjoyable life.
(858) 922-3855 View (858) 922-3855
Photo of Vera Velini, Marriage & Family Therapist in California
Vera Velini
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95128
You have just made an important step towards creating the life you desire to live. I specialize in finding one's happiness and peace whether it be within the life of the individual, within a relationship or within a family. My passion is working with individuals and couples who desire to create deepest loving relationships, live their life authentically, find their purpose, and realize their dreams. Regardless of the challenges you face, our programs are designed to help you create and experience positive changes that last a lifetime. (NOTE: Don't forget to ask us about our SPECIAL PACKAGES)
You have just made an important step towards creating the life you desire to live. I specialize in finding one's happiness and peace whether it be within the life of the individual, within a relationship or within a family. My passion is working with individuals and couples who desire to create deepest loving relationships, live their life authentically, find their purpose, and realize their dreams. Regardless of the challenges you face, our programs are designed to help you create and experience positive changes that last a lifetime. (NOTE: Don't forget to ask us about our SPECIAL PACKAGES)
(408) 837-0663 View (408) 837-0663

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.