Photo of Adriana Gambino, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Adriana Gambino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, DipACLM
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
I help people alleviate uncomfortable feelings, gain insight, and increase coping skills to overcome stress, anxiety, depression and life transitions (such as relocation, career transitions). Part of being human means that you will struggle at some point with unproductive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, or unexpectedly have to manage something life throws your way. Clients I work with are motivated to develop advanced life skills to increase their happiness, self-confidence and emotional health and well-being and are seeking tools to assist them in the process.
I help people alleviate uncomfortable feelings, gain insight, and increase coping skills to overcome stress, anxiety, depression and life transitions (such as relocation, career transitions). Part of being human means that you will struggle at some point with unproductive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, or unexpectedly have to manage something life throws your way. Clients I work with are motivated to develop advanced life skills to increase their happiness, self-confidence and emotional health and well-being and are seeking tools to assist them in the process.
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Photo of Libby Flavin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Libby Flavin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
I am a licensed independent clinical social worker (LICSW) who graduated from Boston College School of Social Work. I specialize in the areas include eating disorders, anxiety, depression, perfectionism, body image distress, and peer/family conflict. I have a background in higher levels of care as well as outpatient settings. I enjoy working with individuals of all ages. I value connection and aim to provide a nonjudgmental space that meets each clients individual needs. I hope to assist you in navigating life’s various challenges through the development of effective coping skills and problem-solving techniques.
I am a licensed independent clinical social worker (LICSW) who graduated from Boston College School of Social Work. I specialize in the areas include eating disorders, anxiety, depression, perfectionism, body image distress, and peer/family conflict. I have a background in higher levels of care as well as outpatient settings. I enjoy working with individuals of all ages. I value connection and aim to provide a nonjudgmental space that meets each clients individual needs. I hope to assist you in navigating life’s various challenges through the development of effective coping skills and problem-solving techniques.
(857) 420-6292 View (857) 420-6292
Photo of Willeen Capehart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Willeen Capehart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
Willeen Capehart brings over 11 years of unwavering dedication to the mental health landscape. In addition to being a Certified Trauma Specialist, Willeen also specializes in providing compassionate support to adults and adolescents navigating depression, grief, anxiety, and PTSD. Willeen also specializes in working with athletes to improve mental capacity and sports performance. Willeen is trained to utilize various therapeutic frameworks including, Level 1 Gottman Method for couples therapy, Emotional Focused Therapy for couples and individuals, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and more. ​
Willeen Capehart brings over 11 years of unwavering dedication to the mental health landscape. In addition to being a Certified Trauma Specialist, Willeen also specializes in providing compassionate support to adults and adolescents navigating depression, grief, anxiety, and PTSD. Willeen also specializes in working with athletes to improve mental capacity and sports performance. Willeen is trained to utilize various therapeutic frameworks including, Level 1 Gottman Method for couples therapy, Emotional Focused Therapy for couples and individuals, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and more. ​
(508) 501-7064 View (508) 501-7064
Photo of Colleen Feeney, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Colleen Feeney, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
I believe that you are the expert in your experience. I will learn from you and empower you to be the leader while creating a safe space to facilitate your process to overall health and well-being. We will work together to stir up the stories you are telling yourself and create a narrative that supports how you want to feel. I have a range of experience working with individuals across the lifespan who have been impacted by challenges including, but not limited to: depression, anxiety, adjustment/life transitions, trauma, family conflict, LGBTQ, and stress management.
I believe that you are the expert in your experience. I will learn from you and empower you to be the leader while creating a safe space to facilitate your process to overall health and well-being. We will work together to stir up the stories you are telling yourself and create a narrative that supports how you want to feel. I have a range of experience working with individuals across the lifespan who have been impacted by challenges including, but not limited to: depression, anxiety, adjustment/life transitions, trauma, family conflict, LGBTQ, and stress management.
(857) 290-1075 View (857) 290-1075
Photo of Dr. Joann Toporowski, Psychologist in 02116, MA
Dr. Joann Toporowski
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
Accepting NEW patients w/ PPO plans NOW! Looking from the outside, things look good. You're successful, driven, and high-achieving. But, you're tired of dealing with anxiety and depression. You're feeling burned out, or it's hard to do your job and make important decisions under the stress you constantly feel. You feel overwhelmed, exhausted, and stuck. You want to stop repeating the same patterns that aren't working anymore. But, you don't know what to change, how to change it, how to stop it, or don't have the time to add more to your to-do list. And on top of all that, you're surrounded by people, but still feel alone or lonely.
Accepting NEW patients w/ PPO plans NOW! Looking from the outside, things look good. You're successful, driven, and high-achieving. But, you're tired of dealing with anxiety and depression. You're feeling burned out, or it's hard to do your job and make important decisions under the stress you constantly feel. You feel overwhelmed, exhausted, and stuck. You want to stop repeating the same patterns that aren't working anymore. But, you don't know what to change, how to change it, how to stop it, or don't have the time to add more to your to-do list. And on top of all that, you're surrounded by people, but still feel alone or lonely.
(805) 259-3427 View (805) 259-3427
Photo of Patty Underwood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Patty Underwood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
I utilize evidence-based treatment models for the treatment of anxiety, depression, phobias and specific fears, trauma processing, grief, and relationship problems.
The pandemic, political division, racial injustice, and unstable world can lead us to feel off balance, stuck, or afraid. Sometimes we can cope with this on our own, and other times friends and/or family support us. Sometimes that just isn't enough; and we need an objective, nonjudgemental person who has training in counseling to help. I have many years of experience in individual and group therapy. My approach is active, genuine, and strengths-based. It is important to note that I do not take insurance at this time.
I utilize evidence-based treatment models for the treatment of anxiety, depression, phobias and specific fears, trauma processing, grief, and relationship problems.
The pandemic, political division, racial injustice, and unstable world can lead us to feel off balance, stuck, or afraid. Sometimes we can cope with this on our own, and other times friends and/or family support us. Sometimes that just isn't enough; and we need an objective, nonjudgemental person who has training in counseling to help. I have many years of experience in individual and group therapy. My approach is active, genuine, and strengths-based. It is important to note that I do not take insurance at this time.
(508) 978-2164 View (508) 978-2164
Photo of Emily Russo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Emily Russo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
I specialize in working with adult individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, adjustment/transition issues and postpartum related disorders.
"You can’t go back and change the beginning, but you can start where you are and change the ending.” – C.S. Lewis. Therapy provides an opportunity to focus on oneself to work through difficult, sometimes uncomfortable, periods in life. Therapy also encourages self-reflection as a means of improving various aspects of life, such as self-confidence and personal relationships. I utilize a motivational, individual-centered therapeutic approach to help my clients discover their own resiliency and internal strength. By working together in a safe, supportive environment, we are able to achieve positive change and strengthen coping skills.
I specialize in working with adult individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, adjustment/transition issues and postpartum related disorders.
"You can’t go back and change the beginning, but you can start where you are and change the ending.” – C.S. Lewis. Therapy provides an opportunity to focus on oneself to work through difficult, sometimes uncomfortable, periods in life. Therapy also encourages self-reflection as a means of improving various aspects of life, such as self-confidence and personal relationships. I utilize a motivational, individual-centered therapeutic approach to help my clients discover their own resiliency and internal strength. By working together in a safe, supportive environment, we are able to achieve positive change and strengthen coping skills.
(857) 477-7693 View (857) 477-7693
Photo of Jennifer Yerks, Counselor in 02116, MA
Jennifer Yerks
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
My specialty areas include depression, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, life transition issues, grief, trauma and mood disorders.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Registered Dance/Movement Therapist and I use an integrative approach to therapy that is person centered and collaborative to address your specific needs. I believe it is important to build a safe space for clients to open up and identify the changes they want to see in their life, overcome obstacles, and become the best version of themselves. I use interventions such as the expressive therapies, mindfulness, compassion focused, motivational interviewing, solution oriented, dialectical behavioral therapy techniques and CBT to support clients in their journey.
My specialty areas include depression, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, life transition issues, grief, trauma and mood disorders.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Registered Dance/Movement Therapist and I use an integrative approach to therapy that is person centered and collaborative to address your specific needs. I believe it is important to build a safe space for clients to open up and identify the changes they want to see in their life, overcome obstacles, and become the best version of themselves. I use interventions such as the expressive therapies, mindfulness, compassion focused, motivational interviewing, solution oriented, dialectical behavioral therapy techniques and CBT to support clients in their journey.
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Photo of Dillon Lutes, Counselor in 02116, MA
Dillon Lutes
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, LGBTQIA+ concerns, and PTSD.
No matter your concerns, therapy provides professional third-party perspectives and improves general health. I offer a modern, flexible practice with meetings via telehealth on an as needed basis (weekly, biweekly, or monthly.)
I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, LGBTQIA+ concerns, and PTSD.
No matter your concerns, therapy provides professional third-party perspectives and improves general health. I offer a modern, flexible practice with meetings via telehealth on an as needed basis (weekly, biweekly, or monthly.)
(617) 841-3827 View (617) 841-3827
Photo of Christina Dolce, Psychologist in 02116, MA
Christina Dolce
Psychologist, PsyD, LEP
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
I have diverse experience working with children and young adults in both clinical and educational settings, with expertise in treating anxiety, depression, and behavioral issues.
I am a clinical psychologist with a private practice in the South End for children, teens, and young adults. I specialize in providing personalized care to individuals who are experiencing emotional, behavioral, and/or interpersonal challenges. I offer a collaborative, compassionate approach, utilizing evidence-based treatments, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and parent training.
I have diverse experience working with children and young adults in both clinical and educational settings, with expertise in treating anxiety, depression, and behavioral issues.
I am a clinical psychologist with a private practice in the South End for children, teens, and young adults. I specialize in providing personalized care to individuals who are experiencing emotional, behavioral, and/or interpersonal challenges. I offer a collaborative, compassionate approach, utilizing evidence-based treatments, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and parent training.
(631) 766-0331 View (631) 766-0331
Photo of Robert Saxner, Pre-Licensed Professional in 02116, MA
Robert Saxner
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
I work with adults, adolescents, families, and couples who seek help for relationship issues, parenting challenges, depression, anxiety, trauma, and / or various other challenges in life.
At times, we might consider therapy when we want something in life but can't seem to get it; we feel stuck. Often, we tend to feel stuck when our coping strategies are no longer working. In therapy, we can gain insights into our coping strategies, such as how they developed, the important purpose they've served since childhood, and why we continue to use them even when they are no longer working. These insights can help us to eventually develop new coping strategies. I use an empathetic, encouraging, egalitarian, and holistic approach, along with humor, to connect with, understand, and support clients.
I work with adults, adolescents, families, and couples who seek help for relationship issues, parenting challenges, depression, anxiety, trauma, and / or various other challenges in life.
At times, we might consider therapy when we want something in life but can't seem to get it; we feel stuck. Often, we tend to feel stuck when our coping strategies are no longer working. In therapy, we can gain insights into our coping strategies, such as how they developed, the important purpose they've served since childhood, and why we continue to use them even when they are no longer working. These insights can help us to eventually develop new coping strategies. I use an empathetic, encouraging, egalitarian, and holistic approach, along with humor, to connect with, understand, and support clients.
(339) 220-4277 View (339) 220-4277
Photo of Laura Stevens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Laura Stevens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, phobias, OCD, substance use as well as increasing self-love and self-actualization, enhancing emotional well-being, building resistance to stress.
I am accepting clients for the Mind-body CBT Group. I am no longer accepting individual clients. - I strive to provide a warm, supportive, non-judgmental atmosphere where clients are free to explore their difficulties as well as reconnect with and harness their strengths. I aim to create a space where growth, healing, and transformation can occur. I do this by using a client-centered approach, listening kindly, and offering constructive feedback to help clients challenge self-defeating beliefs and behaviors.
I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, phobias, OCD, substance use as well as increasing self-love and self-actualization, enhancing emotional well-being, building resistance to stress.
I am accepting clients for the Mind-body CBT Group. I am no longer accepting individual clients. - I strive to provide a warm, supportive, non-judgmental atmosphere where clients are free to explore their difficulties as well as reconnect with and harness their strengths. I aim to create a space where growth, healing, and transformation can occur. I do this by using a client-centered approach, listening kindly, and offering constructive feedback to help clients challenge self-defeating beliefs and behaviors.
(339) 217-8036 View (339) 217-8036
Photo of Aprill Aronie, Counselor in 02116, MA
Aprill Aronie
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
I am a licensed mental health counselor specializing in treating adults coping with anxiety, depression, stress, medical issues, mood disorders, and difficulties adjusting to life changes or high-pressure careers. I integrate various techniques and perspectives from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based therapies, relaxation training, motivational interviewing, and supportive therapy to create a tailored treatment for each individual. For more information, please visit my website at bostonhealthpsych.com.
I am a licensed mental health counselor specializing in treating adults coping with anxiety, depression, stress, medical issues, mood disorders, and difficulties adjusting to life changes or high-pressure careers. I integrate various techniques and perspectives from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based therapies, relaxation training, motivational interviewing, and supportive therapy to create a tailored treatment for each individual. For more information, please visit my website at bostonhealthpsych.com.
(857) 214-7924 View (857) 214-7924
Photo of Porter Charles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Porter Charles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
I work with individuals and/or families who struggle to find hope, balance or freedom from fear in its many forms. I enjoy creating a strong connection with my clients and cater my sessions towards their needs and ways of learning. Tambien hablo espanol y mis clientes ideales son aqellos quien son frustrado con la vida, o chico/as quien tiene desafios como depression, trastornos de comer y anxiedad. Aqui, yo te escucho! I also love working with people who have developmental disabilities and Autism.
I work with individuals and/or families who struggle to find hope, balance or freedom from fear in its many forms. I enjoy creating a strong connection with my clients and cater my sessions towards their needs and ways of learning. Tambien hablo espanol y mis clientes ideales son aqellos quien son frustrado con la vida, o chico/as quien tiene desafios como depression, trastornos de comer y anxiedad. Aqui, yo te escucho! I also love working with people who have developmental disabilities and Autism.
(508) 687-6323 View (508) 687-6323
Photo of Laura Greve, Psychologist in 02116, MA
Laura Greve
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
I am a clinical health psychologist specializing in treating adults with anxiety, depression, chronic illness, stress, medical issues, mood disorders, and difficulties adjusting to life changes. I specialize in high achieving students and professionals or those in high-pressure careers. I integrate various techniques and perspectives from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based therapies, relaxation training, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and supportive therapy to create a tailored treatment for each individual. For more information please visit my website at bostonhealthpsych.com.
I am a clinical health psychologist specializing in treating adults with anxiety, depression, chronic illness, stress, medical issues, mood disorders, and difficulties adjusting to life changes. I specialize in high achieving students and professionals or those in high-pressure careers. I integrate various techniques and perspectives from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based therapies, relaxation training, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and supportive therapy to create a tailored treatment for each individual. For more information please visit my website at bostonhealthpsych.com.
(617) 674-1106 View (617) 674-1106
Photo of Smarthine Vilfranche, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Smarthine Vilfranche
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
Hello there! My name is Smarthine and I am a Haitian American female, passionate about providing mental health care to marginalized communities. My previous experience includes working with individuals across the life span including children, adolescents, and adults in both educational and outpatient settings. My interests include working with clients from diverse backgrounds, who are facing challenges with depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, low self-esteem, identity development, family conflict, and parenting issues.
Hello there! My name is Smarthine and I am a Haitian American female, passionate about providing mental health care to marginalized communities. My previous experience includes working with individuals across the life span including children, adolescents, and adults in both educational and outpatient settings. My interests include working with clients from diverse backgrounds, who are facing challenges with depression, anxiety, stress, trauma, low self-esteem, identity development, family conflict, and parenting issues.
(508) 978-3913 View (508) 978-3913
Photo of Andrea Herber/ The Inside Compass, Psychologist in 02116, MA
Andrea Herber/ The Inside Compass
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
As a South African immigrant I love working with other's who question identity and meaning in life. My main goal is to empower you, finding your strengths, reducing negative thought cycles (anxiety, depression) and teaching you to untie your emotional knots and to live authentically with meaning. You will leave having better relationships with yourself, and others. Believe it or not we will do a lot of laughing while we work. Experience: creativity, work/life balance, sexuality, anxiety, leadership, couples therapy,premarital/dating, stress reduction. I have trained in diverse settings (including fellowship at Boston University's Danielsen Institute).
As a South African immigrant I love working with other's who question identity and meaning in life. My main goal is to empower you, finding your strengths, reducing negative thought cycles (anxiety, depression) and teaching you to untie your emotional knots and to live authentically with meaning. You will leave having better relationships with yourself, and others. Believe it or not we will do a lot of laughing while we work. Experience: creativity, work/life balance, sexuality, anxiety, leadership, couples therapy,premarital/dating, stress reduction. I have trained in diverse settings (including fellowship at Boston University's Danielsen Institute).
(617) 948-2610 View (617) 948-2610
Photo of Steve Rothenberg, Psychologist in 02116, MA
Steve Rothenberg
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
I am committed to helping individuals to find the best within themselves and to share that with those most important to them. Whether you are struggling with anxiety or depression, relationship difficulties (including "dating stress"), or life stresses, I always try to find what will be the most effective way to help you achieve your goals and live a happier, authentic, life.
I am committed to helping individuals to find the best within themselves and to share that with those most important to them. Whether you are struggling with anxiety or depression, relationship difficulties (including "dating stress"), or life stresses, I always try to find what will be the most effective way to help you achieve your goals and live a happier, authentic, life.
(617) 925-7092 View (617) 925-7092
Photo of Jack Harari, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 02116, MA
Jack Harari
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
I am a licensed independent clinical social worker with over 10 years of combined experience as a psychotherapist and career counselor. I have worked with clients with depression, anxiety, adjusting to college life and career challenges. I also have experience counseling clients with medical illnesses including Long Covid. My therapy style has been described as warm and engaging; I believe in creating a safe space with respect, compassion and open dialogue necessary to building trust.
I am a licensed independent clinical social worker with over 10 years of combined experience as a psychotherapist and career counselor. I have worked with clients with depression, anxiety, adjusting to college life and career challenges. I also have experience counseling clients with medical illnesses including Long Covid. My therapy style has been described as warm and engaging; I believe in creating a safe space with respect, compassion and open dialogue necessary to building trust.
(857) 675-3482 View (857) 675-3482
Photo of Susan Scheufele, Licensed Psychoanalyst in 02116, MA
Susan Scheufele
Licensed Psychoanalyst, EdM, LPC, LP
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
Waitlist for new clients
I am a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst with over 25 years experience in private practice. Individuals come to see me about anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, eating disorders, gender identity, parenting, and life transitions. I will help you understand the causes of your stress and anxieties as we explore your thoughts, feelings and past and present day experiences. Together we will develop strategies for healing and pathways to personal change so that you may move forward and grow.
I am a psychotherapist and psychoanalyst with over 25 years experience in private practice. Individuals come to see me about anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, eating disorders, gender identity, parenting, and life transitions. I will help you understand the causes of your stress and anxieties as we explore your thoughts, feelings and past and present day experiences. Together we will develop strategies for healing and pathways to personal change so that you may move forward and grow.
(781) 243-5133 View (781) 243-5133
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.