Therapists in Oakland, CA

View neighborhoods in Oakland
Photo of Patrick D. Chrisman, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Patrick D. Chrisman
Psychologist, BA, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
I believe that understanding and compassion are vital for building trust, mutual respect, and openness, all of which are essential in forming a therapeutic relationship that can encourage change. My style in therapy is a mix of person-centered, solution-focused, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic theories. With children I utilize a variety of expressive therapies including play, art, narrative, sand tray and bibliotherapy. In working with children, adolescents and adults, I use a cognitive behavioral therapeutic approach.
I believe that understanding and compassion are vital for building trust, mutual respect, and openness, all of which are essential in forming a therapeutic relationship that can encourage change. My style in therapy is a mix of person-centered, solution-focused, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic theories. With children I utilize a variety of expressive therapies including play, art, narrative, sand tray and bibliotherapy. In working with children, adolescents and adults, I use a cognitive behavioral therapeutic approach.
(415) 570-8936 View (415) 570-8936
Photo of Valorie Herd, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Valorie Herd
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
It is a privilege to help others who are seeking support on their journey. As a licensed psychologist who enjoys working with adults, children, families, couples, as well as groups, I appreciate a holistic approach to lifestyle changes. It is important to consider physical, mental and emotional health to increase our quality of life. We don’t have control over some circumstances in life, but we can work to optimally navigate what comes our way. Cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused therapy, mindfulness for stress reduction, managing occupational strain and psychoeducation are some of the techniques I find helpful.
It is a privilege to help others who are seeking support on their journey. As a licensed psychologist who enjoys working with adults, children, families, couples, as well as groups, I appreciate a holistic approach to lifestyle changes. It is important to consider physical, mental and emotional health to increase our quality of life. We don’t have control over some circumstances in life, but we can work to optimally navigate what comes our way. Cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused therapy, mindfulness for stress reduction, managing occupational strain and psychoeducation are some of the techniques I find helpful.
(510) 640-8631 View (510) 640-8631
Photo of Barbara Cox, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Barbara Cox
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
Is life feeling like a struggle? Let's work together to help you feel better than you have in a long time. We can work together to clear anxiety, relationship struggles, grief, work stress, uncover your strengths and purpose, enjoy your life again. If you feel stuck, afraid or down, we can work together to get you feeling calm and centered. I have specialties in treating anxiety disorders, as well as work stress and professional burnout. I enjoy working with many types of clients, + therapy to other therapists. Check out my book for women 'The Muse Process: Unleashing the Power of the Feminine'. I look forward to helping you!
Is life feeling like a struggle? Let's work together to help you feel better than you have in a long time. We can work together to clear anxiety, relationship struggles, grief, work stress, uncover your strengths and purpose, enjoy your life again. If you feel stuck, afraid or down, we can work together to get you feeling calm and centered. I have specialties in treating anxiety disorders, as well as work stress and professional burnout. I enjoy working with many types of clients, + therapy to other therapists. Check out my book for women 'The Muse Process: Unleashing the Power of the Feminine'. I look forward to helping you!
(510) 890-3327 View (510) 890-3327
Photo of Sean C. Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Sean C. Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94601  (Online Only)
Do you feel stressed, worried, lost? Are you fighting all the time with your partner and feeling stuck? Feel like you have to be someone else? If these sound true to you, I want you to know that in our society, we don’t talk about it very much, but what you are experiencing is normal.
Do you feel stressed, worried, lost? Are you fighting all the time with your partner and feeling stuck? Feel like you have to be someone else? If these sound true to you, I want you to know that in our society, we don’t talk about it very much, but what you are experiencing is normal.
(510) 561-1970 View (510) 561-1970
Photo of Lineage and Legacy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Lineage and Legacy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I am a psychotherapist practicing HIPPA-compliant telehealth for clients located in California. My work with individuals, families, and groups is aimed at surfacing truth in ways that catalyze healing and transformation. I specialize in supporting emergence grounded in lineage, that is, where and who you come from, and that supports your legacy, or what it is you are here to do. I care particularly about the impact and transformations of oppressions you may endure and wish to offer myself in service to the ways in which you would like to shift.
I am a psychotherapist practicing HIPPA-compliant telehealth for clients located in California. My work with individuals, families, and groups is aimed at surfacing truth in ways that catalyze healing and transformation. I specialize in supporting emergence grounded in lineage, that is, where and who you come from, and that supports your legacy, or what it is you are here to do. I care particularly about the impact and transformations of oppressions you may endure and wish to offer myself in service to the ways in which you would like to shift.
(510) 726-0052 View (510) 726-0052
Photo of Nauser Wolfe, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Nauser Wolfe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
The clients I work best with are battling with the effects of relational trauma, which can be especially difficult because most of us don’t even know what relational trauma is. You might think you had a happy childhood, but now as an adult you find yourself struggling in relationships of all kinds. You don’t know how to set boundaries. You feel selfish when you put yourself first. You feel guilty giving people negative feedback The bottom line is on a deep level you feel that it’s wrong to be your true self if it will inconvenience someone else.
The clients I work best with are battling with the effects of relational trauma, which can be especially difficult because most of us don’t even know what relational trauma is. You might think you had a happy childhood, but now as an adult you find yourself struggling in relationships of all kinds. You don’t know how to set boundaries. You feel selfish when you put yourself first. You feel guilty giving people negative feedback The bottom line is on a deep level you feel that it’s wrong to be your true self if it will inconvenience someone else.
(510) 256-7728 View (510) 256-7728
Photo of Elisa Chaves, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Elisa Chaves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about supporting children, adults and families to improve their communication, emotional connections and self-esteem. My approach is warm, interactive and strength-based. I have experience working with children and adults going through divorce, traumatic experiences, conflicts, challenges with self-regulation, as well as parenting difficulties and behavioral problems. I support my clients through life transitions, the process of acculturation and belonging, anxiety, depression or seeking any type of emotional healing from current or past experiences.
I am passionate about supporting children, adults and families to improve their communication, emotional connections and self-esteem. My approach is warm, interactive and strength-based. I have experience working with children and adults going through divorce, traumatic experiences, conflicts, challenges with self-regulation, as well as parenting difficulties and behavioral problems. I support my clients through life transitions, the process of acculturation and belonging, anxiety, depression or seeking any type of emotional healing from current or past experiences.
(510) 757-9413 View (510) 757-9413
Photo of Brian Lopez, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Brian Lopez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94606  (Online Only)
Imagine logging into our secure video appointment in the comfort of your own home. We collaborate on what you hope to get out of therapy. You open up about what has made that difficult to achieve on your own. I listen and validate your struggles. We collaborate on small goals to get you closer each week. You start to feel better. When your goals are achieved, you graduate from therapy.
Imagine logging into our secure video appointment in the comfort of your own home. We collaborate on what you hope to get out of therapy. You open up about what has made that difficult to achieve on your own. I listen and validate your struggles. We collaborate on small goals to get you closer each week. You start to feel better. When your goals are achieved, you graduate from therapy.
(415) 429-3811 View (415) 429-3811
Photo of Ellen P Davis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Ellen P Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94601
Waitlist for new clients
Each person is unique, therefore so are their concerns. I approach therapy based on the individuality of each adult, teen, and child, and their personal needs. Assisting you in working though thought patterns and feelings that are causing you distress is my goal. Being the parent of a tween/teen, you might find yourself looking for answers to questions that allude you. Often there are issues you would like to have a better understanding of, or a way to process them. I will assist you in finding the tools needed for you or your child to live a less stressful and more fulfilling life.
Each person is unique, therefore so are their concerns. I approach therapy based on the individuality of each adult, teen, and child, and their personal needs. Assisting you in working though thought patterns and feelings that are causing you distress is my goal. Being the parent of a tween/teen, you might find yourself looking for answers to questions that allude you. Often there are issues you would like to have a better understanding of, or a way to process them. I will assist you in finding the tools needed for you or your child to live a less stressful and more fulfilling life.
(510) 683-5269 View (510) 683-5269
Photo of Ryn Mulhern Benefield, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Ryn Mulhern Benefield
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609
I am a queer relationship therapist dedicated to supporting partners in relating across difference from a place of loving wholeness. Maybe you want to feel more connected, authentic, and loving toward your partner, or you may need to repair from breaches of trust. You may not have met your “inner children” yet and want to develop a trusting relationship with them. I hold space as a compassionate guide to walk that path with you. I'm here to witness, support, and make space for you and your partner to feel, share, and nurture all parts of yourselves, so that you can experience more of your own agency, authenticity, and wholeness.
I am a queer relationship therapist dedicated to supporting partners in relating across difference from a place of loving wholeness. Maybe you want to feel more connected, authentic, and loving toward your partner, or you may need to repair from breaches of trust. You may not have met your “inner children” yet and want to develop a trusting relationship with them. I hold space as a compassionate guide to walk that path with you. I'm here to witness, support, and make space for you and your partner to feel, share, and nurture all parts of yourselves, so that you can experience more of your own agency, authenticity, and wholeness.
(510) 519-5255 View (510) 519-5255
Photo of Irma Y Romero, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Irma Y Romero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612
I am passionate and committed to working with clients interested in changing their life circumstances. I possess an expertise in the fields of Domestic Violence and Child Welfare. But, also specialize in working with individuals experiencing Anxiety, Depression, Gambling Problems, and or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. I believe it is my purpose to support you in a non-judgemental manner as you undergo a metamorphic shift and make sense of your life. As both a native English and Spanish speaker, I am able to comfortably communicate with individuals who may otherwise be bound by language or cultural barriers.
I am passionate and committed to working with clients interested in changing their life circumstances. I possess an expertise in the fields of Domestic Violence and Child Welfare. But, also specialize in working with individuals experiencing Anxiety, Depression, Gambling Problems, and or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. I believe it is my purpose to support you in a non-judgemental manner as you undergo a metamorphic shift and make sense of your life. As both a native English and Spanish speaker, I am able to comfortably communicate with individuals who may otherwise be bound by language or cultural barriers.
(510) 592-5320 View (510) 592-5320
Photo of Psychological Services, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD, JD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
Life is full of challenges that generate varied degrees of stress, anxiety and depression, even substance abuse. Challenges may include: Personal and family relationships, finances, career, illness and loss of creative engagement with your self and the world. Psychotherapy can offer time and a special place for self discovery, reflection, revitalization, resilience, insight, empowerment and access to your creativity; creative expression and creative living. Our lives can be what we imagine and want them to be. We can develop our active imagination to envision a life of purpose, meaning and the joy we are meant to have.
Life is full of challenges that generate varied degrees of stress, anxiety and depression, even substance abuse. Challenges may include: Personal and family relationships, finances, career, illness and loss of creative engagement with your self and the world. Psychotherapy can offer time and a special place for self discovery, reflection, revitalization, resilience, insight, empowerment and access to your creativity; creative expression and creative living. Our lives can be what we imagine and want them to be. We can develop our active imagination to envision a life of purpose, meaning and the joy we are meant to have.
(510) 880-3857 View (510) 880-3857
Photo of Shannon Edwards, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Shannon Edwards
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Do you find yourself unable to slow down, take a breath, and enjoy the moment? Are you anxious, depressed, or having trouble in your relationships? While having these experiences can be common, each person is unique as to why it’s happening and what works to decrease their struggle. Together, we'll explore why you’re feeling this way and seek ways to lessen the impact. Work with kids/teens (10-17) is child-centered and done with caregiver collaboration, including but not limited to parent sessions, check-ins, and referrals to additional providers.
Do you find yourself unable to slow down, take a breath, and enjoy the moment? Are you anxious, depressed, or having trouble in your relationships? While having these experiences can be common, each person is unique as to why it’s happening and what works to decrease their struggle. Together, we'll explore why you’re feeling this way and seek ways to lessen the impact. Work with kids/teens (10-17) is child-centered and done with caregiver collaboration, including but not limited to parent sessions, check-ins, and referrals to additional providers.
(510) 726-0570 View (510) 726-0570
Photo of Syd McClune, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Syd McClune
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94602  (Online Only)
People often come to me after trying a lot of different approaches to improve their mental health. Creative people. Queers. Folks with complex identities. Highly sensitive people. People who feel like outsiders at their core. People who feel stuck in ways that are difficult to articulate. Using various therapeutic modalities, including mindfulness, Esalen-trained Gestalt therapy, transpersonal therapy, and somatically informed attachment relational work I help them find ways to feel better and engage with their lives in newer, deeper ways. I assist them in finding a soft place to land and a sense of trust within themselves.
People often come to me after trying a lot of different approaches to improve their mental health. Creative people. Queers. Folks with complex identities. Highly sensitive people. People who feel like outsiders at their core. People who feel stuck in ways that are difficult to articulate. Using various therapeutic modalities, including mindfulness, Esalen-trained Gestalt therapy, transpersonal therapy, and somatically informed attachment relational work I help them find ways to feel better and engage with their lives in newer, deeper ways. I assist them in finding a soft place to land and a sense of trust within themselves.
(628) 250-2267 View (628) 250-2267
Photo of Lai Chien, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Lai Chien
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
Collaborative, respectful, direct, and compassionate psychotherapy. My hopes are to widen the breadth of communication in the Asian Community by reducing the stigma towards mental health and help to dispel the concepts of the model minority and empower clients to nurture their own growth and resilience towards balanced homeostasis. Currently accepting children, couples, and families.
Collaborative, respectful, direct, and compassionate psychotherapy. My hopes are to widen the breadth of communication in the Asian Community by reducing the stigma towards mental health and help to dispel the concepts of the model minority and empower clients to nurture their own growth and resilience towards balanced homeostasis. Currently accepting children, couples, and families.
(510) 256-7863 View (510) 256-7863
Photo of Taylor Keller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Taylor Keller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
My style is an honest approach to a client-centered model that allows for the client to guide the direction with my support. Together we can navigate through some of today’s hurdles and stress such as depression/anxiety, trauma, relationship/communication issues, loss/grief/bereavement, and family conflict. With the mutual understanding that we may not be able to change certain aspects of our life, I am here to help you process, adjust expectations, cope, improve communication skills, set boundaries, and strengthen your resilience.
My style is an honest approach to a client-centered model that allows for the client to guide the direction with my support. Together we can navigate through some of today’s hurdles and stress such as depression/anxiety, trauma, relationship/communication issues, loss/grief/bereavement, and family conflict. With the mutual understanding that we may not be able to change certain aspects of our life, I am here to help you process, adjust expectations, cope, improve communication skills, set boundaries, and strengthen your resilience.
(510) 480-3369 View (510) 480-3369
Photo of Adrianne Thomas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Adrianne Thomas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
No one comes to a therapist because they need a lecture. You're here because you need a partner on your personal journey to healing. Good therapy is an invitation into a dialogue, not a monologue where someone "thera-splains" yourself to you. It's my passion to help my clients with self-esteem, depression, anxiety, parenting and finding enjoyment in daily life. Working together, we can help you re-write personal narratives, identify and tackle goals, process trauma, change destructive patterns and master tools to navigate life's challenges with grace.
No one comes to a therapist because they need a lecture. You're here because you need a partner on your personal journey to healing. Good therapy is an invitation into a dialogue, not a monologue where someone "thera-splains" yourself to you. It's my passion to help my clients with self-esteem, depression, anxiety, parenting and finding enjoyment in daily life. Working together, we can help you re-write personal narratives, identify and tackle goals, process trauma, change destructive patterns and master tools to navigate life's challenges with grace.
View
Rosemary McKnight
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I am an experienced psychotherapist specializing in individual and couples therapy. I enjoy working with individual adults and couples, including older adults.
I am an experienced psychotherapist specializing in individual and couples therapy. I enjoy working with individual adults and couples, including older adults.
(510) 573-7781 View (510) 573-7781
Photo of Karisa L Barrow, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Karisa L Barrow
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
Waitlist for new clients
I strive to create an authentic connection with my clients so we can develop an effective partnership in which healing, trying on new ways of thinking, and exploring change can happen safely. I believe that the foundation of mutual trust, empathy, and curiosity that I create with my clients will help them build meaningful relationships with others, mend old wounds, and learn more about themselves and how they contribute to their struggles. Helping my clients see themselves through a new lens will help them achieve the growth and fulfillment they want in their lives. Please don't hesitate to call for help.
I strive to create an authentic connection with my clients so we can develop an effective partnership in which healing, trying on new ways of thinking, and exploring change can happen safely. I believe that the foundation of mutual trust, empathy, and curiosity that I create with my clients will help them build meaningful relationships with others, mend old wounds, and learn more about themselves and how they contribute to their struggles. Helping my clients see themselves through a new lens will help them achieve the growth and fulfillment they want in their lives. Please don't hesitate to call for help.
(510) 962-9394 View (510) 962-9394
Photo of Shideh Shahvarian, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Shideh Shahvarian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94612  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is warm, companionate, and empathetic. My philosophy is that everyone can become the happy, effective person they desire. Finding and using new skills to access happiness is critical. I use Motivational Interviewing to help my clients gain the motivation they need to change the behaviors that are preventing them from making healthier personal or professional decisions. My training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approaches also helps me address the depression and anxiety that we all experience on our journey through life.
My approach to therapy is warm, companionate, and empathetic. My philosophy is that everyone can become the happy, effective person they desire. Finding and using new skills to access happiness is critical. I use Motivational Interviewing to help my clients gain the motivation they need to change the behaviors that are preventing them from making healthier personal or professional decisions. My training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approaches also helps me address the depression and anxiety that we all experience on our journey through life.
(510) 439-9695 View (510) 439-9695

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
48% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
22% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.