Depression Therapists in 20814

Photo of Robyn B Miller, Psychologist in 20814, MD
Robyn B Miller
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
Welcome to my practice. I am a Harvard-trained clinical psychologist and I work with adolescents and adults in a warm, collaborative, and relational style. I am a generalist, with special interests in the treatment of depression, eating disorders, body image issues, as well as self-harming behavior and trauma. My practice focuses on helping individuals work through transitions in life, such as teen and young adult struggles, relationship issues, and parenting issues. I have launched a Menopause Info & Discussion Group to empower women with education and support during this life stage.
Welcome to my practice. I am a Harvard-trained clinical psychologist and I work with adolescents and adults in a warm, collaborative, and relational style. I am a generalist, with special interests in the treatment of depression, eating disorders, body image issues, as well as self-harming behavior and trauma. My practice focuses on helping individuals work through transitions in life, such as teen and young adult struggles, relationship issues, and parenting issues. I have launched a Menopause Info & Discussion Group to empower women with education and support during this life stage.
(301) 656-5111 View (301) 656-5111
Photo of Lisa T Schlesinger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Lisa T Schlesinger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, psychoa, lcswc, MSW
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
I have years of experience helping people who have experienced:pain, depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties,transitions,difficulty with change, addictions, self-esteem fluctuations, loneliness, loss, divorce, and people who have trouble being close to people.
Most people would change what is making them unhappy, if they could. I feel my job is to help you become aware of the parts of yourself that are negatively impacting you.I help you look at the patterns that are making you feel stuck. We work together to understand what prevents you from attaining a better relationship with yourself and your loved ones. I believe that all humans desire to understand and to be understood. I create an environment where you can just simply be yourself.
I have years of experience helping people who have experienced:pain, depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties,transitions,difficulty with change, addictions, self-esteem fluctuations, loneliness, loss, divorce, and people who have trouble being close to people.
Most people would change what is making them unhappy, if they could. I feel my job is to help you become aware of the parts of yourself that are negatively impacting you.I help you look at the patterns that are making you feel stuck. We work together to understand what prevents you from attaining a better relationship with yourself and your loved ones. I believe that all humans desire to understand and to be understood. I create an environment where you can just simply be yourself.
(301) 852-6885 View (301) 852-6885
Photo of Bethesda Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Bethesda Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
Sometimes life can feel very difficult. It can be hard to handle big emotions on your own. Bethesda Therapy would like to help! We are a group practice serving clients in MD, DC, and VA. We specialize in OCD, anxiety disorders, depression, trauma/PTSD, ADHD, grief/loss and couples therapy. We serve clients age 12+. Everyone’s path to mental wellness is different. That’s why we offer treatment designed to meet your unique needs. Our skilled clinicians are ready to guide and support you through your healing process. We are committed to helping you discover your route to a life that’s happier, healthier, and deeply fulfilling.
Sometimes life can feel very difficult. It can be hard to handle big emotions on your own. Bethesda Therapy would like to help! We are a group practice serving clients in MD, DC, and VA. We specialize in OCD, anxiety disorders, depression, trauma/PTSD, ADHD, grief/loss and couples therapy. We serve clients age 12+. Everyone’s path to mental wellness is different. That’s why we offer treatment designed to meet your unique needs. Our skilled clinicians are ready to guide and support you through your healing process. We are committed to helping you discover your route to a life that’s happier, healthier, and deeply fulfilling.
(240) 332-0701 View (240) 332-0701
Photo of Daniel Turetsky, Psychologist in 20814, MD
Daniel Turetsky
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have presented workshops at local and national conferences on depression, substance abuse, attention and learning disorders, and group psychotherapy.
I have been helping individuals and couples work through difficult issues in order to have a more fulfilling life for over fifteen years. Having been trained to work with people across the lifespan has enabled me to integrate an understanding of the origins, development and resolution of behavior and relationship patterns which are presently holding the client back from important accomplishments or feelings of well-being in their lives, even though these patterns may very well have historically originated out of a functional need.
I have presented workshops at local and national conferences on depression, substance abuse, attention and learning disorders, and group psychotherapy.
I have been helping individuals and couples work through difficult issues in order to have a more fulfilling life for over fifteen years. Having been trained to work with people across the lifespan has enabled me to integrate an understanding of the origins, development and resolution of behavior and relationship patterns which are presently holding the client back from important accomplishments or feelings of well-being in their lives, even though these patterns may very well have historically originated out of a functional need.
(301) 852-6236 View (301) 852-6236
Photo of Jamie Funk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Jamie Funk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
I'm a dedicated therapist committed to empowering individuals to overcome mental health challenges and achieve their goals. My clients come from diverse backgrounds and face a range of issues, from anxiety and depression to stress management and relationship difficulties.
I'm a dedicated therapist committed to empowering individuals to overcome mental health challenges and achieve their goals. My clients come from diverse backgrounds and face a range of issues, from anxiety and depression to stress management and relationship difficulties.
(240) 905-4154 View (240) 905-4154
Photo of Tamitha Davis-Rama, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Tamitha Davis-Rama
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
I have a masters in Social Work and over 30 years of professional clinical experience working with individuals facing anxiety, depression and other life challenges.
Do you feel pulled in a million and one different directions? Are you struggling to keep up with your relationships, at work or with your health? Is it hard to be kind to yourself? If yes is the answerto any of those questions, I am excited to connect with you. I help women manage anxiety and avoid feeling defeated. I use a whole person approach, addressing the needs of your mind, body, spirit and community. I integrate talking and mindfulness to help you develop a stronger relationship with self. You are met with compassion and evidence-based techniques so you can face your challenges and the habits that are holding you back.
I have a masters in Social Work and over 30 years of professional clinical experience working with individuals facing anxiety, depression and other life challenges.
Do you feel pulled in a million and one different directions? Are you struggling to keep up with your relationships, at work or with your health? Is it hard to be kind to yourself? If yes is the answerto any of those questions, I am excited to connect with you. I help women manage anxiety and avoid feeling defeated. I use a whole person approach, addressing the needs of your mind, body, spirit and community. I integrate talking and mindfulness to help you develop a stronger relationship with self. You are met with compassion and evidence-based techniques so you can face your challenges and the habits that are holding you back.
(240) 905-4179 View (240) 905-4179
Photo of Holistic Healing Counseling Center, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in 20814, MD
Holistic Healing Counseling Center, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, LCSW-C, LGPC, LMSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
We specializes in helping clients with adjustments, anxiety, ADHD, bipolar, depression, grief, health concerns, perinatal mental health, women issues, and trauma.
Holistic Healing Counseling Center (HHCC) is a virtual practice in MD. At HHCC, we believe a person's well-being is interconnected and focus on physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health. Our holistic approach aims to improve all aspects of your life by addressing the root causes of your concerns and using natural methods whenever possible. Our telehealth model allows our practitioners to deliver care remotely for your convenience.
We specializes in helping clients with adjustments, anxiety, ADHD, bipolar, depression, grief, health concerns, perinatal mental health, women issues, and trauma.
Holistic Healing Counseling Center (HHCC) is a virtual practice in MD. At HHCC, we believe a person's well-being is interconnected and focus on physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health. Our holistic approach aims to improve all aspects of your life by addressing the root causes of your concerns and using natural methods whenever possible. Our telehealth model allows our practitioners to deliver care remotely for your convenience.
(240) 852-2781 View (240) 852-2781
Photo of Brooke Bralove Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Brooke Bralove Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
Through psychotherapy, every person has the capacity to grow and change and live the life they’ve always imagined. I can help you recognize and alter patterns in your life, develop new skills to enhance your relationships with family, friends, and partners, and move toward greater joy and personal fulfillment. I specialize in treating individuals and couples with anxiety & depression, low self-esteem, postpartum depression, parenting issues, sexual & physical abuse, domestic violence, trauma, and work-related stress. I also specialize in working with women who struggle to show up authentically in their lives.
Through psychotherapy, every person has the capacity to grow and change and live the life they’ve always imagined. I can help you recognize and alter patterns in your life, develop new skills to enhance your relationships with family, friends, and partners, and move toward greater joy and personal fulfillment. I specialize in treating individuals and couples with anxiety & depression, low self-esteem, postpartum depression, parenting issues, sexual & physical abuse, domestic violence, trauma, and work-related stress. I also specialize in working with women who struggle to show up authentically in their lives.
(301) 478-8752 View (301) 478-8752
Photo of Marie A. Murphy MS, MSW, BCPsa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Marie A. Murphy MS, MSW, BCPsa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, MSW, BCPsa, FIPA
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
I specialize in helping people suffering from depression, anxiety (mood disorders), early trauma, family or personal transitions, relationship concerns (including marital and/or family issues), psychosomatic issues, losses, and grief issues that are inevitable throughout our lives. I focus on understanding the underlying fears and blockages that interfere with more satisfaction and enjoyment in life--put another way, in thinking about our psychological lives and our states of mind, the past is prologue. I deeply value the uniqueness of each patient's experience and the importance of active and supportive collaboration in promoting growth and change.
I specialize in helping people suffering from depression, anxiety (mood disorders), early trauma, family or personal transitions, relationship concerns (including marital and/or family issues), psychosomatic issues, losses, and grief issues that are inevitable throughout our lives. I focus on understanding the underlying fears and blockages that interfere with more satisfaction and enjoyment in life--put another way, in thinking about our psychological lives and our states of mind, the past is prologue. I deeply value the uniqueness of each patient's experience and the importance of active and supportive collaboration in promoting growth and change.
(240) 447-7785 View (240) 447-7785
Photo of Marjorie Kreppel, Counselor in 20814, MD
Marjorie Kreppel
Counselor, LCPC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
My passion is to improve the lives of my clients, offering them new insight, enabling them to see things from different perspectives, and empowering them to make new choices. I work with each client as a whole individual, utilizing an active and collaborative approach. I tailor evidenced-based strategies to best meet the need of each client that I serve. My client base includes individuals, couples, groups, and families. I provide treatment and counseling for anxiety, depression, grief, emotional regulation issues, self-esteem, relationship concerns, and parenting.
My passion is to improve the lives of my clients, offering them new insight, enabling them to see things from different perspectives, and empowering them to make new choices. I work with each client as a whole individual, utilizing an active and collaborative approach. I tailor evidenced-based strategies to best meet the need of each client that I serve. My client base includes individuals, couples, groups, and families. I provide treatment and counseling for anxiety, depression, grief, emotional regulation issues, self-esteem, relationship concerns, and parenting.
(301) 637-3170 View (301) 637-3170
Photo of Alexandra Swe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Alexandra Swe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
Waitlist for new clients
As a clinical social worker, it is my passion to help people navigate through life's toughest moments while focusing on their strengths and successes. My years of experience working with individuals who struggle with depression, anxiety, dissociative disorders, mood disorders, complex trauma and every day stressors allow me to address a wide range of challenges.
As a clinical social worker, it is my passion to help people navigate through life's toughest moments while focusing on their strengths and successes. My years of experience working with individuals who struggle with depression, anxiety, dissociative disorders, mood disorders, complex trauma and every day stressors allow me to address a wide range of challenges.
(301) 710-9953 View (301) 710-9953
Photo of Colby Whittington, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Colby Whittington
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
If you or your teen are experiencing conflict in your relationships, challenges at work/school, anxiety/depression, or a life transition, I would be honored to provide you with skills and a space for working through past or present pain.
I am a friendly, down- to earth therapist who works with adolescents (14+) and adults. I offer an affirmative, person centered approach. In session, I use a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and mindfulness techniques, among others, to help you cultivate the changes you hope to see in yourself. Clients from all walks of life have found that I am compassionate, empathetic, and easy to talk to.
If you or your teen are experiencing conflict in your relationships, challenges at work/school, anxiety/depression, or a life transition, I would be honored to provide you with skills and a space for working through past or present pain.
I am a friendly, down- to earth therapist who works with adolescents (14+) and adults. I offer an affirmative, person centered approach. In session, I use a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and mindfulness techniques, among others, to help you cultivate the changes you hope to see in yourself. Clients from all walks of life have found that I am compassionate, empathetic, and easy to talk to.
(301) 321-7682 View (301) 321-7682
Photo of Amy B Livingood, Psychologist in 20814, MD
Amy B Livingood
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
I work with adults and older adolescents who are dealing with anxiety and depression that interferes with their ability to maximize their progress at work and school and limits satisfying family and personal relationships. In addition, I find that life transitions can trigger emotional crises, but they also offer the opportunity for people to develop better strategies that can improve old patterns that have been unsuccessful in resolving problems in the past. Other areas of focus have included working on parenting strategies, marital relationships, grief and loss, and the impact of chronic illness on one's emotional life.
I work with adults and older adolescents who are dealing with anxiety and depression that interferes with their ability to maximize their progress at work and school and limits satisfying family and personal relationships. In addition, I find that life transitions can trigger emotional crises, but they also offer the opportunity for people to develop better strategies that can improve old patterns that have been unsuccessful in resolving problems in the past. Other areas of focus have included working on parenting strategies, marital relationships, grief and loss, and the impact of chronic illness on one's emotional life.
(301) 852-6194 View (301) 852-6194
Photo of Alicia Mays, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Alicia Mays
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW -C
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
I have worked as a therapist with children, teens and adults who are facing a variety of challenges, including depression, anxiety, bipolar I/II, psychosis, ODD, ADHD, CDD, Dsymorphic Mood Disorder and Seasonal Affective Disorder.
I am a LCSW-C mental health clinician, with a background in both inpatient and outpatient therapeutic settings.
I have worked as a therapist with children, teens and adults who are facing a variety of challenges, including depression, anxiety, bipolar I/II, psychosis, ODD, ADHD, CDD, Dsymorphic Mood Disorder and Seasonal Affective Disorder.
I am a LCSW-C mental health clinician, with a background in both inpatient and outpatient therapeutic settings.
(240) 869-6278 View (240) 869-6278
Photo of Caitlin Magidson, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in 20814, MD
Caitlin Magidson
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LCPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
Reaching out takes courage. If you feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to get through life right now, you don't have to do it alone. People in their 20's & 30's come to see me when they are feeling lost, anxious, or depressed related to life transitions and choices.
Reaching out takes courage. If you feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to get through life right now, you don't have to do it alone. People in their 20's & 30's come to see me when they are feeling lost, anxious, or depressed related to life transitions and choices.
(301) 841-8201 View (301) 841-8201
Photo of Miranda K Morris, Psychologist in 20814, MD
Miranda K Morris
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
Are you leading the life you want? So many people aren't. Dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and stress become fixtures in our daily lives. If yours is not the life you want, therapy can be a powerful means by which to let go of suffering, to find fulfillment and joy in you life. In my work, I help people develop the skills they need to let go of pain, to pursue their goals, to strengthen relationships, and to live fully. My clients range from people who are having acutely painful problems to people who simply feel stuck or unhappy.
Are you leading the life you want? So many people aren't. Dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and stress become fixtures in our daily lives. If yours is not the life you want, therapy can be a powerful means by which to let go of suffering, to find fulfillment and joy in you life. In my work, I help people develop the skills they need to let go of pain, to pursue their goals, to strengthen relationships, and to live fully. My clients range from people who are having acutely painful problems to people who simply feel stuck or unhappy.
(240) 696-4173 View (240) 696-4173
Photo of Afa Alizada, Counselor in 20814, MD
Afa Alizada
Counselor, LGPC, NCC, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
, EMDR and IFS) to help address the root cause of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues.
You’re introspective and self-aware. You may recognize self-sabotaging patterns and self-limiting beliefs that keep repeating in your professional life or intimate relationships. You may have even read self-help books or tried therapy before, and still struggle with low self-esteem, shame, anxiety, sadness, anger, or self-destructive behaviors. A part of you wonders if what happened to you has damaged you beyond “repair.” And yet, there’s a part inside that’s yearning for deep healing and knows it’s possible to feel radiantly alive, fulfilled, deeply connected, confident, and calm.
, EMDR and IFS) to help address the root cause of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues.
You’re introspective and self-aware. You may recognize self-sabotaging patterns and self-limiting beliefs that keep repeating in your professional life or intimate relationships. You may have even read self-help books or tried therapy before, and still struggle with low self-esteem, shame, anxiety, sadness, anger, or self-destructive behaviors. A part of you wonders if what happened to you has damaged you beyond “repair.” And yet, there’s a part inside that’s yearning for deep healing and knows it’s possible to feel radiantly alive, fulfilled, deeply connected, confident, and calm.
(301) 396-7448 View (301) 396-7448
Photo of Anna Georges, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Anna Georges
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
I have experience counseling children, adolescents and adults dealing with anxiety, depression, other mood disorders, ADHD, PTSD and other trauma.
When human beings experience trauma or constant stress it is normal for them to feel like their lives are beginning to unravel. Reaching out for support is the first step to healing. I am a therapist who believes that we all possess innate strengths that can lead us to the life we envision. My goal as your therapist is to help build the toolkit that will enable you to get unstuck, conquer the overwhelm, find your voice and move forward toward your vision for a more vibrant future.
I have experience counseling children, adolescents and adults dealing with anxiety, depression, other mood disorders, ADHD, PTSD and other trauma.
When human beings experience trauma or constant stress it is normal for them to feel like their lives are beginning to unravel. Reaching out for support is the first step to healing. I am a therapist who believes that we all possess innate strengths that can lead us to the life we envision. My goal as your therapist is to help build the toolkit that will enable you to get unstuck, conquer the overwhelm, find your voice and move forward toward your vision for a more vibrant future.
(410) 593-3648 x700 View (410) 593-3648 x700
Photo of Kathleen M McNulty, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 20814, MD
Kathleen M McNulty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
Do you worry that you are not a good enough parent, partner or friend? Do you have trouble getting to sleep when you are overloaded with thoughts about mistakes you've made? Do you wake up most mornings feeling depressed or anxious? Are your moods swinging- you have a short fuse- or are you shutting down? If yes, you could be suffering from depression & anxiety. The cause could be chemical-due to a family history or it could be situational-due to a loss or traumatic event. Traumatic events include becoming a caregiver to a family member with mental illness.
Do you worry that you are not a good enough parent, partner or friend? Do you have trouble getting to sleep when you are overloaded with thoughts about mistakes you've made? Do you wake up most mornings feeling depressed or anxious? Are your moods swinging- you have a short fuse- or are you shutting down? If yes, you could be suffering from depression & anxiety. The cause could be chemical-due to a family history or it could be situational-due to a loss or traumatic event. Traumatic events include becoming a caregiver to a family member with mental illness.
(301) 825-8805 View (301) 825-8805
Photo of Devon C King, Psychologist in 20814, MD
Devon C King
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
I have tremendous respect for people who make the difficult decision to enter in to psychotherapy. I work collaboratively with older children, adolescents, and adults, in individual, couples, and family therapy. My goal is to explore collaboratively the troubles that have led them to seek treatment at this time. I try to provide a safe, non-judgemental environment, where one can develop insight to better understand and ultimately change behavioral and relational patterns that get in the way of happiness and fulfillment. I have extensive experience working with depression, anxiety, and trauma, as well as relationship difficulties and life transitions.
I have tremendous respect for people who make the difficult decision to enter in to psychotherapy. I work collaboratively with older children, adolescents, and adults, in individual, couples, and family therapy. My goal is to explore collaboratively the troubles that have led them to seek treatment at this time. I try to provide a safe, non-judgemental environment, where one can develop insight to better understand and ultimately change behavioral and relational patterns that get in the way of happiness and fulfillment. I have extensive experience working with depression, anxiety, and trauma, as well as relationship difficulties and life transitions.
(240) 262-4455 View (240) 262-4455
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.