Photo of Cathy Della Valle, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Cathy Della Valle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
I help clients struggling with life transitions, codependency, depression/anxiety, premarital counseling, addictions (alcohol/drug, sex/love, food, internet), overcoming pain from the past, parenting, bipolar disorder, low self esteem, and trauma.
I have many years of experience and training and feel fortunate to work with adults, couples and teens. I find that most clients come to me when their old ways of coping are no longer working (or they are unhealthy) and the stress is too much! Why do it alone? I hold the hope for my clients when they aren't able.
I help clients struggling with life transitions, codependency, depression/anxiety, premarital counseling, addictions (alcohol/drug, sex/love, food, internet), overcoming pain from the past, parenting, bipolar disorder, low self esteem, and trauma.
I have many years of experience and training and feel fortunate to work with adults, couples and teens. I find that most clients come to me when their old ways of coping are no longer working (or they are unhealthy) and the stress is too much! Why do it alone? I hold the hope for my clients when they aren't able.
(415) 813-5401 View (415) 813-5401
Photo of Robynne O'Byrne, Psychologist in San Rafael, CA
Robynne O'Byrne
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
Robynne has expertise in treating anxiety and depression in adults, children and teens, working with adult survivors of sexual abuse and other childhood trauma, and treating patients with alcohol and other addictions. She also specializes in working with couples around marital issues and has training in grief and loss, having worked with many patients confronting these issues, including parents who have lost a child. In addition to working with clients in therapy, Robynne is also a trained mediator and works with divorcing couples around custody and financial agreements.
Robynne has expertise in treating anxiety and depression in adults, children and teens, working with adult survivors of sexual abuse and other childhood trauma, and treating patients with alcohol and other addictions. She also specializes in working with couples around marital issues and has training in grief and loss, having worked with many patients confronting these issues, including parents who have lost a child. In addition to working with clients in therapy, Robynne is also a trained mediator and works with divorcing couples around custody and financial agreements.
(628) 244-8701 x4 View (628) 244-8701 x4
Photo of Anabelle Miranda-Muniz, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Anabelle Miranda-Muniz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
I have a wide range of experience with those depression, anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, crisis, and co-occurring disorders.
Anabelle Miranda-Muniz, License Marriage and Family Therapist 95853. I have 13 years of experience in the behavioral health field. I have worked with clients with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, PTSD, trauma, and psychotic disorders. I also have experience with co-occurring disorders, providing psychoeducation to clients and family members, working with those in crisis, and facilitating an evidence-based parenting program.
I have a wide range of experience with those depression, anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, crisis, and co-occurring disorders.
Anabelle Miranda-Muniz, License Marriage and Family Therapist 95853. I have 13 years of experience in the behavioral health field. I have worked with clients with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, PTSD, trauma, and psychotic disorders. I also have experience with co-occurring disorders, providing psychoeducation to clients and family members, working with those in crisis, and facilitating an evidence-based parenting program.
(760) 273-3896 View (760) 273-3896
Photo of Meredith McGarvey, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Meredith McGarvey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help teens reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, academic stress and enhance problem solving skills and improve mood.
I help individuals, teens and couples work through transitions and difficult stages in their lives and relationships. I have over 10 years of experience in helping individuals, couples and families learn problem solving techniques, coping skills, enhance communication and minimize stress. My approach is warm, interactive and solution-focused. I believe that everyone has strengths, but during stressful times they may need help accessing those strengths. It can be helpful during those times to have an objective professional that provides support, perspective and guidance to make positive changes.
I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help teens reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, academic stress and enhance problem solving skills and improve mood.
I help individuals, teens and couples work through transitions and difficult stages in their lives and relationships. I have over 10 years of experience in helping individuals, couples and families learn problem solving techniques, coping skills, enhance communication and minimize stress. My approach is warm, interactive and solution-focused. I believe that everyone has strengths, but during stressful times they may need help accessing those strengths. It can be helpful during those times to have an objective professional that provides support, perspective and guidance to make positive changes.
(415) 651-4373 View (415) 651-4373
Photo of Amber Bruno, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Amber Bruno
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
With over 10 years of clinical experience, specialties include depression, anxiety, addiction, recovery treatment, trauma-focused therapy, family dynamics, & forensic psychology.
In need of a safe place to process a new or ongoing challenge? I am here to support you.
With over 10 years of clinical experience, specialties include depression, anxiety, addiction, recovery treatment, trauma-focused therapy, family dynamics, & forensic psychology.
In need of a safe place to process a new or ongoing challenge? I am here to support you.
(707) 610-1503 View (707) 610-1503
Photo of Astrid Koltun, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Astrid Koltun
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
Something is no longer working. You sense you have the capacity to experience greater ease and joy in your life. Through the therapeutic relationship, I provide a safe and nurturing environment, where we can address emotional blocks and patterns of behavior that are no longer serving. Through body awareness, mindfulness, and deep listening I will support your unfolding, bringing strength and clarity to your relationships and decision making. Whether you are struggling with a phase of life change, anxiety, depression, or unresolved trauma, I offer a warm and non judgmental space for the process of healing to occur.
Something is no longer working. You sense you have the capacity to experience greater ease and joy in your life. Through the therapeutic relationship, I provide a safe and nurturing environment, where we can address emotional blocks and patterns of behavior that are no longer serving. Through body awareness, mindfulness, and deep listening I will support your unfolding, bringing strength and clarity to your relationships and decision making. Whether you are struggling with a phase of life change, anxiety, depression, or unresolved trauma, I offer a warm and non judgmental space for the process of healing to occur.
(415) 886-2917 View (415) 886-2917
Photo of Stephanie Berglund, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Stephanie Berglund
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, MFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
Over twenty-five years ago I walked out of my first session as a therapist in gratitude that I had found work I loved. Today I am equally fascinated by and grateful for this opportunity to connect with others and be a part of their growth toward emotional, relational, mental, and spiritual wholeness. I specialize in working with couples and other relationships, but also have significant experience in helping with depression, anxiety, grief, adjustment, military lifestyle, personal growth and life skills. Integrating my training, experience, skill and personality, I create an adaptable course of therapy for each client's unique circumstances.
Over twenty-five years ago I walked out of my first session as a therapist in gratitude that I had found work I loved. Today I am equally fascinated by and grateful for this opportunity to connect with others and be a part of their growth toward emotional, relational, mental, and spiritual wholeness. I specialize in working with couples and other relationships, but also have significant experience in helping with depression, anxiety, grief, adjustment, military lifestyle, personal growth and life skills. Integrating my training, experience, skill and personality, I create an adaptable course of therapy for each client's unique circumstances.
(415) 688-2919 View (415) 688-2919
Photo of Jamie L Katoff, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Jamie L Katoff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
Are you mother or mom-to-be feeling stressed, anxious, or depressed? Do you struggle with constant "mom-guilt"? I can help! As a mother myself, I understand what you're going through and want to help you feel less alone, more whole, and better equipped to care for yourself as well as your children. I offer home-visits for new moms who might find leaving the house with a baby a bit overwhelming.
Are you mother or mom-to-be feeling stressed, anxious, or depressed? Do you struggle with constant "mom-guilt"? I can help! As a mother myself, I understand what you're going through and want to help you feel less alone, more whole, and better equipped to care for yourself as well as your children. I offer home-visits for new moms who might find leaving the house with a baby a bit overwhelming.
(415) 787-3929 View (415) 787-3929
Photo of Ramona Taylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Ramona Taylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903
My name is Ramona Taylor. I am a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist practicing in both Hawaii and California. I specialize in brief therapy and experiential therapies. I approach therapy with the goal that each session is meaningful and that clients are able to experience noticeable changes in a relatively short time. I work with adult individuals who are suffering from depression, relational problems, anxiety, ADHD, and PTSD. Additionally, I am a Christian therapist with additional training to work with individuals who prefer therapy to integrate their Christian perspective.
My name is Ramona Taylor. I am a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist practicing in both Hawaii and California. I specialize in brief therapy and experiential therapies. I approach therapy with the goal that each session is meaningful and that clients are able to experience noticeable changes in a relatively short time. I work with adult individuals who are suffering from depression, relational problems, anxiety, ADHD, and PTSD. Additionally, I am a Christian therapist with additional training to work with individuals who prefer therapy to integrate their Christian perspective.
(747) 252-5215 View (747) 252-5215
Photo of Heather Dalmases, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Heather Dalmases
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94903  (Online Only)
I am passionate about helping and partnering with individuals to become the best, authentic version of themselves. I have over 20 years of experience providing therapeutic services, including working with adults, couples, and families, navigating challenges related to anxiety, depression, stress, relational issues, trauma, substance abuse, life transitions, self-esteem, domestic violence, LGBTQ+, parenting, and grief and loss. My approach is eclectic and versatile and adjusts to your needs to include various theoretical approaches. My goal is your goal. We will partner together, to get you, to where you, want to be.
I am passionate about helping and partnering with individuals to become the best, authentic version of themselves. I have over 20 years of experience providing therapeutic services, including working with adults, couples, and families, navigating challenges related to anxiety, depression, stress, relational issues, trauma, substance abuse, life transitions, self-esteem, domestic violence, LGBTQ+, parenting, and grief and loss. My approach is eclectic and versatile and adjusts to your needs to include various theoretical approaches. My goal is your goal. We will partner together, to get you, to where you, want to be.
(415) 842-4403 View (415) 842-4403
Photo of Mark Hirschfield, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Mark Hirschfield
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
Hello! I work with individuals who wish to create lasting, positive changes in their lives and relationships. I offer safe, compassionate and supportive counseling in an atmosphere that deepens understanding, promotes healing, and releases potential. Unresolved emotional issues can stifle creativity, confidence, ambition, and our ability for good relationships. Trauma and loss can cause sadness, depression and pain that inhibit and block. My personal style is interactive, empathic, non-judgmental and respectful of individual values and choices.
Hello! I work with individuals who wish to create lasting, positive changes in their lives and relationships. I offer safe, compassionate and supportive counseling in an atmosphere that deepens understanding, promotes healing, and releases potential. Unresolved emotional issues can stifle creativity, confidence, ambition, and our ability for good relationships. Trauma and loss can cause sadness, depression and pain that inhibit and block. My personal style is interactive, empathic, non-judgmental and respectful of individual values and choices.
(415) 326-1276 View (415) 326-1276
Photo of Sierra Poppe, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Sierra Poppe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
I work with clients ages 13 and older, individuals and families. Primarily, I work with clients experiencing issues with anxiety, social anxiety, depression, self-harm, identity development, parenting issues, parent/child relationships, alcohol/drug abuse by teens and adults, recovery and rehab issues and reestablishment in the family, codependence (and family members affected by ones substance use), bipolar disorder, ADHD, self-esteem, relationship issues, supporting medication management, as well as many other concerns.
I work with clients ages 13 and older, individuals and families. Primarily, I work with clients experiencing issues with anxiety, social anxiety, depression, self-harm, identity development, parenting issues, parent/child relationships, alcohol/drug abuse by teens and adults, recovery and rehab issues and reestablishment in the family, codependence (and family members affected by ones substance use), bipolar disorder, ADHD, self-esteem, relationship issues, supporting medication management, as well as many other concerns.
(628) 258-6872 View (628) 258-6872
Photo of Rebecca M. Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Rebecca M. Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
I work with anxiety, panic, social phobia, depression, trauma, and loss.
We all want to be happy, or at least free from emotional pain. If you're here, something in your life is causing emotional discomfort--and some part of you senses an invitation to explore your inner and relational worlds with understanding and compassion. I help adults and adolescents deal with obstacles to their preferred lives--unwanted symptoms, relationship challenges, difficulty adjusting to change and loss. My goal is to reinforce your strengths, while co-discovering with you new solutions to the issues blocking growth. I offer a creative and practical style, drawing on approaches specifically tailored to your needs.
I work with anxiety, panic, social phobia, depression, trauma, and loss.
We all want to be happy, or at least free from emotional pain. If you're here, something in your life is causing emotional discomfort--and some part of you senses an invitation to explore your inner and relational worlds with understanding and compassion. I help adults and adolescents deal with obstacles to their preferred lives--unwanted symptoms, relationship challenges, difficulty adjusting to change and loss. My goal is to reinforce your strengths, while co-discovering with you new solutions to the issues blocking growth. I offer a creative and practical style, drawing on approaches specifically tailored to your needs.
(415) 475-8606 View (415) 475-8606
Photo of Sheila Lynch, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Sheila Lynch, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
Whether you wrestle with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, loss of a loved one, relationship challenges or you just feel overwhelmed with life in general, we will work together in a mindful way to overcome those obstacles and reach your goals.
I offer affordable, quality therapy for those yearning to identify and change dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. Life is stressful enough, that the additional financial cost of therapy should not increase that stress. I believe in offering a sliding scale to those that actively want to change their lives. My training uses a Psychodynamic approach (self awareness of how you feel immobilized) and integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Strength based interventions. This means we work collaboratively, in order to actively change negative thought processes, into patterns that elevate your life rather than hinder your true potential. office locations: MV& Novato.
Whether you wrestle with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, loss of a loved one, relationship challenges or you just feel overwhelmed with life in general, we will work together in a mindful way to overcome those obstacles and reach your goals.
I offer affordable, quality therapy for those yearning to identify and change dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. Life is stressful enough, that the additional financial cost of therapy should not increase that stress. I believe in offering a sliding scale to those that actively want to change their lives. My training uses a Psychodynamic approach (self awareness of how you feel immobilized) and integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Strength based interventions. This means we work collaboratively, in order to actively change negative thought processes, into patterns that elevate your life rather than hinder your true potential. office locations: MV& Novato.
(415) 423-1939 View (415) 423-1939
Photo of Nicole Lako, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Nicole Lako
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94903
Are you a parent of young children who feels the stress, anxiety and depression related to parenting? Do you need support alleviating these conditions, improving communication and parenting skills and connecting more with loved ones? I help moms and dads of young children strengthen their connection with their children, their partner and themselves.
Are you a parent of young children who feels the stress, anxiety and depression related to parenting? Do you need support alleviating these conditions, improving communication and parenting skills and connecting more with loved ones? I help moms and dads of young children strengthen their connection with their children, their partner and themselves.
(415) 799-7614 View (415) 799-7614
Photo of Gina Borelli Moore, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Gina Borelli Moore
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
If you are a parent struggling with mood or sleep, trying to manage all the changes that come with the postpartum period, I am here for you. If you have experienced infertility, pregnancy loss, birth trauma or painful unmet expectations, this is the place for you to grieve and process. If negative body image, eating issues, and other addictions are impacting your life, I am also here for you. Or, you may need help decreasing your anxiety and depression or navigating relationships or career transitions. I can assist with those issues as well. It IS possible to deal with your challenges in more constructive ways and find balance.
If you are a parent struggling with mood or sleep, trying to manage all the changes that come with the postpartum period, I am here for you. If you have experienced infertility, pregnancy loss, birth trauma or painful unmet expectations, this is the place for you to grieve and process. If negative body image, eating issues, and other addictions are impacting your life, I am also here for you. Or, you may need help decreasing your anxiety and depression or navigating relationships or career transitions. I can assist with those issues as well. It IS possible to deal with your challenges in more constructive ways and find balance.
(415) 849-2746 View (415) 849-2746
Photo of Dylan Cimbura-Hernandez, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Dylan Cimbura-Hernandez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
I enjoy working with individuals who are seeking a deeper awareness of their past, in order to understand themselves in the present and thrive in the future. I strive to create trusting relationships with my clients that allow us to work together collaboratively. I typically help clients with relational issues, depression, anxiety, life transitions and trauma. I utilize a LGBTQIA+ affirmative lens and fuse together a psychodynamic approach and when appropriate Attachment Focused EMDR to target traumas. I also enjoy working with couples who are looking to tune up their communication skills and make time to reconnect.
I enjoy working with individuals who are seeking a deeper awareness of their past, in order to understand themselves in the present and thrive in the future. I strive to create trusting relationships with my clients that allow us to work together collaboratively. I typically help clients with relational issues, depression, anxiety, life transitions and trauma. I utilize a LGBTQIA+ affirmative lens and fuse together a psychodynamic approach and when appropriate Attachment Focused EMDR to target traumas. I also enjoy working with couples who are looking to tune up their communication skills and make time to reconnect.
(424) 581-0411 View (424) 581-0411
Photo of Wisdom of Mind and Body, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Wisdom of Mind and Body
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
We all want the same things. To be understood, recognized, treated with kindness and respect. To feel like we belong. We share the same path to growth through self-effort in overcoming challenges in our life’s journey. Are you mastering the game of life? You are more powerful than your past or stories. Truth be told, “life is simply what you create it to mean.” Imagine yourself as the eagle that soars up into the sky with Wisdom as a compass. I can help you with self-esteem, family, career, trauma, grief, chronic illness, depression, anxiety, womens’ empowerment, life transitions, relationships, death/dying, and pet loss.
We all want the same things. To be understood, recognized, treated with kindness and respect. To feel like we belong. We share the same path to growth through self-effort in overcoming challenges in our life’s journey. Are you mastering the game of life? You are more powerful than your past or stories. Truth be told, “life is simply what you create it to mean.” Imagine yourself as the eagle that soars up into the sky with Wisdom as a compass. I can help you with self-esteem, family, career, trauma, grief, chronic illness, depression, anxiety, womens’ empowerment, life transitions, relationships, death/dying, and pet loss.
(925) 255-7552 View (925) 255-7552
Photo of Richard Engebrecht, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Richard Engebrecht
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
Waitlist for new clients
I have seventeen years experience as a clinician and have been licensed for the past 14 years. I enjoy working with adolescents (16 and older), adults and couples. I work collaboratively with clients to clarify what they want to get out of therapy and then work towards those goals with compassion, creativity, and a large tool box.
I have seventeen years experience as a clinician and have been licensed for the past 14 years. I enjoy working with adolescents (16 and older), adults and couples. I work collaboratively with clients to clarify what they want to get out of therapy and then work towards those goals with compassion, creativity, and a large tool box.
(415) 237-2110 View (415) 237-2110
Photo of Dee Moffett, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Rafael, CA
Dee Moffett
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
I specialize in working with individuals, couples and adolescents. If you find yourself worrying excessively or feel hopeless, sad, unmotivated; perhaps you're tired of conflicts with family/friends/colleagues, or in a difficult life transition, even happy events can feel unsettling, I can help. I provide a safe, discreet space where you feel comfortable examining significant life events, relationships, insecurities and fears, and goals and aspirations. With insight and understanding you will be better able to make decisions that align with your values which in turn provides you with more confidence, peace of mind and a meaningful sense of direction.
I specialize in working with individuals, couples and adolescents. If you find yourself worrying excessively or feel hopeless, sad, unmotivated; perhaps you're tired of conflicts with family/friends/colleagues, or in a difficult life transition, even happy events can feel unsettling, I can help. I provide a safe, discreet space where you feel comfortable examining significant life events, relationships, insecurities and fears, and goals and aspirations. With insight and understanding you will be better able to make decisions that align with your values which in turn provides you with more confidence, peace of mind and a meaningful sense of direction.
(415) 423-1873 View (415) 423-1873
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.