Photo of Tracy Valerio, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Tracy Valerio
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606
I primarily have clients that experience anxiety and/or depression and/or are struggling in their relationships personally and/or professionally.
Hello . . . My name is Tracy Valerio and I've been a licensed therapist in California for 20+ years. My experience ranges from working with individuals, couples, children, and families across many diverse backgrounds, including racial, socioeconomic, geographic, and academic/professional backgrounds. My focus more recently has been helping those with anxiety and/or depression as it is affecting their personal and professional relationships with others, parenting support, relationship struggles, and support when living with a disability or having a family member with a disability.
I primarily have clients that experience anxiety and/or depression and/or are struggling in their relationships personally and/or professionally.
Hello . . . My name is Tracy Valerio and I've been a licensed therapist in California for 20+ years. My experience ranges from working with individuals, couples, children, and families across many diverse backgrounds, including racial, socioeconomic, geographic, and academic/professional backgrounds. My focus more recently has been helping those with anxiety and/or depression as it is affecting their personal and professional relationships with others, parenting support, relationship struggles, and support when living with a disability or having a family member with a disability.
(415) 481-3878 View (415) 481-3878
Photo of Brandon Brawner, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Brandon Brawner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I'm here to support teenage youth, parents/families, and adults in meeting their emotional, psychological and practical challenges. If you're a teen struggling with school problems, family difficulties or hoping to improve your mood, confidence and relationships, I can assist you in breaking down obstacles and achieving your goals. If you're a parent trying to manage and communicate with your "coming of age" depressed or rebellious adolescent, I provide counsel and safe opportunities to explore the conflicts and confusion that block resolutions.
I'm here to support teenage youth, parents/families, and adults in meeting their emotional, psychological and practical challenges. If you're a teen struggling with school problems, family difficulties or hoping to improve your mood, confidence and relationships, I can assist you in breaking down obstacles and achieving your goals. If you're a parent trying to manage and communicate with your "coming of age" depressed or rebellious adolescent, I provide counsel and safe opportunities to explore the conflicts and confusion that block resolutions.
(510) 400-4171 View (510) 400-4171
Photo of Nicole Logan, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Oakland, CA
Nicole Logan
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I utilize a client centered approach in working with adolescents and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and life transitions. In a safe, supportive, and non judgemental space we can explore the negative patterns in your life, work through any barriers, and move towards healing, growth, and change.
I utilize a client centered approach in working with adolescents and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and life transitions. In a safe, supportive, and non judgemental space we can explore the negative patterns in your life, work through any barriers, and move towards healing, growth, and change.
(415) 704-6947 View (415) 704-6947
Photo of Rebecca Olsen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Rebecca Olsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
I specialize in working with those who experience depression and anxiety and have emotions and thoughts that are not serving them in creating the future they want.
All people deserve to experience safety within their minds and bodies however due to overwhelming and difficult experiences this does not always feel achievable. I seek to create a caring, non-judgmental, and trustworthy relationship with you where we can process your past and present experiences and develop skills that will enhance a sense of calm within your thoughts and body.
I specialize in working with those who experience depression and anxiety and have emotions and thoughts that are not serving them in creating the future they want.
All people deserve to experience safety within their minds and bodies however due to overwhelming and difficult experiences this does not always feel achievable. I seek to create a caring, non-judgmental, and trustworthy relationship with you where we can process your past and present experiences and develop skills that will enhance a sense of calm within your thoughts and body.
(510) 777-6579 View (510) 777-6579
Photo of East Bay Art Therapy, Art Therapist in Oakland, CA
East Bay Art Therapy
Art Therapist, MPS, ATR-BC, LCAT, ATCS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Our Art Therapists on staff work with ages 4 and up and have extensive experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma, substance abuse, self harm, grief, LGBTQ+, neurodivergent individuals, & more.
Are you looking for a new creative way to deal with difficulties in life and get in touch with your best self? Do you feel like you’ve tried everything with your child, but they struggle to benefit from traditional talk therapy? As art therapists, we incorporate talk therapy with art making to help our clients unlock their creative potential, look at problems with fresh eyes, and develop new creative coping skills for managing with difficult emotions. If you or your child is feeling blocked by past trauma, stuck in destructive patterns, or overwhelmed by depression or anxiety, then I encourage you to reach out. You are not alone.
Our Art Therapists on staff work with ages 4 and up and have extensive experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma, substance abuse, self harm, grief, LGBTQ+, neurodivergent individuals, & more.
Are you looking for a new creative way to deal with difficulties in life and get in touch with your best self? Do you feel like you’ve tried everything with your child, but they struggle to benefit from traditional talk therapy? As art therapists, we incorporate talk therapy with art making to help our clients unlock their creative potential, look at problems with fresh eyes, and develop new creative coping skills for managing with difficult emotions. If you or your child is feeling blocked by past trauma, stuck in destructive patterns, or overwhelmed by depression or anxiety, then I encourage you to reach out. You are not alone.
(510) 675-7070 View (510) 675-7070
Photo of Jose Guadalupe Hurtado, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Jose Guadalupe Hurtado
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94605
Are you experiencing depression, anger, anxiety issues? I am a Spanish speaking Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 10 years experience of working with adults, adolescents, and families who have experienced trauma, abuse, and crime victimization. I am experienced in crisis intervention, conflict resolution, individual, and family therapy. I support families with gang membership issues and individuals out of the prison system; including abused, neglected and trauma or community violence impacted families. I have worked with anxiety, depression, individuals with suicide attempts, addiction and DUI issues. Mondays and Saturdays
Are you experiencing depression, anger, anxiety issues? I am a Spanish speaking Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 10 years experience of working with adults, adolescents, and families who have experienced trauma, abuse, and crime victimization. I am experienced in crisis intervention, conflict resolution, individual, and family therapy. I support families with gang membership issues and individuals out of the prison system; including abused, neglected and trauma or community violence impacted families. I have worked with anxiety, depression, individuals with suicide attempts, addiction and DUI issues. Mondays and Saturdays
(831) 534-9295 View (831) 534-9295
Photo of T Joshua Tan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
T Joshua Tan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Is anxiety, depression, or trauma holding you back from being your true self? Do you feel stuck in managing difficult life transitions? Now, every little thing becomes super overwhelming. Those negative experiences reopen old wounds and cause new ones. You tried burying your pain hoping it would go away. You feel lonely and tormented. You feel exhausted, stressed, and angry all the time. You wonder how much more you can take. You are unsure of who or where to turn for help. In the midst of this painful journey, you do not have to go through it alone.
Is anxiety, depression, or trauma holding you back from being your true self? Do you feel stuck in managing difficult life transitions? Now, every little thing becomes super overwhelming. Those negative experiences reopen old wounds and cause new ones. You tried burying your pain hoping it would go away. You feel lonely and tormented. You feel exhausted, stressed, and angry all the time. You wonder how much more you can take. You are unsure of who or where to turn for help. In the midst of this painful journey, you do not have to go through it alone.
(510) 256-7573 View (510) 256-7573
Photo of Gabriela Cibrian, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Gabriela Cibrian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
My name is Gabriela Cibrian and I am Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California. My passion is working with individuals and families to help them understand behavioral patterns within themselves to help them make positive changes. My style and approach to therapy are a good fit for children, teens, and adults who have experienced trauma and symptoms related to stress, anxiety, and depression. I specialize in working with clients to help them understand trauma responses and formulate a plan to create healthier thought patterns that lead to healthier behavioral patterns.
My name is Gabriela Cibrian and I am Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California. My passion is working with individuals and families to help them understand behavioral patterns within themselves to help them make positive changes. My style and approach to therapy are a good fit for children, teens, and adults who have experienced trauma and symptoms related to stress, anxiety, and depression. I specialize in working with clients to help them understand trauma responses and formulate a plan to create healthier thought patterns that lead to healthier behavioral patterns.
(209) 802-0574 View (209) 802-0574
Photo of Anisha Holden, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Anisha Holden
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94603
Hey there! My name is Anisha Holden, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family therapist. I enjoy working with children/teens, adults, couples and families that are interested in working of differing backgrounds/cultures. Often, clients that are in the process of transitioning to a new stage in life are attracted to working with me. Whether it is becoming a spouse or parent, moving into a new position, graduating, or just simply changing from one state of being to another, my aim is to provide the necessary support to do so successfully. With any change, comes anxiety, depression, indecision, and so on.
Hey there! My name is Anisha Holden, and I am a Licensed Marriage & Family therapist. I enjoy working with children/teens, adults, couples and families that are interested in working of differing backgrounds/cultures. Often, clients that are in the process of transitioning to a new stage in life are attracted to working with me. Whether it is becoming a spouse or parent, moving into a new position, graduating, or just simply changing from one state of being to another, my aim is to provide the necessary support to do so successfully. With any change, comes anxiety, depression, indecision, and so on.
(661) 768-1257 View (661) 768-1257
Photo of Amy Diner, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Amy Diner
Psychologist, PsyD, CEAP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
I can help you if you are feeling stuck, overwhelmed, bored, anxious, or depressed.
Therapy is a highly transformative and fascinating process. It has the power to heal, enliven, and repair. I enthusiastically invite you to begin this process with me. My warm, engaging, curious, and playful approach can help you feel like your personal experience and unique point of view is consistently appreciated. From this place, you may begin to feel more empowered and liberated in your life. I am a doctor with over 20 years of professional experience treating adults, couples, and adolescents.
I can help you if you are feeling stuck, overwhelmed, bored, anxious, or depressed.
Therapy is a highly transformative and fascinating process. It has the power to heal, enliven, and repair. I enthusiastically invite you to begin this process with me. My warm, engaging, curious, and playful approach can help you feel like your personal experience and unique point of view is consistently appreciated. From this place, you may begin to feel more empowered and liberated in your life. I am a doctor with over 20 years of professional experience treating adults, couples, and adolescents.
(415) 799-9491 View (415) 799-9491
Photo of Eliot Schain, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Eliot Schain
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MFA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I work with adults, teens, and couples struggling with depression, anxiety, and the inability to effectively communicate. With individuals, I help reframe challenges and liberate talents, especially in men alienated from the economy and meaningful purpose. I taught for years in a high school, and thus am comfortable working with adolescents. My orientation is eclectic, however I draw mostly from psychodynamic and relational theory, as well as CBT techniques. I find these approaches complementary, even necessary to establish a holistic treatment plan.
I work with adults, teens, and couples struggling with depression, anxiety, and the inability to effectively communicate. With individuals, I help reframe challenges and liberate talents, especially in men alienated from the economy and meaningful purpose. I taught for years in a high school, and thus am comfortable working with adolescents. My orientation is eclectic, however I draw mostly from psychodynamic and relational theory, as well as CBT techniques. I find these approaches complementary, even necessary to establish a holistic treatment plan.
(510) 296-5537 View (510) 296-5537
Photo of Leslie Hemedes, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Leslie Hemedes
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I specialize in concerns related to relationships, women's concerns, anxiety, depression, stress, and depression.
Welcome. Do you feel stuck or overwhelmed? Do you have trouble expressing your needs? Do you put a lot of pressure on yourself, and feel anxious about not meeting your expectations? Do you feel uncertain about how to manage feelings of distress? I am a psychologist that can help guide you toward relief. I aim to help individuals understand their concerns, strengths, and help them identify the tools necessary to manage distress, push through challenges, and understand how to become the best version of themselves.
I specialize in concerns related to relationships, women's concerns, anxiety, depression, stress, and depression.
Welcome. Do you feel stuck or overwhelmed? Do you have trouble expressing your needs? Do you put a lot of pressure on yourself, and feel anxious about not meeting your expectations? Do you feel uncertain about how to manage feelings of distress? I am a psychologist that can help guide you toward relief. I aim to help individuals understand their concerns, strengths, and help them identify the tools necessary to manage distress, push through challenges, and understand how to become the best version of themselves.
(925) 807-7184 View (925) 807-7184
Photo of Cecilia De Rubira, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Cecilia De Rubira
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
I work with individuals experiencing difficulties with relationships, anxiety, depression, loss, life transitions, and couples dealing with separation, parenting, family crisis.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with many years of experience working with adults, young children and their families. I am a bilingual native Spanish speaking and bicultural therapist. I offer my services to clients around the Bay Area, and the state of California, currently conducting telehealth sessions due tp Covid-19. I offer consultation and supervision in dyadic therapy to therapists working with Spanish speaking population.
I work with individuals experiencing difficulties with relationships, anxiety, depression, loss, life transitions, and couples dealing with separation, parenting, family crisis.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with many years of experience working with adults, young children and their families. I am a bilingual native Spanish speaking and bicultural therapist. I offer my services to clients around the Bay Area, and the state of California, currently conducting telehealth sessions due tp Covid-19. I offer consultation and supervision in dyadic therapy to therapists working with Spanish speaking population.
(925) 329-3086 View (925) 329-3086
Photo of Christine Corrigan, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Christine Corrigan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94601
As a clinical psychologist I specialize in treating anxiety and depression in the context of trauma, work stress, relationship problems and family conflict. I help people deal with issues including grief and loss, substance abuse, domestic violence, and childhood trauma. My approach is to seek immediate reduction in symptoms while carefully addressing long-term, underlying problems.
As a clinical psychologist I specialize in treating anxiety and depression in the context of trauma, work stress, relationship problems and family conflict. I help people deal with issues including grief and loss, substance abuse, domestic violence, and childhood trauma. My approach is to seek immediate reduction in symptoms while carefully addressing long-term, underlying problems.
(415) 494-7027 View (415) 494-7027
Photo of Juan Carlos Llamas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Juan Carlos Llamas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Hello, my name is Juan Carlos Llamas. I am a bilingual Spanish Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 8 years of experience working in the field of mental health. I specialize in treating individuals with anxiety, depression, and trauma. My experience consists of working with children with complex high needs, youth, and adults who are suffering from anxiety, depression, and traumatic experiences. I feel most comfortable treating children, youth, and adults with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am bilingual (Spanish) and can effectively treat patients who are monolingual Spanish speaking.
Hello, my name is Juan Carlos Llamas. I am a bilingual Spanish Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 8 years of experience working in the field of mental health. I specialize in treating individuals with anxiety, depression, and trauma. My experience consists of working with children with complex high needs, youth, and adults who are suffering from anxiety, depression, and traumatic experiences. I feel most comfortable treating children, youth, and adults with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am bilingual (Spanish) and can effectively treat patients who are monolingual Spanish speaking.
(916) 659-6320 View (916) 659-6320
Photo of Erica Ramirez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Erica Ramirez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606
I am a bilingual/bi-cultural, therapist with experience working with a diverse population over the course of my education and training. I work with adolescents and adults who have trouble with anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, difficulty processing and/or coming to terms with history of trauma, and individuals questioning the source of their self-doubt and/or self-criticism. I use an eclectic approach of integrating evidence based practices, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Treatment and Motivational Interviewing
I am a bilingual/bi-cultural, therapist with experience working with a diverse population over the course of my education and training. I work with adolescents and adults who have trouble with anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, difficulty processing and/or coming to terms with history of trauma, and individuals questioning the source of their self-doubt and/or self-criticism. I use an eclectic approach of integrating evidence based practices, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Treatment and Motivational Interviewing
(510) 880-3499 View (510) 880-3499
Photo of Chelsie Crilly, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Chelsie Crilly
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
I specialize in working with ADHD, HSP, and ASD. Being in our bodies- and being in our world- can be very difficult. This is especially true when when you're a highly sensitive person. My typical client often hears "you're being too much" while also dreading the feeling of not "being enough". I'm here to take a deep dive into what's making you feel like "too much" and highlight the ways you are "just enough for the right people". Typically, my client's goals are to live more comfortably in their sensitive skin, find liberation from shame, and better manage depression and anxiety.
I specialize in working with ADHD, HSP, and ASD. Being in our bodies- and being in our world- can be very difficult. This is especially true when when you're a highly sensitive person. My typical client often hears "you're being too much" while also dreading the feeling of not "being enough". I'm here to take a deep dive into what's making you feel like "too much" and highlight the ways you are "just enough for the right people". Typically, my client's goals are to live more comfortably in their sensitive skin, find liberation from shame, and better manage depression and anxiety.
(925) 744-6783 View (925) 744-6783
Photo of Evlin Abed, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Evlin Abed
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94608
My name is Evlin Abed and I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. One of my core beliefs in therapy is that people can make changes in their thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors to improve their overall functioning and quality of life. My approach is to provide a safe and caring environment with unconditional positive regard to facilitate and support meaningful life changes. I have extensive experience providing therapeutic services in inpatient and outpatient settings to adults, young adults, and adolescents who are experiencing difficulties in coping with anxiety, depression, trauma, and interpersonal difficulties.
My name is Evlin Abed and I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. One of my core beliefs in therapy is that people can make changes in their thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors to improve their overall functioning and quality of life. My approach is to provide a safe and caring environment with unconditional positive regard to facilitate and support meaningful life changes. I have extensive experience providing therapeutic services in inpatient and outpatient settings to adults, young adults, and adolescents who are experiencing difficulties in coping with anxiety, depression, trauma, and interpersonal difficulties.
(805) 600-0489 View (805) 600-0489
Photo of Nick Weathersby, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Nick Weathersby
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94608
So often we live in the grip of anxiety and depression. Our families pull out our worst, the realities of adulthood drain us, loss of loved ones or our own capacities become existential reality. Despite these challenges, we can always make changes in ourselves to increase our resilience and sense of fulfillment in life. Psychotherapy is serious work. While humor and levity in the present can help lighten difficult memories, we will dive deep into the past with expert attention to inform movement into a more complete future.
So often we live in the grip of anxiety and depression. Our families pull out our worst, the realities of adulthood drain us, loss of loved ones or our own capacities become existential reality. Despite these challenges, we can always make changes in ourselves to increase our resilience and sense of fulfillment in life. Psychotherapy is serious work. While humor and levity in the present can help lighten difficult memories, we will dive deep into the past with expert attention to inform movement into a more complete future.
(628) 209-0979 View (628) 209-0979
Photo of Rebecca Kerr McWhorter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Rebecca Kerr McWhorter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94621
Hi there, I'm Rebecca McWhorter, LCSW has experience with all age groups within many multicultural settings. I start with where the patient is should they be suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma, and/or grief. My practice focus in on patient care. Patients typically enter therapy due to something that is having a negative impact on their quality of life. I assist them in identifying the root causes or behavior that are preventing them from living their best life. I utilize many different approaches to healing. I prefer to letting the patient vocalize their needs rather than tailor a patient to a plan.
Hi there, I'm Rebecca McWhorter, LCSW has experience with all age groups within many multicultural settings. I start with where the patient is should they be suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma, and/or grief. My practice focus in on patient care. Patients typically enter therapy due to something that is having a negative impact on their quality of life. I assist them in identifying the root causes or behavior that are preventing them from living their best life. I utilize many different approaches to healing. I prefer to letting the patient vocalize their needs rather than tailor a patient to a plan.
(442) 218-2807 View (442) 218-2807
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.