Therapists in San Diego, CA

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Photo of Claire Babbitt, LMFT, J.D., Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Claire Babbitt, LMFT, J.D.
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, JD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92127
I offer a variety of psychotherapy services for individuals, and families to help find ways to increase understanding of themselves and others, and identify and practice new approaches to existing problems. My approach is compassionate, but direct and goal-oriented. My work as a psychotherapist is grounded in the extensive study and experience in individual and relational psychotherapy. I am on some insurance panels.
I offer a variety of psychotherapy services for individuals, and families to help find ways to increase understanding of themselves and others, and identify and practice new approaches to existing problems. My approach is compassionate, but direct and goal-oriented. My work as a psychotherapist is grounded in the extensive study and experience in individual and relational psychotherapy. I am on some insurance panels.
(858) 997-1133 View (858) 997-1133
Photo of Deserea Cole, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Deserea Cole
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92123  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Deserea. I'm a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) in San Diego, California. I provide individual psychotherapy services to adults in a warm, collaborative manner. I specialize in the treatment of trauma and working with military and veteran populations.
Hello! I'm Deserea. I'm a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) in San Diego, California. I provide individual psychotherapy services to adults in a warm, collaborative manner. I specialize in the treatment of trauma and working with military and veteran populations.
(619) 675-7445 View (619) 675-7445
Photo of Dr. Nava Sedaghat, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Dr. Nava Sedaghat
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92128  (Online Only)
I’m here to listen to you, and with you. Pain is inevitable, and at times we may feel trapped in our pain, leading us to feel disconnected from ourselves and the world around us. While asking for help can be hard, navigating pain alone can be even harder. I know from personal experience how scary it is to journey into the self, into the darkest parts of the psyche to face your fears. I also know how important it is to work with someone who creates a safe space and makes room for every part of you. I want every part of you to feel safe, seen, heard, and valued.
I’m here to listen to you, and with you. Pain is inevitable, and at times we may feel trapped in our pain, leading us to feel disconnected from ourselves and the world around us. While asking for help can be hard, navigating pain alone can be even harder. I know from personal experience how scary it is to journey into the self, into the darkest parts of the psyche to face your fears. I also know how important it is to work with someone who creates a safe space and makes room for every part of you. I want every part of you to feel safe, seen, heard, and valued.
(858) 208-0338 View (858) 208-0338
Photo of Well Psychology, Inc in San Diego, CA
Well Psychology, Inc
PhD, CGP
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130  (Online Only)
Our patients at Well are diverse and come to us exactly as they are. We provide clinical care to patients neglected in the traditional in-person mental health care treatment model, and we focus on delivering evidence-based treatments that work, tailored to your needs. We partner with patients to eliminate barriers like access, stigma, or cost, and our patients feel at home no matter where they are with our patient-centered clinicians. We are California’s online solution to today’s mental health challenges: patient-centered, modern, collaborative. Well is here for you.
Our patients at Well are diverse and come to us exactly as they are. We provide clinical care to patients neglected in the traditional in-person mental health care treatment model, and we focus on delivering evidence-based treatments that work, tailored to your needs. We partner with patients to eliminate barriers like access, stigma, or cost, and our patients feel at home no matter where they are with our patient-centered clinicians. We are California’s online solution to today’s mental health challenges: patient-centered, modern, collaborative. Well is here for you.
(858) 251-8048 View (858) 251-8048
Photo of Jill Pederson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Jill Pederson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92154
My name is Jill Pederson and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Orange County, California and work with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents and young adults and specialize in anxiety, stress, depression, and behavioral issues such as defiance and difficulty managing anger. I use a variety of clinical approaches, based on the needs of my client; although I do find that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is often a very effective approach in helping clients meet their goals.
My name is Jill Pederson and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Orange County, California and work with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents and young adults and specialize in anxiety, stress, depression, and behavioral issues such as defiance and difficulty managing anger. I use a variety of clinical approaches, based on the needs of my client; although I do find that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is often a very effective approach in helping clients meet their goals.
(619) 777-5413 View (619) 777-5413
Photo of Nissrine Habhab, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Nissrine Habhab
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92123
As a psychotherapist, I enjoy working with clients facing daily challenges. I aim to assist my clients find their path, develop healthy interpersonal relationships and lead healthy lives where they can function within their community and become self reliant. I support my clients in facing struggles, developing autonomy, and empower them to discover their strengths.
As a psychotherapist, I enjoy working with clients facing daily challenges. I aim to assist my clients find their path, develop healthy interpersonal relationships and lead healthy lives where they can function within their community and become self reliant. I support my clients in facing struggles, developing autonomy, and empower them to discover their strengths.
(858) 465-4598 View (858) 465-4598
Photo of Janetta Stephen, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Janetta Stephen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92120
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with more than 25 years of experience in working with individuals, families and couples impacted by depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance use issues. I work with all age groups 8 years old and up. In my work I utilize a variety of techniques and interventions representing several therapeutic modalities to facilitate reduction of interpersonal distress and the restoration of relationships. I have also incorporated the use of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing into my practice for individuals who have experienced both simple and complex trauma.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with more than 25 years of experience in working with individuals, families and couples impacted by depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance use issues. I work with all age groups 8 years old and up. In my work I utilize a variety of techniques and interventions representing several therapeutic modalities to facilitate reduction of interpersonal distress and the restoration of relationships. I have also incorporated the use of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing into my practice for individuals who have experienced both simple and complex trauma.
(858) 786-1489 View (858) 786-1489
Photo of Angeline Baucom, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Diego, CA
Angeline Baucom
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, SUDCC, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92121
Clients that have experienced trauma, substance abuse and family issues. Struggling with depression and anxiety.
Clients that have experienced trauma, substance abuse and family issues. Struggling with depression and anxiety.
(760) 227-5274 View (760) 227-5274
Photo of Azmaira H Maker, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Azmaira H Maker
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience providing services to children, adolescents, adults, and families. My team of expert clinicians provide evidence-based and compassionate therapies from a range of approaches, state-of-the art testing, in-school/in-home services, medical services, and neurofeedback. We offer multiple treatment options to reduce symptoms, cope with stressors, resolve conflicts, and restore your daily life to health and wellness. We strive to provide exceptional and holistic collaborative care to educate, support, and empower individuals and families.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience providing services to children, adolescents, adults, and families. My team of expert clinicians provide evidence-based and compassionate therapies from a range of approaches, state-of-the art testing, in-school/in-home services, medical services, and neurofeedback. We offer multiple treatment options to reduce symptoms, cope with stressors, resolve conflicts, and restore your daily life to health and wellness. We strive to provide exceptional and holistic collaborative care to educate, support, and empower individuals and families.
(858) 367-0931 View (858) 367-0931
Photo of Serenity Therapy and Counseling, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in San Diego, CA
Serenity Therapy and Counseling
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
At Serenity Therapy and Counseling, we know how overwhelming life can feel and we believe you don’t have to go through the stress alone. We aim to walk along with people through their challenging times and give them the direction they need to achieve a peaceful and serene life. Whether you are battling anxiety, struggling with self-esteem, dealing with the symptoms of trauma, or facing marriage issues, we’re here to help. Our experienced and licensed therapists provide the best counseling online and in-person!
At Serenity Therapy and Counseling, we know how overwhelming life can feel and we believe you don’t have to go through the stress alone. We aim to walk along with people through their challenging times and give them the direction they need to achieve a peaceful and serene life. Whether you are battling anxiety, struggling with self-esteem, dealing with the symptoms of trauma, or facing marriage issues, we’re here to help. Our experienced and licensed therapists provide the best counseling online and in-person!
(619) 598-1036 View (619) 598-1036
Photo of Joyce DeVera, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Joyce DeVera
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92127
Is your internal voice relentless and never stops the negative loop that plays over and over in your mind? Have you been subjected to trauma? Are you unsure how to navigate through each day with the pain you are experiencing and the unknowns of your future? Maybe you have always gravitated towards people or have family members that are not healthy for you but you see the best in them and lack the resources to put yourself first. You are exhausted because of the pain you hide and the inability to say "no". You try to run and hide from the BIG emotions that you are not ready or know how to face.
Is your internal voice relentless and never stops the negative loop that plays over and over in your mind? Have you been subjected to trauma? Are you unsure how to navigate through each day with the pain you are experiencing and the unknowns of your future? Maybe you have always gravitated towards people or have family members that are not healthy for you but you see the best in them and lack the resources to put yourself first. You are exhausted because of the pain you hide and the inability to say "no". You try to run and hide from the BIG emotions that you are not ready or know how to face.
(858) 771-2920 View (858) 771-2920
Photo of Neda Vakili, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Diego, CA
Neda Vakili
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108  (Online Only)
In envisioning my ideal client, I see someone who is courageous and committed to their own growth and healing. They may be facing a variety of challenges, such as struggling with overwhelming emotions, navigating difficult relationships, coping with past traumas, or feeling disconnected from their authentic selves. Despite these challenges, they possess a deep desire to create positive change in their lives and are willing to explore new possibilities with openness and vulnerability.
In envisioning my ideal client, I see someone who is courageous and committed to their own growth and healing. They may be facing a variety of challenges, such as struggling with overwhelming emotions, navigating difficult relationships, coping with past traumas, or feeling disconnected from their authentic selves. Despite these challenges, they possess a deep desire to create positive change in their lives and are willing to explore new possibilities with openness and vulnerability.
(858) 923-4018 View (858) 923-4018
Photo of Heather Murray, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Diego, CA
Heather Murray
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC-A
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92117  (Online Only)
First and foremost I want to congratulate you on taking the first step towards healing. I use a person-centered approach to help ensure all feel welcomed and safe to be themselves, including all individuals in the LBGTQIA+ community. I have over 10 years of experience in the field with a Master’s of Science degree in Forensic Psychology and a Master’s of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling.
First and foremost I want to congratulate you on taking the first step towards healing. I use a person-centered approach to help ensure all feel welcomed and safe to be themselves, including all individuals in the LBGTQIA+ community. I have over 10 years of experience in the field with a Master’s of Science degree in Forensic Psychology and a Master’s of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling.
(619) 789-6974 View (619) 789-6974
Photo of Ann Minnich - Personal Evolution Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Ann Minnich - Personal Evolution Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed out or sad to the point that you can't live the life you want? Do you want to feel better & have a life worth living? Personal Evolution Psychotherapy (PEP) is a team of therapists that use Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) to overcome social anxiety, depression, communication & relationship issues, family conflict, panic, excessive worry & depression. Visit Us at www.PersonalEvolutionPsychotherapy.com. We provide much more than traditional talk therapy & help you get results to help control your emotions & your life. By doing this we can help more quickly. Call us today to schedule an appointment.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed out or sad to the point that you can't live the life you want? Do you want to feel better & have a life worth living? Personal Evolution Psychotherapy (PEP) is a team of therapists that use Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) to overcome social anxiety, depression, communication & relationship issues, family conflict, panic, excessive worry & depression. Visit Us at www.PersonalEvolutionPsychotherapy.com. We provide much more than traditional talk therapy & help you get results to help control your emotions & your life. By doing this we can help more quickly. Call us today to schedule an appointment.
(619) 787-6676 View (619) 787-6676
Photo of Psychotherapy of San Diego, Dr Silbert RN,CNS,PHD, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Psychotherapy of San Diego, Dr Silbert RN,CNS,PHD
Psychologist, RN, CNS, PhD, FACCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
Dr Silbert promotes healing and strengthening of the capable inner self. The individual is enhanced positively by a belief in the ability to cope with the human condition and the emotional upheaval exacerbated by the winding road of life's journey. From the initial consultation with Dr. Silbert she remains an active verbal participant in your treatment. She most emphatically "listens" and "sees" you in a genuine attempt to validate the importance and significance of what you say and how you are feeling. Evaluation of the problems and strategies for effective intervention are discussed with the individual from the first consult until completion of treatment.
Dr Silbert promotes healing and strengthening of the capable inner self. The individual is enhanced positively by a belief in the ability to cope with the human condition and the emotional upheaval exacerbated by the winding road of life's journey. From the initial consultation with Dr. Silbert she remains an active verbal participant in your treatment. She most emphatically "listens" and "sees" you in a genuine attempt to validate the importance and significance of what you say and how you are feeling. Evaluation of the problems and strategies for effective intervention are discussed with the individual from the first consult until completion of treatment.
(858) 771-0252 View (858) 771-0252
Photo of D. Brooke Crosby, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in San Diego, CA
D. Brooke Crosby
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LPC, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92128  (Online Only)
I understand that life happens to all of us. You can feel overwhelmed by unexpected situations, unfortunate losses and unendurable psychological pains. Seeking help means that you are ready to work and bring your life into a healthier balance. Through our work together, I can help you navigate through troubling patterns that may have formed as a result of responding to these difficult life occurrences.
I understand that life happens to all of us. You can feel overwhelmed by unexpected situations, unfortunate losses and unendurable psychological pains. Seeking help means that you are ready to work and bring your life into a healthier balance. Through our work together, I can help you navigate through troubling patterns that may have formed as a result of responding to these difficult life occurrences.
(619) 485-6984 View (619) 485-6984
Photo of Ana Ruth Y Castillo, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Diego, CA
Ana Ruth Y Castillo
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92110
Ana Ruth Yela Castillo is a dedicated Marital and Family Therapist with clinical training as an Art Therapist. Her mission includes empowering families and individuals in overcoming and transmuting intergenerational trauma while remembering their resilience and their magic. Rooted in her passion for justice and her nuanced understanding of the pervasive impacts of colonialism, racialized economies, and systems of oppression, Ana Ruth shows up in support of BIPOC communities and Allies, and those who are in service to uplifting communities.
Ana Ruth Yela Castillo is a dedicated Marital and Family Therapist with clinical training as an Art Therapist. Her mission includes empowering families and individuals in overcoming and transmuting intergenerational trauma while remembering their resilience and their magic. Rooted in her passion for justice and her nuanced understanding of the pervasive impacts of colonialism, racialized economies, and systems of oppression, Ana Ruth shows up in support of BIPOC communities and Allies, and those who are in service to uplifting communities.
(619) 493-3142 View (619) 493-3142
Photo of Alexander Gilburd, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Alexander Gilburd
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92131  (Online Only)
I believe in people’s innate ability to persevere and evolve through their struggles. Everyone has an innate potential to achieve their goals if given the proper nourishment and environment. As a therapist, I strive to provide that environment. I help patients find their path towards their own peace of mind. I foster a trusting and caring relationship with my patients, focusing on the unique and fascinating experiences that every individual brings to the table.
I believe in people’s innate ability to persevere and evolve through their struggles. Everyone has an innate potential to achieve their goals if given the proper nourishment and environment. As a therapist, I strive to provide that environment. I help patients find their path towards their own peace of mind. I foster a trusting and caring relationship with my patients, focusing on the unique and fascinating experiences that every individual brings to the table.
(858) 935-4859 View (858) 935-4859
Photo of Sarah Beiruty, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Diego, CA
Sarah Beiruty
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
Have you been feeling lost, helpless, and alone facing your challenges? Are you yearning to re-kindle the flames of love and intimacy in your relationship? Do you feel like you have tried everything you possibly can to change your situation to no avail? If any of this resonates with you, please know you’re not alone in your pain. I’m here to support you! I'm a bicultural therapist who is passionate about helping others in their process of change and growth. Therapy can be a transformative journey, not just a destination. It’s a place of discovery that helps you renew your connection with yourself and loved ones.
Have you been feeling lost, helpless, and alone facing your challenges? Are you yearning to re-kindle the flames of love and intimacy in your relationship? Do you feel like you have tried everything you possibly can to change your situation to no avail? If any of this resonates with you, please know you’re not alone in your pain. I’m here to support you! I'm a bicultural therapist who is passionate about helping others in their process of change and growth. Therapy can be a transformative journey, not just a destination. It’s a place of discovery that helps you renew your connection with yourself and loved ones.
(858) 422-1585 View (858) 422-1585
Photo of Bernard And Priscilla Chen, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Bernard And Priscilla Chen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
Our clinical specialties: ⯌Premarital & couples therapy ⯌Attachment focused dating & parenting ⯌Codependency & emotional maturity ⯌Personal processing for healthcare workers (therapists, doctors, nurses, etc.) ⯌Grief & loss, life stage transitions ⯌Trauma & EMDR therapy ⯌Eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, & binge eating ⯌Adult children of alcoholics/addicts / / Our focus is on how difficult issues like mental illness and relationship conflict are influenced by your family of origin and early attachment experiences with your parents. Sessions with us are focused on learning the lessons that you should have gotten from your family.
Our clinical specialties: ⯌Premarital & couples therapy ⯌Attachment focused dating & parenting ⯌Codependency & emotional maturity ⯌Personal processing for healthcare workers (therapists, doctors, nurses, etc.) ⯌Grief & loss, life stage transitions ⯌Trauma & EMDR therapy ⯌Eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, & binge eating ⯌Adult children of alcoholics/addicts / / Our focus is on how difficult issues like mental illness and relationship conflict are influenced by your family of origin and early attachment experiences with your parents. Sessions with us are focused on learning the lessons that you should have gotten from your family.
(858) 358-5679 View (858) 358-5679

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Diego, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in San Diego, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
71% Self Esteem
66% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
74% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Diego, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Diego?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.