Photo of Eric D LaPaugh, Counselor in 49686, MI
Eric D LaPaugh
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Traverse City, MI 49686
I like to offer my clients an opportunity to choose from an office visit to a walk and talk at a nearby trail or park. Through my research I have found that clients with difficulties like depression and anxiety respond best to treatment in the great outdoors.
I like to offer my clients an opportunity to choose from an office visit to a walk and talk at a nearby trail or park. Through my research I have found that clients with difficulties like depression and anxiety respond best to treatment in the great outdoors.
(231) 994-6543 View (231) 994-6543
Photo of Elizabeth Kickert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 49686, MI
Elizabeth Kickert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
Hi, I am Elizabeth Kickert and I am a Licensed Clinical Social worker with over 15 years of experience working with children, teens, and adults. Before starting my own private practice, Willow Tree Counseling, I worked as a school social worker in the elementary, middle and high school settings. As a result of my time spent working with youth in the schools, I have a lot of experience in helping individuals over come issues with depression, anxiety, at-risk behaviors and suicidal ideation, anger management, school and home related behavior problems, self-worth, social skills and relationship problems.
Hi, I am Elizabeth Kickert and I am a Licensed Clinical Social worker with over 15 years of experience working with children, teens, and adults. Before starting my own private practice, Willow Tree Counseling, I worked as a school social worker in the elementary, middle and high school settings. As a result of my time spent working with youth in the schools, I have a lot of experience in helping individuals over come issues with depression, anxiety, at-risk behaviors and suicidal ideation, anger management, school and home related behavior problems, self-worth, social skills and relationship problems.
(231) 760-8819 View (231) 760-8819
Photo of Kim Clark, Licensed Professional Counselor in 49686, MI
Kim Clark
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NBCC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
My expertise is working with people who struggle with relationship issues, communication, intimacy, faith, pre-marital preparation, career planning, self esteem, anxiety, depression,Theophostic, grief and loss.
I love the work that I do in helping people learn how to find a fresh perspective on where they are, where they want to go, and how to get there. My gift is in my ability to easily connect with people and I create an environment where we work together to get results. In addition to face-to-face counseling, I am also a certified Life Coach and Tele-Counselor which means that we can work by phone/web, if needed. I have been practicing for over 20 years working with adults, couples, families and adolescents. I opened up Grace Counseling Professionals in an effort to bring counselors together to make a difference in our community.
My expertise is working with people who struggle with relationship issues, communication, intimacy, faith, pre-marital preparation, career planning, self esteem, anxiety, depression,Theophostic, grief and loss.
I love the work that I do in helping people learn how to find a fresh perspective on where they are, where they want to go, and how to get there. My gift is in my ability to easily connect with people and I create an environment where we work together to get results. In addition to face-to-face counseling, I am also a certified Life Coach and Tele-Counselor which means that we can work by phone/web, if needed. I have been practicing for over 20 years working with adults, couples, families and adolescents. I opened up Grace Counseling Professionals in an effort to bring counselors together to make a difference in our community.
(231) 399-1517 View (231) 399-1517
Photo of Sharon Werner, Licensed Professional Counselor in 49686, MI
Sharon Werner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686  (Online Only)
I have experience working with adults of all ages seeking help with depression, anxiety, compulsive or emotional eating, self-esteem issues, grief, anger management, substance use, trauma, life transitions, and assertiveness skills.
My passion is helping people discover the goodness, strength, and wisdom that is already within them, helping them to grow those strengths so that they can ultimately “be their own therapist.” I have a special interest and focus on compulsive eating, emotional eating, and binge eating using evidence-based mindfulness approaches, such as DBT and Compassion-Focused Therapy. I seek to offer a warm, empathetic, non-judgmental space where we can collaboratively explore your needs and goals. We will walk this journey together!
I have experience working with adults of all ages seeking help with depression, anxiety, compulsive or emotional eating, self-esteem issues, grief, anger management, substance use, trauma, life transitions, and assertiveness skills.
My passion is helping people discover the goodness, strength, and wisdom that is already within them, helping them to grow those strengths so that they can ultimately “be their own therapist.” I have a special interest and focus on compulsive eating, emotional eating, and binge eating using evidence-based mindfulness approaches, such as DBT and Compassion-Focused Therapy. I seek to offer a warm, empathetic, non-judgmental space where we can collaboratively explore your needs and goals. We will walk this journey together!
(248) 780-8178 View (248) 780-8178
Photo of Charity Manke, Limited Licensed Psychologist in 49686, MI
Charity Manke
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Not Verified Not Verified
3 Endorsed
Traverse City, MI 49686
As a clinical psychologist, my mission is simple: to help you to identify your goals and provide warm, empowering support while you work toward them. My focus is helping teens and adults navigate anxiety, depression and life changes such as divorce, work/school struggles, illness, and loss. Women's issues- the challenges of motherhood and the pressure to "do it all", especially- are of particular interest to me.
As a clinical psychologist, my mission is simple: to help you to identify your goals and provide warm, empowering support while you work toward them. My focus is helping teens and adults navigate anxiety, depression and life changes such as divorce, work/school struggles, illness, and loss. Women's issues- the challenges of motherhood and the pressure to "do it all", especially- are of particular interest to me.
(231) 333-5322 View (231) 333-5322
Photo of Becca Sage Redmond, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 49686, MI
Becca Sage Redmond
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traverse City, MI 49686
Waitlist for new clients
Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, self-confidence, body image, interpersonal relationships, or trauma, I will honor your experiences and meet you where you are with compassion and empathy.
As a passionate and positive therapist, I will strive to meet you wherever you may be in your life journey. Using your unique story as our guide, we will work together to identify triggers, foster healthy coping skills, develop self-compassion, and heal trauma. I believe that safety and connection are essential for individuals to grow and heal, and I will strive to cultivate that type of environment for you and your loved ones.
Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, self-confidence, body image, interpersonal relationships, or trauma, I will honor your experiences and meet you where you are with compassion and empathy.
As a passionate and positive therapist, I will strive to meet you wherever you may be in your life journey. Using your unique story as our guide, we will work together to identify triggers, foster healthy coping skills, develop self-compassion, and heal trauma. I believe that safety and connection are essential for individuals to grow and heal, and I will strive to cultivate that type of environment for you and your loved ones.
(231) 599-5987 View (231) 599-5987
Photo of Lindsay Dalman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 49686, MI
Lindsay Dalman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traverse City, MI 49686
I work with those who may be experiencing anxiety or depression, processing difficult relationships, perinatal health, childhood trauma and attachment issues.
You want to feel better, increase self confidence and gain more coping skills. Life gets overwhelming, and you are tired of feeling stuck or living in survival mode. You desire support to help process emotions, parenting, family relationships or life changes. Talking with someone who will validate your experiences is important to you. Having a safe space to explore your emotions and strengthen coping skills matters, you want to prioritize yourself in this space. It’s time to feel confident again and challenge those thoughts keeping you stuck to help move you forward into the life that you want. The life that you deserve!
I work with those who may be experiencing anxiety or depression, processing difficult relationships, perinatal health, childhood trauma and attachment issues.
You want to feel better, increase self confidence and gain more coping skills. Life gets overwhelming, and you are tired of feeling stuck or living in survival mode. You desire support to help process emotions, parenting, family relationships or life changes. Talking with someone who will validate your experiences is important to you. Having a safe space to explore your emotions and strengthen coping skills matters, you want to prioritize yourself in this space. It’s time to feel confident again and challenge those thoughts keeping you stuck to help move you forward into the life that you want. The life that you deserve!
(616) 739-6401 View (616) 739-6401
Photo of Mental Wellness Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 49686, MI
Mental Wellness Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
From depression to happiness.
Mental Wellness Counseling is a Northern Michigan Counseling Practice. Our counselors use their passion, experience and specialties to help clients heal from traumatic experiences, address symptoms related to anxiety and depression, help strengthen relationships and help guide you through the journey of finding the best version of yourself. When you call we try to make the best fit for you based on your needs and goals. We offer face to face and virtual sessions to best meet your needs. We now have 3 locations! Two in Traverse City and a new office in Manistee!
From depression to happiness.
Mental Wellness Counseling is a Northern Michigan Counseling Practice. Our counselors use their passion, experience and specialties to help clients heal from traumatic experiences, address symptoms related to anxiety and depression, help strengthen relationships and help guide you through the journey of finding the best version of yourself. When you call we try to make the best fit for you based on your needs and goals. We offer face to face and virtual sessions to best meet your needs. We now have 3 locations! Two in Traverse City and a new office in Manistee!
(231) 714-0282 View (231) 714-0282
Photo of Paul E Kaschel, Limited Licensed Psychologist in 49686, MI
Paul E Kaschel
Limited Licensed Psychologist, DPhil, BCPCC, EAGALA
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
If your marriage has too much conflict, too little togetherness, or it just feels like you've gone in different directions, I can help you get back on the track you want to be on. Some times the patterns that are developed in marriage need a little jolt in order to shift onto a better path. Working on these issues with practical tools in the context of your life in Christ gives you resources that are unavailable simply working on these things yourselves. If you are an individual struggling with anxiety or depression or relational problems, I can also help you with a plan and tools to handle life more effectively.
If your marriage has too much conflict, too little togetherness, or it just feels like you've gone in different directions, I can help you get back on the track you want to be on. Some times the patterns that are developed in marriage need a little jolt in order to shift onto a better path. Working on these issues with practical tools in the context of your life in Christ gives you resources that are unavailable simply working on these things yourselves. If you are an individual struggling with anxiety or depression or relational problems, I can also help you with a plan and tools to handle life more effectively.
(231) 225-4390 View (231) 225-4390
Photo of Kayla Wojda, Psychologist in 49686, MI
Kayla Wojda
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
As a licensed clinical psychologist, I provide individual therapy for teens and adults experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, relationship issues, stress, and other life challenges. In addition, I conduct ADHD assessments for both teens and adults. I utilize integrative techniques such as cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness. With compassion and empathy, my hope at Good Harbor Therapy is to provide the support and information needed to bring balance to your life. I provide a warm, safe space for you to process what’s weighing on your mind.
As a licensed clinical psychologist, I provide individual therapy for teens and adults experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, relationship issues, stress, and other life challenges. In addition, I conduct ADHD assessments for both teens and adults. I utilize integrative techniques such as cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness. With compassion and empathy, my hope at Good Harbor Therapy is to provide the support and information needed to bring balance to your life. I provide a warm, safe space for you to process what’s weighing on your mind.
(231) 715-5750 View (231) 715-5750
Photo of Jeffrey D Goodwin, Licensed Professional Counselor in 49686, MI
Jeffrey D Goodwin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MDiv, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
I love helping adolescents and their families! Sounds strange I know, but it's true. I provide a listening ear and create a non-judgmental space for youth ages 11-24 to talk about life, love, friendship, and the challenges associated with transitioning into adulthood. I also work with struggling adults, couples and stressed families, and help individuals deal with things like depression and anxiety. Life puts lots of pressure on individuals, marriages, parents, and families, and I'd love to help you find ways to cope with the pressure and go from surviving to thriving!
I love helping adolescents and their families! Sounds strange I know, but it's true. I provide a listening ear and create a non-judgmental space for youth ages 11-24 to talk about life, love, friendship, and the challenges associated with transitioning into adulthood. I also work with struggling adults, couples and stressed families, and help individuals deal with things like depression and anxiety. Life puts lots of pressure on individuals, marriages, parents, and families, and I'd love to help you find ways to cope with the pressure and go from surviving to thriving!
(231) 622-4339 View (231) 622-4339
Photo of Christine Clute, Counselor in 49686, MI
Christine Clute
Counselor, MA, LLP, LPC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686  (Online Only)
Grief and loss, survivors of suicide, anxiety and depression are areas of expertise.
The power to have the quality life and relationships that you desire is in your hands. It just takes courage to take the first step. If you feel lost in a maze that keeps ending up where you started, maybe you need a good guide who can help you arrive at a more satisfying destination. I can help you navigate through the challenges in life so that you end up with more positive results. ( PLEASE NOTE: I only work with individuals 20yrs+ old.)
Grief and loss, survivors of suicide, anxiety and depression are areas of expertise.
The power to have the quality life and relationships that you desire is in your hands. It just takes courage to take the first step. If you feel lost in a maze that keeps ending up where you started, maybe you need a good guide who can help you arrive at a more satisfying destination. I can help you navigate through the challenges in life so that you end up with more positive results. ( PLEASE NOTE: I only work with individuals 20yrs+ old.)
(231) 225-4172 View (231) 225-4172
Photo of Linda Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 49686, MI
Linda Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traverse City, MI 49686
I enjoy counseling children, adolescents & adults in addressing their cognitive, behavioral & emotional challenges. I support my clients through individualized therapeutic approaches to help them understand & express their emotions in developmentally appropriate & healthy ways. I provide therapy for children, adolescents & their families experiencing challenges such as divorce, adoption, anxiety, depression, bullying, self-esteem, medical procedures, domestic violence, abuse & neglect, grief & loss, self-harm, trauma and PTSD. I also offer counseling for military families and understand the unique stress they face. I utilize a strengths-based approach to counsel children, teens & adults to help them gain confidence in their abilities to face challenges head on.
I enjoy counseling children, adolescents & adults in addressing their cognitive, behavioral & emotional challenges. I support my clients through individualized therapeutic approaches to help them understand & express their emotions in developmentally appropriate & healthy ways. I provide therapy for children, adolescents & their families experiencing challenges such as divorce, adoption, anxiety, depression, bullying, self-esteem, medical procedures, domestic violence, abuse & neglect, grief & loss, self-harm, trauma and PTSD. I also offer counseling for military families and understand the unique stress they face. I utilize a strengths-based approach to counsel children, teens & adults to help them gain confidence in their abilities to face challenges head on.
(231) 790-2549 View (231) 790-2549
Photo of Stephanie Diane Berger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 49686, MI
Stephanie Diane Berger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CCTP II
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
Emotion dysregulation can lead to issues including self-harm, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, and interpersonal conflict.
I enjoy working with all age groups across the lifespan on a variety of issues and life challenges, but my specialty is working with adolescents, young adults, and adult woman. Much of my career has been spent working with at-risk youth, as well as leading skills training groups for adolescents and adults. As a working, professional, mother of four, I also truly identify with and enjoy helping women create a sense of balance between work and family.
Emotion dysregulation can lead to issues including self-harm, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, and interpersonal conflict.
I enjoy working with all age groups across the lifespan on a variety of issues and life challenges, but my specialty is working with adolescents, young adults, and adult woman. Much of my career has been spent working with at-risk youth, as well as leading skills training groups for adolescents and adults. As a working, professional, mother of four, I also truly identify with and enjoy helping women create a sense of balance between work and family.
(231) 714-6212 View (231) 714-6212
Photo of Lauren Hybza, Licensed Professional Counselor in 49686, MI
Lauren Hybza
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
Lauren believes that therapy is a tool to inspire self-growth. She specializes in helping individuals/couples cope with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships issues, self harm, stress management and life transitions. Lauren has experience working in residential settings with youth who suffered trauma and adjudicated youth, home-based therapy, and private practice. She is also a registered yoga teacher (RYT 200) and offers mindfulness/movement components to the healing space through trauma informed yoga intervention, as well as DBT. She graduated from TCSPP in 2017 and is eager to help you thrive.
Lauren believes that therapy is a tool to inspire self-growth. She specializes in helping individuals/couples cope with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships issues, self harm, stress management and life transitions. Lauren has experience working in residential settings with youth who suffered trauma and adjudicated youth, home-based therapy, and private practice. She is also a registered yoga teacher (RYT 200) and offers mindfulness/movement components to the healing space through trauma informed yoga intervention, as well as DBT. She graduated from TCSPP in 2017 and is eager to help you thrive.
(231) 599-5978 View (231) 599-5978
Photo of Troy Elenbaas, Inner Room Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in 49686, MI
Troy Elenbaas, Inner Room Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
If you are ready to work through your baggage, in an overwhelming relationship, or are a teenager navigating the difficult school age years, I invite you to take a journey towards wellness with me. We will walk together, processing intellectual, emotional, and spiritual aspects of your life, and will have an overarching goal of finding your truest and healthiest self. In the space we share together, we can cover your past, present, and look a little bit forward. I enjoy working from a Christian perspective and including spirituality as part of the path towards health and wholeness. Sliding Scale pricing is available per need.
If you are ready to work through your baggage, in an overwhelming relationship, or are a teenager navigating the difficult school age years, I invite you to take a journey towards wellness with me. We will walk together, processing intellectual, emotional, and spiritual aspects of your life, and will have an overarching goal of finding your truest and healthiest self. In the space we share together, we can cover your past, present, and look a little bit forward. I enjoy working from a Christian perspective and including spirituality as part of the path towards health and wholeness. Sliding Scale pricing is available per need.
(231) 879-5090 View (231) 879-5090
Photo of David A Prince, Counselor in 49686, MI
David A Prince
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
If you're looking for guidance through a challenging situation, you have a concern that has been on your mind and you would like to speak with a counselor or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I can help you through this process.
If you're looking for guidance through a challenging situation, you have a concern that has been on your mind and you would like to speak with a counselor or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I can help you through this process.
(231) 714-6505 View (231) 714-6505
Photo of Heidi Fraser, Licensed Professional Counselor in 49686, MI
Heidi Fraser
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CAADC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
Your pain does not define you. But, it sure does taint our view of ourselves. It's hard to see the best version of us. I would love to help you see how wonderful you are! I offer appointment times after work hours or on the weekends. You will find me to be a fun therapist who thrives on incorporating all aspects of emotion into her sessions. We may cry, but we will laugh too! We will take about fear, but we will take about courage too! I truly believe that the most change occurs when you feel like you can connect with your therapist! Give me a call and I'll get you in for an appointment as soon as I can!
Your pain does not define you. But, it sure does taint our view of ourselves. It's hard to see the best version of us. I would love to help you see how wonderful you are! I offer appointment times after work hours or on the weekends. You will find me to be a fun therapist who thrives on incorporating all aspects of emotion into her sessions. We may cry, but we will laugh too! We will take about fear, but we will take about courage too! I truly believe that the most change occurs when you feel like you can connect with your therapist! Give me a call and I'll get you in for an appointment as soon as I can!
(989) 301-4199 View (989) 301-4199
Photo of Ana Cunningham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 49686, MI
Ana Cunningham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49686
In the heart of life's challenges, some experiences cut deeper, leaving lasting imprints that shape our perceptions, behaviors, and emotional landscape. If you find yourself navigating the aftermath of developmental trauma, PTSD, dissociative patterns, mood disorders, or seeking effective coping strategies, you've taken a courageous step by seeking support. My practice is dedicated to individuals like you, who are ready to engage in a transformative journey towards healing and self-discovery.
In the heart of life's challenges, some experiences cut deeper, leaving lasting imprints that shape our perceptions, behaviors, and emotional landscape. If you find yourself navigating the aftermath of developmental trauma, PTSD, dissociative patterns, mood disorders, or seeking effective coping strategies, you've taken a courageous step by seeking support. My practice is dedicated to individuals like you, who are ready to engage in a transformative journey towards healing and self-discovery.
(231) 399-8864 View (231) 399-8864
Photo of Jessica Warpup, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 49686, MI
Jessica Warpup
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Traverse City, MI 49686
My name is Jessica, and I'm hoping you will let me help you work through “every day” challenges to improve your relationships and daily functioning. I will work to provide an environment in which together you and I can work through your past and present struggles, coping mechanisms, and experiences in order to better understand your needs and ultimately yourself. This will help you to improve communication of your needs and thus your relationship(s) with others. I offer a secure place to be your authentic self where you can explore your history, self- and family values, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
My name is Jessica, and I'm hoping you will let me help you work through “every day” challenges to improve your relationships and daily functioning. I will work to provide an environment in which together you and I can work through your past and present struggles, coping mechanisms, and experiences in order to better understand your needs and ultimately yourself. This will help you to improve communication of your needs and thus your relationship(s) with others. I offer a secure place to be your authentic self where you can explore your history, self- and family values, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
(231) 216-0291 View (231) 216-0291

See more therapy options for 49686

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.