Photo of Erick Santos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Erick Santos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Has trauma, anxiety, or depression interfered with the potential to become the best version of yourself? We often feel defined by traumatic or emotionally difficult experiences then often leave us feeling stuck in place rather than moving forward towards our goals. I’m here to provide a safe, affirming space for you to develop an understanding of yourself to overcome past experiences or fears that define you. Our work together will be met with unconditional acceptance, creative approaches, and the utmost compassion.
Has trauma, anxiety, or depression interfered with the potential to become the best version of yourself? We often feel defined by traumatic or emotionally difficult experiences then often leave us feeling stuck in place rather than moving forward towards our goals. I’m here to provide a safe, affirming space for you to develop an understanding of yourself to overcome past experiences or fears that define you. Our work together will be met with unconditional acceptance, creative approaches, and the utmost compassion.
(415) 324-4286 View (415) 324-4286
Photo of Nicole Logan, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Oakland, CA
Nicole Logan
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I utilize a client centered approach in working with adolescents and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and life transitions. In a safe, supportive, and non judgemental space we can explore the negative patterns in your life, work through any barriers, and move towards healing, growth, and change.
I utilize a client centered approach in working with adolescents and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and life transitions. In a safe, supportive, and non judgemental space we can explore the negative patterns in your life, work through any barriers, and move towards healing, growth, and change.
(415) 704-6947 View (415) 704-6947
Photo of Jennie Nystrom, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jennie Nystrom
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Do you feel depressed or anxious due to childhood trauma? Do you feel disconnected in your relationships with others? I’m here to help you develop an action plan for meaningful changes. My approach to therapy is relational and person-centered. I will work alongside you in a warm and understanding environment where you can explore your emotions and find better ways to deal with the stressors in your life.
Do you feel depressed or anxious due to childhood trauma? Do you feel disconnected in your relationships with others? I’m here to help you develop an action plan for meaningful changes. My approach to therapy is relational and person-centered. I will work alongside you in a warm and understanding environment where you can explore your emotions and find better ways to deal with the stressors in your life.
(415) 915-3417 View (415) 915-3417
Photo of T Joshua Tan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
T Joshua Tan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Is anxiety, depression, or trauma holding you back from being your true self? Do you feel stuck in managing difficult life transitions? Now, every little thing becomes super overwhelming. Those negative experiences reopen old wounds and cause new ones. You tried burying your pain hoping it would go away. You feel lonely and tormented. You feel exhausted, stressed, and angry all the time. You wonder how much more you can take. You are unsure of who or where to turn for help. In the midst of this painful journey, you do not have to go through it alone.
Is anxiety, depression, or trauma holding you back from being your true self? Do you feel stuck in managing difficult life transitions? Now, every little thing becomes super overwhelming. Those negative experiences reopen old wounds and cause new ones. You tried burying your pain hoping it would go away. You feel lonely and tormented. You feel exhausted, stressed, and angry all the time. You wonder how much more you can take. You are unsure of who or where to turn for help. In the midst of this painful journey, you do not have to go through it alone.
(510) 256-7573 View (510) 256-7573
Photo of Ann Anderson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Ann Anderson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Nobody’s childhood dream was to grow up and feel overwhelmed, alone, stuck or unworthy. I aim to help individuals heal from trauma-related issues such as anxiety, depression, and relationship/family issues. If you find yourself living without a navigation system to understand emotional terrain or trauma that impacts your well-being; you are not alone. All of us go through rough patches in our lives. My approach is specific to meet your unique needs in a safe and non-judgemental space.
Nobody’s childhood dream was to grow up and feel overwhelmed, alone, stuck or unworthy. I aim to help individuals heal from trauma-related issues such as anxiety, depression, and relationship/family issues. If you find yourself living without a navigation system to understand emotional terrain or trauma that impacts your well-being; you are not alone. All of us go through rough patches in our lives. My approach is specific to meet your unique needs in a safe and non-judgemental space.
(415) 341-9910 View (415) 341-9910
Photo of Mirely Vasquez, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Mirely Vasquez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619
Bienvenidos/Welcome! I am a bilingual/bicultural Spanish-speaking therapist located in the East Bay area of California. I have been working with children, teens, and adults of color struggling with an array of concerns including anxiety, depression, relationship satisfaction, life purpose, trauma, postpartum depression, and spirituality, related to life transitions, family stress, trauma, and grief. Although my work has focused on the unique needs of minorities and underrepresented individuals, being a member of that community is certainly not a requirement for your personal development.
Bienvenidos/Welcome! I am a bilingual/bicultural Spanish-speaking therapist located in the East Bay area of California. I have been working with children, teens, and adults of color struggling with an array of concerns including anxiety, depression, relationship satisfaction, life purpose, trauma, postpartum depression, and spirituality, related to life transitions, family stress, trauma, and grief. Although my work has focused on the unique needs of minorities and underrepresented individuals, being a member of that community is certainly not a requirement for your personal development.
(510) 916-3215 View (510) 916-3215
Photo of Justine Gordon, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Justine Gordon
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Navigating life's challenges is never easy, but reaching out for help is a brave first step to living a more genuine and fulfilling life. I have expertise in working with individuals struggling with childhood trauma and trauma-related symptoms such as grief, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and relational conflict. I believe every client is unique and deserves to be listened to and understood in an empathetic way. I am passionate about creating a safe, kind, collaborative and judgment-free space where clients can attain new insights, experience new feelings, and find a renewed sense of physical and mental well-being.
Navigating life's challenges is never easy, but reaching out for help is a brave first step to living a more genuine and fulfilling life. I have expertise in working with individuals struggling with childhood trauma and trauma-related symptoms such as grief, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and relational conflict. I believe every client is unique and deserves to be listened to and understood in an empathetic way. I am passionate about creating a safe, kind, collaborative and judgment-free space where clients can attain new insights, experience new feelings, and find a renewed sense of physical and mental well-being.
(415) 936-0776 View (415) 936-0776
Photo of Tameko Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Tameko Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CHT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
As a licensed psychotherapist and certified hypnotherapist with over 20 + years of experience empowering women, my life’s purpose is to provide women a sanctuary. Whether easing anxiety, depression, grief, working through trauma or grappling with life’s hardest questions - I bring an open heart, deep compassion and proven therapy tools to ignite positive change. Having faced struggles myself, I have profound understanding for the issues my clients face on their journeys toward healing. My goal is to help women live their best lives.
As a licensed psychotherapist and certified hypnotherapist with over 20 + years of experience empowering women, my life’s purpose is to provide women a sanctuary. Whether easing anxiety, depression, grief, working through trauma or grappling with life’s hardest questions - I bring an open heart, deep compassion and proven therapy tools to ignite positive change. Having faced struggles myself, I have profound understanding for the issues my clients face on their journeys toward healing. My goal is to help women live their best lives.
(628) 262-2567 View (628) 262-2567
Photo of Mark Triboulet, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Mark Triboulet
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94608
I've worked quite a bit with depression, anxiety, grief, loss, death, men's issues, and coping/dealing with life in general.
Hi, my name is Mark Triboulet and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. It is my goal to provide a safe environment where clients have the freedom to work through their pain, fears, and the unknown of what burdens them. I approach counseling in an open and honest format meeting clients where they are with genuine empathy and care. I strive to instill hope, healing, and empowerment with each client as we walk shoulder to shoulder through YOUR goals and desired changes.
I've worked quite a bit with depression, anxiety, grief, loss, death, men's issues, and coping/dealing with life in general.
Hi, my name is Mark Triboulet and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. It is my goal to provide a safe environment where clients have the freedom to work through their pain, fears, and the unknown of what burdens them. I approach counseling in an open and honest format meeting clients where they are with genuine empathy and care. I strive to instill hope, healing, and empowerment with each client as we walk shoulder to shoulder through YOUR goals and desired changes.
(323) 817-0651 View (323) 817-0651
Photo of Joanna Stan, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Joanna Stan
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94603
Dr. Stan practices as a Licensed Clinical Psychologist (PSY30834) in the state of California. Dr. Stan earned her Bachelor of Social Science from California State University, Chico, and her Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the Chicago School of Professional Psychology. Dr. Stan has been trained in CBT, DBT, Psychodynamic Therapies, Interpersonal Psychotherapy, Solution-oriented, and Group Psychotherapy. Dr. Stan works primarily with adults. I typically work with adults with depression, anxiety, panic attacks, OCD, codependency, attachment wounds, first-generation status, substance use, LGBTQIA+, and bipolar disorder.
Dr. Stan practices as a Licensed Clinical Psychologist (PSY30834) in the state of California. Dr. Stan earned her Bachelor of Social Science from California State University, Chico, and her Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the Chicago School of Professional Psychology. Dr. Stan has been trained in CBT, DBT, Psychodynamic Therapies, Interpersonal Psychotherapy, Solution-oriented, and Group Psychotherapy. Dr. Stan works primarily with adults. I typically work with adults with depression, anxiety, panic attacks, OCD, codependency, attachment wounds, first-generation status, substance use, LGBTQIA+, and bipolar disorder.
(209) 789-3161 View (209) 789-3161
Photo of Harold Carrier, Counselor in Oakland, CA
Harold Carrier
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94603
Hello, my name is Harold Ray Carrier, I am a licensed professional clinical counselor (LPCC). I utilize various approaches with therapy, and I’m known for experience with anxiety, depression, conflict resolution, relationship challenges, adjustment challenges, and alcohol/other substance use challenges. I am comfortable working with all clients. I am experienced with males and females from the ages of 16-80. I am comfortable with a variety of challenges involving anxiety, depression, dual diagnosis, conflict resolution, relationship challenges, adjustment/change challenges, substance use, and more.
Hello, my name is Harold Ray Carrier, I am a licensed professional clinical counselor (LPCC). I utilize various approaches with therapy, and I’m known for experience with anxiety, depression, conflict resolution, relationship challenges, adjustment challenges, and alcohol/other substance use challenges. I am comfortable working with all clients. I am experienced with males and females from the ages of 16-80. I am comfortable with a variety of challenges involving anxiety, depression, dual diagnosis, conflict resolution, relationship challenges, adjustment/change challenges, substance use, and more.
(510) 913-9962 View (510) 913-9962
Photo of Christine Rivlin, Counselor in Oakland, CA
Christine Rivlin
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I work primarily with adults who are wanting to manage symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and trauma. I will be with you on your path to discovery, recovery, and finding the person you would like to become. I approach therapy with a client-centered approach in order to create a safe, comfortable space for you to share and express yourself, and your vulnerabilities. We will explore healthy ways to process your trauma, regulate difficult emotions, and restore broken relationships. I believe the trust built between Client and Therapist is powerful, and necessary in order to help you through your healing journey.
I work primarily with adults who are wanting to manage symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, and trauma. I will be with you on your path to discovery, recovery, and finding the person you would like to become. I approach therapy with a client-centered approach in order to create a safe, comfortable space for you to share and express yourself, and your vulnerabilities. We will explore healthy ways to process your trauma, regulate difficult emotions, and restore broken relationships. I believe the trust built between Client and Therapist is powerful, and necessary in order to help you through your healing journey.
(415) 326-9859 View (415) 326-9859
Photo of Shawn Polivoi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shawn Polivoi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94603
I am quite comfortable sitting with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, and trauma experiences.
Hello, my name is Shawn Polivoi, a therapist licensed in California as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) residing in Northern California. My approach to therapy is to meet people where they are at with the goal of helping them where they want to be. I have expertise and comfort working with all age groups, most recently having worked with adults and the elder population. I am experienced in working with people struggling with anxiety, depression, and trauma.
I am quite comfortable sitting with clients struggling with anxiety, depression, and trauma experiences.
Hello, my name is Shawn Polivoi, a therapist licensed in California as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) residing in Northern California. My approach to therapy is to meet people where they are at with the goal of helping them where they want to be. I have expertise and comfort working with all age groups, most recently having worked with adults and the elder population. I am experienced in working with people struggling with anxiety, depression, and trauma.
(341) 895-7646 View (341) 895-7646
Photo of Crystal Harper, Pastoral Counselor in Oakland, CA
Crystal Harper
Pastoral Counselor, DMinCC, LCPC, CTSS, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety, or other distressing emotions? How about your relationship? Do you desire release from unsuccessful patterns of behavior? Do you want to experience more peace and well-being? I effectively and compassionately help you navigate life-altering crisis and heal from traumatic experiences. With over 30 years of counseling experience, I have worked in: Suicide Prevention, Physical/Sexual Abuse, Trauma, Addiction, Anxiety, Depression, Domestic Violence, and PTSD. I have both a strong clinical and faith-based educational background and believe in taking a holistic approach to counseling.
Are you struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety, or other distressing emotions? How about your relationship? Do you desire release from unsuccessful patterns of behavior? Do you want to experience more peace and well-being? I effectively and compassionately help you navigate life-altering crisis and heal from traumatic experiences. With over 30 years of counseling experience, I have worked in: Suicide Prevention, Physical/Sexual Abuse, Trauma, Addiction, Anxiety, Depression, Domestic Violence, and PTSD. I have both a strong clinical and faith-based educational background and believe in taking a holistic approach to counseling.
(916) 579-7621 View (916) 579-7621
Photo of Brittnay Nichele Stevens, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in Oakland, CA
Brittnay Nichele Stevens
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
You are here! The first step is often the hardest step. In Black and Brown communities seeking mental health treatment is taboo. Stigmas attached to therapy are REAL! Let's work on building a better understanding of what it truly means to be healthy. Feeling lost, stuck or confused? Having trouble communicating your needs? Finding it hard to set healthy boundaries? Need help setting goals? Suffering from anxiety and depression? In constant state of turmoil? These are all normal feelings. Internal struggles rooted in our childhoods show up as chaos in adulthood. It is okay to work on YOU! I can help.
You are here! The first step is often the hardest step. In Black and Brown communities seeking mental health treatment is taboo. Stigmas attached to therapy are REAL! Let's work on building a better understanding of what it truly means to be healthy. Feeling lost, stuck or confused? Having trouble communicating your needs? Finding it hard to set healthy boundaries? Need help setting goals? Suffering from anxiety and depression? In constant state of turmoil? These are all normal feelings. Internal struggles rooted in our childhoods show up as chaos in adulthood. It is okay to work on YOU! I can help.
(510) 900-7584 View (510) 900-7584
Photo of Jose Luna, Associate Clinical Social Worker in Oakland, CA
Jose Luna
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach mainly focuses on helping my clients identify their strengths to help alleviate anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am a firm believer that our childhood experiences contribute to our beliefs, behavioral patterns, and selecting a romantic partner. Therapy is a process! To allow ourselves to be intimate and vulnerable with someone about our experiences and trauma can be daunting. As a therapist, it is my goal to help validate, create a safe environment and help understand aspects of lived experiences.
My therapeutic approach mainly focuses on helping my clients identify their strengths to help alleviate anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am a firm believer that our childhood experiences contribute to our beliefs, behavioral patterns, and selecting a romantic partner. Therapy is a process! To allow ourselves to be intimate and vulnerable with someone about our experiences and trauma can be daunting. As a therapist, it is my goal to help validate, create a safe environment and help understand aspects of lived experiences.
(415) 969-7465 View (415) 969-7465
Photo of Cathy Trenary, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in Oakland, CA
Cathy Trenary
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Our life experiences can lead us to question our identity and purpose in the world we live in. This can lead us to anxiety, depression, and trauma. Do you want to improve how you face challenges, function in your relationships, and face overwhelming feelings? I place heavy importance on addressing trauma. Trauma disintegrates the parts that make up your whole self, which can leave aspects of who you are hidden from your awareness. Left unaddressed, anxiety and depression can worsen, which can rob you of the necessary connection that all human beings need to thrive. I aim to help you process unresolved trauma.
Our life experiences can lead us to question our identity and purpose in the world we live in. This can lead us to anxiety, depression, and trauma. Do you want to improve how you face challenges, function in your relationships, and face overwhelming feelings? I place heavy importance on addressing trauma. Trauma disintegrates the parts that make up your whole self, which can leave aspects of who you are hidden from your awareness. Left unaddressed, anxiety and depression can worsen, which can rob you of the necessary connection that all human beings need to thrive. I aim to help you process unresolved trauma.
(415) 992-6925 View (415) 992-6925
Photo of Suzie Rudloff, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Suzie Rudloff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I have in-depth experience involving issues in the LGBTQIA2s+ community, gender, neurodivergence, suicide, cultural differences, trauma, anxiety disorders, depression and disabilities.
People come to therapy with unique needs, concerns, and life circumstances. Through the process of self-inquiry, I help clients gain insight and develop effective coping skills to move through a challenge with greater ease and understanding. My therapeutic style is warm, compassionate and curious about one's experience. I use an attachment based, person-centered approach that offers individuals and couples clarity around repetitive patterns that cause pain, conflict, and limit growth.
I have in-depth experience involving issues in the LGBTQIA2s+ community, gender, neurodivergence, suicide, cultural differences, trauma, anxiety disorders, depression and disabilities.
People come to therapy with unique needs, concerns, and life circumstances. Through the process of self-inquiry, I help clients gain insight and develop effective coping skills to move through a challenge with greater ease and understanding. My therapeutic style is warm, compassionate and curious about one's experience. I use an attachment based, person-centered approach that offers individuals and couples clarity around repetitive patterns that cause pain, conflict, and limit growth.
(510) 269-2252 View (510) 269-2252
Photo of Heidi Xue, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Heidi Xue
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Do you have trouble with anxiety, depression, and relationship/family issues due to trauma? Past experiences can create imprints onto your brain that activate your fight/flight responses whenever your emotions feel dysregulated, but life without the constant feeling of being on edge is possible. Those traumatic memories don’t have to permanently influence who you are meant to be. Through therapy, you will gain control of your feelings/thoughts and your response to everyday life hurdles. Healing from trauma can create healthier beliefs about yourself and your relationships along with sustainable changes.
Do you have trouble with anxiety, depression, and relationship/family issues due to trauma? Past experiences can create imprints onto your brain that activate your fight/flight responses whenever your emotions feel dysregulated, but life without the constant feeling of being on edge is possible. Those traumatic memories don’t have to permanently influence who you are meant to be. Through therapy, you will gain control of your feelings/thoughts and your response to everyday life hurdles. Healing from trauma can create healthier beliefs about yourself and your relationships along with sustainable changes.
(415) 949-3882 View (415) 949-3882
Photo of Chantal Daley, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Chantal Daley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Do you find yourself having a difficult time coping with anxiety, depression, and trauma? Do you have a hard time communicating and setting boundaries with others? Life is full of obstacles and hardships that may be difficult to overcome without the right tools, resources, and, guidance leading to the manifestation of these symptoms. I specialize in working with adults, couples, and adolescents using a Psychodynamic approach to explore unconscious thoughts and behaviors. In doing this, we are able to collaboratively recognize old ineffective patterns and process unresolved feelings and trauma.
Do you find yourself having a difficult time coping with anxiety, depression, and trauma? Do you have a hard time communicating and setting boundaries with others? Life is full of obstacles and hardships that may be difficult to overcome without the right tools, resources, and, guidance leading to the manifestation of these symptoms. I specialize in working with adults, couples, and adolescents using a Psychodynamic approach to explore unconscious thoughts and behaviors. In doing this, we are able to collaboratively recognize old ineffective patterns and process unresolved feelings and trauma.
(415) 942-8396 View (415) 942-8396
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.