Therapists in Encino, CA

Photo of Alexandra Mirsakova: Hope Therapy Group, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Encino, CA
Alexandra Mirsakova: Hope Therapy Group
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436
Hello, I'm Alex (she/her) and I am an AMFT. I specialize in creating an all-accepting space for clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, and emotional disconnect by taking an eclectic, collaborative and open approach. I enjoy working with teens, adult individuals and support groups. I work mainly with trauma, depression and anxiety. Some of my favorite approaches include empowering and collaborating with my clients to help them fulfill their therapy goals.
Hello, I'm Alex (she/her) and I am an AMFT. I specialize in creating an all-accepting space for clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, and emotional disconnect by taking an eclectic, collaborative and open approach. I enjoy working with teens, adult individuals and support groups. I work mainly with trauma, depression and anxiety. Some of my favorite approaches include empowering and collaborating with my clients to help them fulfill their therapy goals.
(747) 298-7839 View (747) 298-7839
Photo of Tracy Sway Hofstatter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Encino, CA
Tracy Sway Hofstatter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Encino, CA 91436  (Online Only)
If the demands of work, family and the stresses of modern life have left you feeling overwhelmed, and stuck, you may be struggling to find your inner compass. Maybe you are a creative adult trying to find your sense of self in a demanding world. Maybe you are a parent, and growing your family has shifted your sense of balance. You may be feeling disconnected from your authentic self. You may be experiencing anxiety, overwhelm, lack of joy. You want to feel balanced and aligned with your most vibrant self, but that feels out of reach. I'll help you access your strength and creativity to live a life attuned with your values and goals.
If the demands of work, family and the stresses of modern life have left you feeling overwhelmed, and stuck, you may be struggling to find your inner compass. Maybe you are a creative adult trying to find your sense of self in a demanding world. Maybe you are a parent, and growing your family has shifted your sense of balance. You may be feeling disconnected from your authentic self. You may be experiencing anxiety, overwhelm, lack of joy. You want to feel balanced and aligned with your most vibrant self, but that feels out of reach. I'll help you access your strength and creativity to live a life attuned with your values and goals.
(818) 495-8897 View (818) 495-8897
Photo of Pardis Ghandhari, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Encino, CA
Pardis Ghandhari
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91316
I choose to be a therapist because I believe if we help each other grow, we will make a better world for all. For me, building a unique relationship with my client is the most important thing that helps them open up about their issue that bothers them. People who are willing to go for therapy, take their first step toward their healing. However, they have to pay attention to that mental or emotional issue rooted deeply in someone’s life and it might take months to find a real issue which mostly had happened in their childhood. So, it takes time and they need to be patient.
I choose to be a therapist because I believe if we help each other grow, we will make a better world for all. For me, building a unique relationship with my client is the most important thing that helps them open up about their issue that bothers them. People who are willing to go for therapy, take their first step toward their healing. However, they have to pay attention to that mental or emotional issue rooted deeply in someone’s life and it might take months to find a real issue which mostly had happened in their childhood. So, it takes time and they need to be patient.
(818) 873-3340 View (818) 873-3340
Photo of Natalie Tijerina, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Encino, CA
Natalie Tijerina
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436
Natalie is an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist (AMFT) and specializes in treating adolescents, adults, and couples. She utilizes her training in psychological trauma to treat trauma/trauma-related disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, relationship issues and difficult phases of life.
Natalie is an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist (AMFT) and specializes in treating adolescents, adults, and couples. She utilizes her training in psychological trauma to treat trauma/trauma-related disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, relationship issues and difficult phases of life.
(818) 538-4764 View (818) 538-4764
Photo of Paul Thomas Brogan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Encino, CA
Paul Thomas Brogan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Encino, CA 91436
A personal crisis is a critical moment in a person's life, and seeking help can be very difficult, especially for men! As your "guide on the side," I have particular interest in serving people coping with depression, anxiety, stress, anger management, grief, relationship problems, and substance abuse.
A personal crisis is a critical moment in a person's life, and seeking help can be very difficult, especially for men! As your "guide on the side," I have particular interest in serving people coping with depression, anxiety, stress, anger management, grief, relationship problems, and substance abuse.
(818) 918-3679 View (818) 918-3679
Photo of Stephan S. Zusman, Psychologist in Encino, CA
Stephan S. Zusman
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436
Do you feel like life is "too much?" Do you worry, feel anxious, ruminate or sometimes feel paralyzed, frozen or numb? Do you feel panicked, or find yourself drifting off from the task at hand? Do you find it hard to stay present? Or, do you have issues with self esteem? Do you feel insecure, inadequate, doubt yourself, feel "not good enough" or like you don't "measure up?" Or, is your relationship in a "rut", less than fulfilling, or in a "total mess?" For over 30 years, I have been helping people to discover themselves and to grow.
Do you feel like life is "too much?" Do you worry, feel anxious, ruminate or sometimes feel paralyzed, frozen or numb? Do you feel panicked, or find yourself drifting off from the task at hand? Do you find it hard to stay present? Or, do you have issues with self esteem? Do you feel insecure, inadequate, doubt yourself, feel "not good enough" or like you don't "measure up?" Or, is your relationship in a "rut", less than fulfilling, or in a "total mess?" For over 30 years, I have been helping people to discover themselves and to grow.
(213) 290-1980 View (213) 290-1980
Photo of Dr. John F. Robison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Encino, CA
Dr. John F. Robison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Encino, CA 91416  (Online Only)
I provide a safe, supportive relationship where you can explore issues and grow without judgment. I draw from several psychotherapeutic approaches and use what clients are comfortable with yet challenged by such as: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, Attachment theory, Psychodynamic therapy, group psychotherapy, existential/spiritual exploration, mindfulness meditation and addiction relapse prevention and recovery. I only see clients by video. I find it just as effective as face-to-face and you have the comfort of home and no traffic.
I provide a safe, supportive relationship where you can explore issues and grow without judgment. I draw from several psychotherapeutic approaches and use what clients are comfortable with yet challenged by such as: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, Attachment theory, Psychodynamic therapy, group psychotherapy, existential/spiritual exploration, mindfulness meditation and addiction relapse prevention and recovery. I only see clients by video. I find it just as effective as face-to-face and you have the comfort of home and no traffic.
(949) 313-2652 View (949) 313-2652
Photo of Sondra Goldstein, Psychologist in Encino, CA
Sondra Goldstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Relationship issues with spouses, partners, family members, friends, and co-workers are often upsetting, creating painful feelings which affect all aspects of our lives. For many years I have worked with individuals and couples to understand, accept and resolve relationship difficulties. Often my work involves dealing with anxiety, panic, and depression when relationship conflict and fascstress become intense. Emotionally Focused Therapy helps create secure attachment relationships which are important to everyone. My goal as a psychologist is helping individuals and couples work toward building this sense of security in their lives
Relationship issues with spouses, partners, family members, friends, and co-workers are often upsetting, creating painful feelings which affect all aspects of our lives. For many years I have worked with individuals and couples to understand, accept and resolve relationship difficulties. Often my work involves dealing with anxiety, panic, and depression when relationship conflict and fascstress become intense. Emotionally Focused Therapy helps create secure attachment relationships which are important to everyone. My goal as a psychologist is helping individuals and couples work toward building this sense of security in their lives
(818) 570-7594 View (818) 570-7594
Photo of Benjamin Aguilar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Encino, CA
Benjamin Aguilar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, OCarm, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91316
I am a California licensed clinical social worker/therapist based in Encino, CA. My goal is to help my clients evaluate and change unhelpful thoughts that trigger and create patterns of maladaptive behavior and emotions. I work hard to instill a sense of hope in my clients by helping them identify and use their strengths. I also work collaboratively with my clients to set their own therapeutic goals.
I am a California licensed clinical social worker/therapist based in Encino, CA. My goal is to help my clients evaluate and change unhelpful thoughts that trigger and create patterns of maladaptive behavior and emotions. I work hard to instill a sense of hope in my clients by helping them identify and use their strengths. I also work collaboratively with my clients to set their own therapeutic goals.
(818) 794-6955 View (818) 794-6955
Photo of Rachel A. Bernstein, Marriage & Family Therapist in Encino, CA
Rachel A. Bernstein
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MSEd
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436
I am honored when people come in to meet with me. I also respect the fact that this process can be difficult for some. I am happy to work at the pace with which you are most comfortable. The majority of my clients fit into 4 categories: 1.Adults trying to develop greater confidence. 2.Couples in conflict, needing to find a better way to connect and communicate. 3.Families experiencing tension, or going through a difficult change. 4.Children who need emotional support, and greater coping skills, and parents who are needing tools to help their children.
I am honored when people come in to meet with me. I also respect the fact that this process can be difficult for some. I am happy to work at the pace with which you are most comfortable. The majority of my clients fit into 4 categories: 1.Adults trying to develop greater confidence. 2.Couples in conflict, needing to find a better way to connect and communicate. 3.Families experiencing tension, or going through a difficult change. 4.Children who need emotional support, and greater coping skills, and parents who are needing tools to help their children.
(818) 835-5147 View (818) 835-5147
Photo of Garie Elizabeth Connell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Encino, CA
Garie Elizabeth Connell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Encino, CA 91436
Are you in the midst of a quarter-life crisis? Do you often feel on edge and you don't measure up to where you want to be? Has your pattern of coping started to affect your relationships? Do you feel left out? I'm Garie, a licensed and compassionate psychotherapist dedicated to helping young adults navigate life's challenges and find inner peace. I specialize in providing a safe and supportive space where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and goals. Taking the first step towards therapy can be daunting, but it's a brave and empowering decision.
Are you in the midst of a quarter-life crisis? Do you often feel on edge and you don't measure up to where you want to be? Has your pattern of coping started to affect your relationships? Do you feel left out? I'm Garie, a licensed and compassionate psychotherapist dedicated to helping young adults navigate life's challenges and find inner peace. I specialize in providing a safe and supportive space where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and goals. Taking the first step towards therapy can be daunting, but it's a brave and empowering decision.
(818) 791-0409 View (818) 791-0409
Photo of Jeanette Butler, Psychologist in Encino, CA
Jeanette Butler
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436
It is better to email. I have worked with men and women, from young adults to the elderly, and individuals who have come from all walks of life. My background has been psychodynamic, where one's early upbringing, culture, and environment are explored along with the persons present day struggles and concerns. I also have experience with cognitive behavioral treatment as well as mindfulness and relational therapy. Because everyone is unique, I like to provide the kind of treatment that will be most beneficial for those I meet. I take most PPO insurance as well as fee for service.
It is better to email. I have worked with men and women, from young adults to the elderly, and individuals who have come from all walks of life. My background has been psychodynamic, where one's early upbringing, culture, and environment are explored along with the persons present day struggles and concerns. I also have experience with cognitive behavioral treatment as well as mindfulness and relational therapy. Because everyone is unique, I like to provide the kind of treatment that will be most beneficial for those I meet. I take most PPO insurance as well as fee for service.
(626) 513-2967 View (626) 513-2967
Photo of Bruce M Gale, Psychologist in Encino, CA
Bruce M Gale
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436
I mostly work with students, parents, and schools in the areas of social learning (social skills) and psychoeducational/FBA assessments. I have provided Independent Educational Evaluations (IEE) to more than 65 school districts and expert witness testimony. My services to schools include teaching our LUNCH Groups treatment model via live training, webinars, and self-paced learning. Over 2,000 families have participated in our LUNCH Groups Social Learning Programs, serving ages 6 through 18, since 2002. We have school-year, intensive summer, and ongoing programs. I also run programs for parents.
I mostly work with students, parents, and schools in the areas of social learning (social skills) and psychoeducational/FBA assessments. I have provided Independent Educational Evaluations (IEE) to more than 65 school districts and expert witness testimony. My services to schools include teaching our LUNCH Groups treatment model via live training, webinars, and self-paced learning. Over 2,000 families have participated in our LUNCH Groups Social Learning Programs, serving ages 6 through 18, since 2002. We have school-year, intensive summer, and ongoing programs. I also run programs for parents.
(747) 229-0583 View (747) 229-0583
Photo of Sophia Fonseca, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in Encino, CA
Sophia Fonseca
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Encino, CA 91436  (Online Only)
Suseth Fonseca is an Associate Professional Clinical Counselor (APCC) who is fluent in both English and Spanish. She obtained her bachelor's degree from Humboldt State University and her master's degree from Grand Canyon University (GCU). Suseth's approach to counseling is person-centered, and she works with individuals from diverse backgrounds, including children and adults from BIPOC communities.
Suseth Fonseca is an Associate Professional Clinical Counselor (APCC) who is fluent in both English and Spanish. She obtained her bachelor's degree from Humboldt State University and her master's degree from Grand Canyon University (GCU). Suseth's approach to counseling is person-centered, and she works with individuals from diverse backgrounds, including children and adults from BIPOC communities.
(747) 298-8610 View (747) 298-8610
Photo of Claudia Grosz, Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist in Encino, CA
Claudia Grosz, Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist
CHT
Not Verified Not Verified
Encino, CA 91436
I help clients become their personal best. Some issues may be about anxiety and fears, self defeating behaviors, negative habits, relationship problems, stress related to infertility, test anxiety, business/career success, smoking, preparing for surgery,and other health related issues. I combine hypnosis, Emotional Freedom Technique, guided imagery, stress management and other approaches to help my clients obtain lasting changes. My belief is that we have "negative conditioning" or negative mind-set about our world and ourselves, which in turn leads to negative behavior.
I help clients become their personal best. Some issues may be about anxiety and fears, self defeating behaviors, negative habits, relationship problems, stress related to infertility, test anxiety, business/career success, smoking, preparing for surgery,and other health related issues. I combine hypnosis, Emotional Freedom Technique, guided imagery, stress management and other approaches to help my clients obtain lasting changes. My belief is that we have "negative conditioning" or negative mind-set about our world and ourselves, which in turn leads to negative behavior.
(818) 330-4158 View (818) 330-4158
Photo of Neighborhood Counseling Center, Marriage & Family Therapist in Encino, CA
Neighborhood Counseling Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFTA
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91316  (Online Only)
Therapy costs too much. Neighborhood Counseling Center was founded to meet the need of those who can't afford the high cost of private therapy yet need experienced, skilled help. We offer individual, couple, family and group therapy in warm surroundings with fees set using a sliding scale. We can usually schedule your first appointment, with your ongoing counselor, within days.
Therapy costs too much. Neighborhood Counseling Center was founded to meet the need of those who can't afford the high cost of private therapy yet need experienced, skilled help. We offer individual, couple, family and group therapy in warm surroundings with fees set using a sliding scale. We can usually schedule your first appointment, with your ongoing counselor, within days.
(818) 788-2738 View (818) 788-2738
Photo of Lisa Markinson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Encino, CA
Lisa Markinson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91316  (Online Only)
I am passionate about providing a safe and warm environment where my clients are free to explore and grow. I strongly believe that the collaborative nature of therapy can help one to see things anew and bring about the change you desire. With an integrative approach and my background in family systems and cognitive behavioral therapy, we will work together to uncover what stands in the way of your growth and develop the tools and insights that will move you towards a life filled with more self-acceptance, joy, and fulfillment. 

I am passionate about providing a safe and warm environment where my clients are free to explore and grow. I strongly believe that the collaborative nature of therapy can help one to see things anew and bring about the change you desire. With an integrative approach and my background in family systems and cognitive behavioral therapy, we will work together to uncover what stands in the way of your growth and develop the tools and insights that will move you towards a life filled with more self-acceptance, joy, and fulfillment. 

(818) 600-2725 View (818) 600-2725
Photo of Brian Wohlmuth, Marriage & Family Therapist in Encino, CA
Brian Wohlmuth
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436
As a Marriage and Family Therapist in both a special education setting, and privately owned practice, I have accumulated over 25 years of understanding. Whether the therapeutic intervention involves an adult, child, adolescent, family, or couple, I believe that every participant should be afforded an opportunity to experience a secure and trusting alliance. This means that each client is unconditionally accepted with the belief that he or she has the capacity to achieve those goals which will contribute to an elevated sense of well being.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist in both a special education setting, and privately owned practice, I have accumulated over 25 years of understanding. Whether the therapeutic intervention involves an adult, child, adolescent, family, or couple, I believe that every participant should be afforded an opportunity to experience a secure and trusting alliance. This means that each client is unconditionally accepted with the belief that he or she has the capacity to achieve those goals which will contribute to an elevated sense of well being.
(818) 924-2427 View (818) 924-2427
Photo of Valerie Sadon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Encino, CA
Valerie Sadon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Encino, CA 91436
I specialize in the evidence-based treatment of Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Trauma, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).  I am trained in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Exposure & Response Prevention (ERP), Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR), attachment-based therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches.
I specialize in the evidence-based treatment of Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Trauma, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).  I am trained in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Exposure & Response Prevention (ERP), Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR), attachment-based therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches.
(818) 853-9305 View (818) 853-9305
Photo of Dorsa Salehani, Psychologist in Encino, CA
Dorsa Salehani
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Encino, CA 91436
Dr. Dorsa is a Clinical psychologist in private practice in West Los Angeles. She is a workshop leader who speaks on complex emotional issues. Her specialty is getting people out of the ruts in which they have been intractably stuck.Her combined experiences in Hospital and psychotherapy settings have given her a unique perspective for the daily difficulties people go through, when juggling work, social life, health conditions, and family dynamics.
Dr. Dorsa is a Clinical psychologist in private practice in West Los Angeles. She is a workshop leader who speaks on complex emotional issues. Her specialty is getting people out of the ruts in which they have been intractably stuck.Her combined experiences in Hospital and psychotherapy settings have given her a unique perspective for the daily difficulties people go through, when juggling work, social life, health conditions, and family dynamics.
(310) 954-9045 View (310) 954-9045

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Encino, CA

600+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Encino, CA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
87% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
65% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

58% Aetna
56% Cigna and Evernorth
47% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Encino, CA see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Encino?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.