Photo of Angie Pelletier -Juarez, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Angie Pelletier -Juarez
Psychologist, CP
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94601
I specialize in treating individuals from diverse backgrounds who struggle with mental health issues such as trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, and domestic or intimate partner violence.
Dr. PJ, also known as Dr. Angie Pelletier, is a clinical psychologist with over a decade of experience. She applies a holistic methodology that takes into account mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual considerations to help people gain a better understanding of themselves. Her focus areas include trauma, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, intimate partner violence (IPV)/Domestic Violence (DV) victims, life and career transitions, and relationship issues, among others. Dr. PJ stresses the importance of identifying personal strengths and cultivating coping strategies to meet life's challenges.
I specialize in treating individuals from diverse backgrounds who struggle with mental health issues such as trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, and domestic or intimate partner violence.
Dr. PJ, also known as Dr. Angie Pelletier, is a clinical psychologist with over a decade of experience. She applies a holistic methodology that takes into account mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual considerations to help people gain a better understanding of themselves. Her focus areas include trauma, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, intimate partner violence (IPV)/Domestic Violence (DV) victims, life and career transitions, and relationship issues, among others. Dr. PJ stresses the importance of identifying personal strengths and cultivating coping strategies to meet life's challenges.
(562) 278-0875 View (562) 278-0875
Photo of Nancy Gonzalez-McKenzie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Nancy Gonzalez-McKenzie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
You are the expert in your life and I look forward to meeting with you where you are in life.
You are the expert in your life and I look forward to meeting with you where you are in life.
(619) 949-1362 View (619) 949-1362
Photo of Ask Alison Leigh, PHD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Ask Alison Leigh, PHD, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602  (Online Only)
The past 22 years I've seen an eclectic group of clientele: men, women & couples of any gender/orientation who want to improve their sexual lifestyle. I've helped men overcome ED through increasing their self confidence and women who want to feel more sexually in charge. I've seen over 25,000 couples throughout every stage of their relationship whether single, dating, married, or exploring and experimenting couples to ones who are curious how to stay together and keep the chemistry strong. My clients include stay at home moms, stressed out executives, artists, entrepreneurs & communities: LGBTQ, BDSM, & Transgender Families.
The past 22 years I've seen an eclectic group of clientele: men, women & couples of any gender/orientation who want to improve their sexual lifestyle. I've helped men overcome ED through increasing their self confidence and women who want to feel more sexually in charge. I've seen over 25,000 couples throughout every stage of their relationship whether single, dating, married, or exploring and experimenting couples to ones who are curious how to stay together and keep the chemistry strong. My clients include stay at home moms, stressed out executives, artists, entrepreneurs & communities: LGBTQ, BDSM, & Transgender Families.
(628) 226-1830 View (628) 226-1830

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Gerardo Salinas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Gerardo Salinas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103
My name is Gerardo Salinas. I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Therapist for more than 12 years. I have experience working with adults, youth, and families from varied life experiences. I enjoy working with clients from diverse backgrounds. I offer Talk, Play Therapy, Mindfulness, Art Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help resolve conflict, improve communication, and work to resolve trauma with both children and adults. Another focus I have is on early attachment and developmental needs. I also offer parent coaching to help with challenging behaviors at school or in the home.
My name is Gerardo Salinas. I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Therapist for more than 12 years. I have experience working with adults, youth, and families from varied life experiences. I enjoy working with clients from diverse backgrounds. I offer Talk, Play Therapy, Mindfulness, Art Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help resolve conflict, improve communication, and work to resolve trauma with both children and adults. Another focus I have is on early attachment and developmental needs. I also offer parent coaching to help with challenging behaviors at school or in the home.
(442) 259-6410 View (442) 259-6410
Photo of The Mindful Lemon , Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
The Mindful Lemon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
(341) 888-7667 View (341) 888-7667

Online Therapists

Photo of Bernadette Gurney, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Bernadette Gurney
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Salinas, CA 93906
Bernadette Gurney is a Spanish-bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, who received her Bachelor's in Clinical Psychology from Mount. St. Mary’s University, and her Masters in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Family Therapy at Pepperdine University. Bernadette has worked with unaccompanied minors in shelters, families in the DCFS system, and children, adolescents, and families who have experienced deep and painful trauma in their lives. Bernadette has a great deal of experience, focusing on trauma, depression, anxiety, and mindfulness.
Bernadette Gurney is a Spanish-bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, who received her Bachelor's in Clinical Psychology from Mount. St. Mary’s University, and her Masters in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Family Therapy at Pepperdine University. Bernadette has worked with unaccompanied minors in shelters, families in the DCFS system, and children, adolescents, and families who have experienced deep and painful trauma in their lives. Bernadette has a great deal of experience, focusing on trauma, depression, anxiety, and mindfulness.
(831) 231-2824 View (831) 231-2824
Photo of Anh Tran, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Anh Tran
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95823
I have had the honor and privilege to serve and support a wide array of people across the developmental lifespan, but have the most experience with young children and adolescents, from neurodiverse children and teens who are impacted by trauma and/or struggling with depression and anxiety.
Hello! My name is Anh Tran, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I focus on connecting and building trust first and foremost, allowing each client to lead their treatment. Having a specialty in art therapy, I typically use art and creative modalities to support clients towards self reflection and deeper insight into themselves and discover their own wisdom throughout their treatment. I am a first generation Vietnamese-American woman of color who is passionate about dismantling the stigma around therapy, mental health, and empowering ourselves and communities to reconnect to our true self.
I have had the honor and privilege to serve and support a wide array of people across the developmental lifespan, but have the most experience with young children and adolescents, from neurodiverse children and teens who are impacted by trauma and/or struggling with depression and anxiety.
Hello! My name is Anh Tran, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I focus on connecting and building trust first and foremost, allowing each client to lead their treatment. Having a specialty in art therapy, I typically use art and creative modalities to support clients towards self reflection and deeper insight into themselves and discover their own wisdom throughout their treatment. I am a first generation Vietnamese-American woman of color who is passionate about dismantling the stigma around therapy, mental health, and empowering ourselves and communities to reconnect to our true self.
(916) 634-1188 View (916) 634-1188
Photo of Nicholas Davis, Counselor in Oakland, CA
Nicholas Davis
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Rancho Cordova, CA 95670
Hello! I'm Nick Davis, a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), based in San Diego, California working with clients throughout California via telehealth. I work primarily with adolescents and young adults and specialize in a variety of areas including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, impulsivity, and suicidal ideation. I typically work with adolescents and young adults dealing with a variety of relational and transitional concerns. This most typically manifests in the form of anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, interpersonal conflicts within relationships, suicidal thoughts, and self-harming urges.
Hello! I'm Nick Davis, a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), based in San Diego, California working with clients throughout California via telehealth. I work primarily with adolescents and young adults and specialize in a variety of areas including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, impulsivity, and suicidal ideation. I typically work with adolescents and young adults dealing with a variety of relational and transitional concerns. This most typically manifests in the form of anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, interpersonal conflicts within relationships, suicidal thoughts, and self-harming urges.
(916) 527-9532 View (916) 527-9532
Photo of Sierra Therapy Center in Oakland, CA
Sierra Therapy Center
LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825
We offer many modalities to individuals, couples, families and children - EMDR, Brainspotting, couples therapy, group therapy, anxiety, depression, trauma grief work, and more.
Our story: Some of the best physicians are wounded healers, those who have walked through pain and suffering themselves only to emerge on the other side to help others. We believe strongly in the human capacity to heal. Our counseling specialists work with children/teens, adults, couples and families. With sensitivity and compassion, we help you bring resolution to the struggles you are facing. Modalities range from depth therapy, IMAGO couples therapy, Brainspotting, EMDR, play therapy, addiction groups to solution focused. We are trained in a variety of different therapeutic interventions that will fit what you need.
We offer many modalities to individuals, couples, families and children - EMDR, Brainspotting, couples therapy, group therapy, anxiety, depression, trauma grief work, and more.
Our story: Some of the best physicians are wounded healers, those who have walked through pain and suffering themselves only to emerge on the other side to help others. We believe strongly in the human capacity to heal. Our counseling specialists work with children/teens, adults, couples and families. With sensitivity and compassion, we help you bring resolution to the struggles you are facing. Modalities range from depth therapy, IMAGO couples therapy, Brainspotting, EMDR, play therapy, addiction groups to solution focused. We are trained in a variety of different therapeutic interventions that will fit what you need.
(530) 419-5189 View (530) 419-5189
Photo of Kaellen Grace Lamonte, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Kaellen Grace Lamonte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Roseville, CA 95678
I enjoy working with clients impacted by trauma stress depression anxiety and struggling with life's challenges. The therapeutic relationship is the cornerstone of health, wellbeing and success. I use therapeutic modalities of cognitive behavioral therapy, client centered therapy, relationship building practices which include supporting clients' Individual values and cultural experiences. I also am trained in dialectical behavioral therapy and trauma focused therapy. I work with all ages from approximately 8 years old to 100 years old. I am empathic, caring, supportive and resourceful
I enjoy working with clients impacted by trauma stress depression anxiety and struggling with life's challenges. The therapeutic relationship is the cornerstone of health, wellbeing and success. I use therapeutic modalities of cognitive behavioral therapy, client centered therapy, relationship building practices which include supporting clients' Individual values and cultural experiences. I also am trained in dialectical behavioral therapy and trauma focused therapy. I work with all ages from approximately 8 years old to 100 years old. I am empathic, caring, supportive and resourceful
(916) 525-8640 View (916) 525-8640
Photo of Delmar Devers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Delmar Devers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901
My name is Delmar Devers, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the great state of California. I have experience working with youth and adults who have experienced stress, anxiety, depression, and trauma. My approach to therapy is client-directed and client-centered. I believe therapy is relational, and therefore it is also how I approach therapy with clients. The most commonly used treatment modalities that I use are Cognitive Based Therapy and Psychodynamic therapy.
My name is Delmar Devers, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the great state of California. I have experience working with youth and adults who have experienced stress, anxiety, depression, and trauma. My approach to therapy is client-directed and client-centered. I believe therapy is relational, and therefore it is also how I approach therapy with clients. The most commonly used treatment modalities that I use are Cognitive Based Therapy and Psychodynamic therapy.
(951) 498-5703 View (951) 498-5703
Photo of Claire Castle, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Claire Castle
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95129
Hello, name is Claire Castle, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (LMFT) based in Long Beach, California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents and adults specializing in the LGBTQ+ issues, gender identity, women's issues, neurodivergence, anxiety, and depression, using Interpersonal Neurobiology, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Narrative Therapy to provide my clients validation and teach them an expanded emotional vocabulary, so they can live the best version of their lives.
Hello, name is Claire Castle, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (LMFT) based in Long Beach, California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents and adults specializing in the LGBTQ+ issues, gender identity, women's issues, neurodivergence, anxiety, and depression, using Interpersonal Neurobiology, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Narrative Therapy to provide my clients validation and teach them an expanded emotional vocabulary, so they can live the best version of their lives.
(669) 291-1958 View (669) 291-1958
Photo of Madison Ale Gomez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Madison Ale Gomez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95816
Hi there, I am currently booking for March & April of 2024, please email using the link or text (916) 884-3812. My goal is to create safety in vulnerability, inner acceptance & understanding. I work from an emotionally & trauma focused perspective. I assist clients in understanding current conflict while exploring your past trauma. Much of the work is through the battling the unconscious questions & creating inner awareness. My client's work becomes possible by disabling self-sabotaging situations, defensiveness, childhood wounds & trauma. My wish is for you to create a positive self image. In doing so, the work allows for you
Hi there, I am currently booking for March & April of 2024, please email using the link or text (916) 884-3812. My goal is to create safety in vulnerability, inner acceptance & understanding. I work from an emotionally & trauma focused perspective. I assist clients in understanding current conflict while exploring your past trauma. Much of the work is through the battling the unconscious questions & creating inner awareness. My client's work becomes possible by disabling self-sabotaging situations, defensiveness, childhood wounds & trauma. My wish is for you to create a positive self image. In doing so, the work allows for you
(916) 414-9406 View (916) 414-9406
Photo of Family & Children's Counseling Services, Inc., Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Family & Children's Counseling Services, Inc.
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95192  (Online Only)
When our children's hearts have been broken, our hearts break, too. Parents often struggle with knowing how to care for a hurting child. The child's behaviors can be challenging. A parent's own unhealed wounds get triggered. Then, there's the parenting guilt! It can be overwhelming. We understand and we are here to help.
When our children's hearts have been broken, our hearts break, too. Parents often struggle with knowing how to care for a hurting child. The child's behaviors can be challenging. A parent's own unhealed wounds get triggered. Then, there's the parenting guilt! It can be overwhelming. We understand and we are here to help.
(530) 451-4151 View (530) 451-4151
Photo of Aliyah Payne, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Aliyah Payne
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121
Hello. My name is Aliyah, and I am looking to work with clients who would like to empower themselves through honoring their culture, gender expression, and neurodiversity. As a person of color with a beautifully diverse brain, I understand the difficulties that many humans face in accepting the reality around them and finding their place. I would love to walk that journey alongside you until you feel ready to do it on your own again. Thank you for reading, and I look forward to connecting with you.
Hello. My name is Aliyah, and I am looking to work with clients who would like to empower themselves through honoring their culture, gender expression, and neurodiversity. As a person of color with a beautifully diverse brain, I understand the difficulties that many humans face in accepting the reality around them and finding their place. I would love to walk that journey alongside you until you feel ready to do it on your own again. Thank you for reading, and I look forward to connecting with you.
(949) 403-6123 View (949) 403-6123
Photo of Sakeenah Hakim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Sakeenah Hakim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mountain View, CA 94040
Sakeenah Hakim, LCSW utilizes a strength based and holistic approach that emphasizes mindfulness and recognizes the effects of trauma on behavior and development. She prioritizes the client’s needs and encourages a partnership dynamic when establishing, implementing, and meeting the client’s treatment goals. I have a nonjudgmental client centered humanistic approach. I’m patient and respect the process it takes to build a rapport. I also believe words are power and assist clients with ways on how to minimize the use of words that feed negative thinking patterns.
Sakeenah Hakim, LCSW utilizes a strength based and holistic approach that emphasizes mindfulness and recognizes the effects of trauma on behavior and development. She prioritizes the client’s needs and encourages a partnership dynamic when establishing, implementing, and meeting the client’s treatment goals. I have a nonjudgmental client centered humanistic approach. I’m patient and respect the process it takes to build a rapport. I also believe words are power and assist clients with ways on how to minimize the use of words that feed negative thinking patterns.
(650) 789-5861 View (650) 789-5861
Photo of Shabnam Janet Janani, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shabnam Janet Janani
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Walnut Creek, CA 94598  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing burnout in your relationships? Do you feel overwhelmed with life's challenges? Let me help you. My therapeutic approach helps you to be more aware of your fears, resentments, anger, anxiety, negative thoughts, and undesirable habits. On the next step, I will assist you to overcome all these challenges. On every level, this process improves your relationships with family, partner, co-workers, friends, and more importantly with your own sense of self. During the course of therapy, I commit myself in providing a confidential, empathic, and collaborative approach to build an effective relationship with you.
Are you experiencing burnout in your relationships? Do you feel overwhelmed with life's challenges? Let me help you. My therapeutic approach helps you to be more aware of your fears, resentments, anger, anxiety, negative thoughts, and undesirable habits. On the next step, I will assist you to overcome all these challenges. On every level, this process improves your relationships with family, partner, co-workers, friends, and more importantly with your own sense of self. During the course of therapy, I commit myself in providing a confidential, empathic, and collaborative approach to build an effective relationship with you.
(650) 995-5278 View (650) 995-5278
Photo of Damaris Munoz Bello, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Damaris Munoz Bello
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Napa, CA 94558
As a culturally sensitive and trauma-informed Therapist, I honor the wounds of your past and help you make space for healing. Therapy can be a place where you can unpack and deconstruct unhealthy thinking patterns. It can also be a place of comfort, security, and growth. My goal is to provide you with the empathy and connection needed to process whatever you may be dealing with. I validate, support, and sometimes challenge my clients.
As a culturally sensitive and trauma-informed Therapist, I honor the wounds of your past and help you make space for healing. Therapy can be a place where you can unpack and deconstruct unhealthy thinking patterns. It can also be a place of comfort, security, and growth. My goal is to provide you with the empathy and connection needed to process whatever you may be dealing with. I validate, support, and sometimes challenge my clients.
(707) 375-9534 View (707) 375-9534
Photo of Erica Barrales, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Erica Barrales
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Linda, CA 95901
Erica Barrales has been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2014. I am trained in Trauma-Focused CBT, CBT, Solution-Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and CSEC. I utilize an eclectic approach in therapy.
Erica Barrales has been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2014. I am trained in Trauma-Focused CBT, CBT, Solution-Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and CSEC. I utilize an eclectic approach in therapy.
(626) 415-9670 View (626) 415-9670
Photo of Georgina Kasih, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Georgina Kasih
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Concord, CA 94521
My name is Georgina Kasih, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Southern California, and I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in the areas of relationship issues, trauma, anxiety, grief & loss, ADHD, and ASD. I use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Problem-Solving Therapy, CBT, Seeking Safety, and somatic therapy techniques, among many other strategies, to help my clients achieve their personal goals. My therapeutic approach is tailored specifically to the needs of my clients.
My name is Georgina Kasih, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Southern California, and I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adults and specialize in the areas of relationship issues, trauma, anxiety, grief & loss, ADHD, and ASD. I use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Problem-Solving Therapy, CBT, Seeking Safety, and somatic therapy techniques, among many other strategies, to help my clients achieve their personal goals. My therapeutic approach is tailored specifically to the needs of my clients.
(661) 690-0627 View (661) 690-0627
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.