Therapists in Capitol Hill, Washington, DC

Photo of Stacey Mayo, LMFT, MDiv, Marriage & Family Therapist
Stacey Mayo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MDiv
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
From a base of acceptance of your whole self, I work together with you to identify your potential and strengths, knowing how capable you already are. I come alongside you to reach your goals, and to live a whole and fulfilling life with deep, meaningful relationships. I approach therapy as a collaborative effort between you and me to create goals, gain new skills, and overcome challenges. I work to empower you with compassionate listening, psychoeducation and tools, and empowerment (listening to your voice and planning how to confidently express it) - I have complete confidence in you to direct your life and reach a place of joy!
From a base of acceptance of your whole self, I work together with you to identify your potential and strengths, knowing how capable you already are. I come alongside you to reach your goals, and to live a whole and fulfilling life with deep, meaningful relationships. I approach therapy as a collaborative effort between you and me to create goals, gain new skills, and overcome challenges. I work to empower you with compassionate listening, psychoeducation and tools, and empowerment (listening to your voice and planning how to confidently express it) - I have complete confidence in you to direct your life and reach a place of joy!
(202) 933-1243 View (202) 933-1243
Photo of Kimberly M Martin - Dr. Kimberly M. Martin, HSPP, LLC, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Kimberly M. Martin, HSPP, LLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20003
I utilize individual approaches when working with adults to address concerns related to phase-of-life difficulties, depression, anxiety, prolonged stress, and unresolved traumas. My overall goal as a psychologist is to help individuals develop skills and understanding to improve the quality of their life. The ideal client is an individual who is driven toward self-improvement, desires an end to their difficulties, accepts ownership of their behaviors and actions, and wants to identify the root cause of their current concerns and develop effective understanding and coping skills. www.drkimberlym.com
I utilize individual approaches when working with adults to address concerns related to phase-of-life difficulties, depression, anxiety, prolonged stress, and unresolved traumas. My overall goal as a psychologist is to help individuals develop skills and understanding to improve the quality of their life. The ideal client is an individual who is driven toward self-improvement, desires an end to their difficulties, accepts ownership of their behaviors and actions, and wants to identify the root cause of their current concerns and develop effective understanding and coping skills. www.drkimberlym.com
(202) 951-9942 View (202) 951-9942
Photo of Elizabeth Kim, LPC, ATR-BC, GC-C, Licensed Professional Counselor
Elizabeth Kim
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC, GC-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Waitlist for new clients (Telehealth). As an individual I am joyful, colorful, and compassionate, emphasizing the importance of love, curiosity, connection and discovery. My intention is to guide you in waking up to your authentic self and building your resilience. I want to meet you where you are and listen with care. I believe in a holistic practice, and I bring a complete integration of approaching including bodily movement, expression, creativity and fun! You have the right to feel whole within your body. No matter how stuck you may feel, I believe in your power to live fully!
Waitlist for new clients (Telehealth). As an individual I am joyful, colorful, and compassionate, emphasizing the importance of love, curiosity, connection and discovery. My intention is to guide you in waking up to your authentic self and building your resilience. I want to meet you where you are and listen with care. I believe in a holistic practice, and I bring a complete integration of approaching including bodily movement, expression, creativity and fun! You have the right to feel whole within your body. No matter how stuck you may feel, I believe in your power to live fully!
(877) 915-5298 View (877) 915-5298
Photo of Samantha Sweeney, PhD, Psychologist
Samantha Sweeney
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20003
Now offering psychological and psychoeducational assessment for kids and adults as well as individual and family therapy! Please contact for more information. It is more important than ever to find the right person to support you as you navigate challenging times. I am a licensed psychologist who strives to meet the needs of all those who are struggling. I have helped many individuals and families understand the emotional, behavioral, and familial patterns that keep them from becoming their optimal selves. I have special training and interest in working with those from diverse backgrounds and in unique family situations.
Now offering psychological and psychoeducational assessment for kids and adults as well as individual and family therapy! Please contact for more information. It is more important than ever to find the right person to support you as you navigate challenging times. I am a licensed psychologist who strives to meet the needs of all those who are struggling. I have helped many individuals and families understand the emotional, behavioral, and familial patterns that keep them from becoming their optimal selves. I have special training and interest in working with those from diverse backgrounds and in unique family situations.
(202) 759-6408 View (202) 759-6408
Photo of Kristin Gonzalez, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristin Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20002
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel alone or misunderstood? Are some days especially hard to feel hopeful? I believe every person has strength that can sometimes feel difficult to find. I approach therapy in a way of helping you identify your strengths and make sense of your past experiences so that you can live more fully in the present and begin building the future that you want. I specialize in providing trauma-focused psychotherapy to adults who have experienced or are experiencing trauma/PTSD, are having relationship issues, and/or facing low self-esteem.
Do you feel alone or misunderstood? Are some days especially hard to feel hopeful? I believe every person has strength that can sometimes feel difficult to find. I approach therapy in a way of helping you identify your strengths and make sense of your past experiences so that you can live more fully in the present and begin building the future that you want. I specialize in providing trauma-focused psychotherapy to adults who have experienced or are experiencing trauma/PTSD, are having relationship issues, and/or facing low self-esteem.
(202) 858-0727 View (202) 858-0727
Photo of Sarah Goldman, PhD, Psychologist
Sarah Goldman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20003
Many of us find ourselves struggling with persistent feelings, patterns, and reactions that hold us back. Perhaps you’ve tried psychotherapy before, and you have a good understanding of your problems but they haven’t changed. Or perhaps you 'know' that you are capable, worthy, and appreciated by others, but at your core, you don't feel this way. I believe that much of the time, symptoms develop from negative life experiences that have not been fully resolved.
Many of us find ourselves struggling with persistent feelings, patterns, and reactions that hold us back. Perhaps you’ve tried psychotherapy before, and you have a good understanding of your problems but they haven’t changed. Or perhaps you 'know' that you are capable, worthy, and appreciated by others, but at your core, you don't feel this way. I believe that much of the time, symptoms develop from negative life experiences that have not been fully resolved.
(571) 222-6624 View (571) 222-6624
Photo of Shuya Dai,  MA, LGPC, NCC, Counselor
Shuya Dai
Counselor, MA, LGPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I provide individual counseling for various topics including mood disorders, life transitions, acculturation stress, and interpersonal relationships etc. I also have experience working with individuals with marginalized identities, such as international students, immigrants, racial/ethnic and gender minorities. With my own cross-cultural background, I stay humble and curious about learning different cultures and working with diverse populations. By creating a safe and warm space and building a compassionate, non-judgmental and genuine therapeutic relationship, my clients will be willing to self-explore, heal and grow.
I provide individual counseling for various topics including mood disorders, life transitions, acculturation stress, and interpersonal relationships etc. I also have experience working with individuals with marginalized identities, such as international students, immigrants, racial/ethnic and gender minorities. With my own cross-cultural background, I stay humble and curious about learning different cultures and working with diverse populations. By creating a safe and warm space and building a compassionate, non-judgmental and genuine therapeutic relationship, my clients will be willing to self-explore, heal and grow.
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Photo of Ashley Bauman, PhD, LPC, ACS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ashley Bauman
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, ACS, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Life can be quite challenging. Has life turned out differently than you hoped? Do you feel stuck or uncertain what to do with your emotions? We tend to either minimize our emotions or let them run wild, and either way, it can keep us from the life and relationships we desire. Feelings can steer us to flourishing places if we have the skills to gain insight into what they are telling us and respond to them effectively. I approach clients with compassion, empathy, and kindness to work collaboratively to foster connection with yourself and others.
Life can be quite challenging. Has life turned out differently than you hoped? Do you feel stuck or uncertain what to do with your emotions? We tend to either minimize our emotions or let them run wild, and either way, it can keep us from the life and relationships we desire. Feelings can steer us to flourishing places if we have the skills to gain insight into what they are telling us and respond to them effectively. I approach clients with compassion, empathy, and kindness to work collaboratively to foster connection with yourself and others.
(202) 804-8909 View (202) 804-8909
Photo of Chinelo Veronica Okpalobi, LMHC, LPC, Counselor
Chinelo Veronica Okpalobi
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor for the state of Florida, Maryland, Virginia and Washington, D.C. , my goal is to provide effective, quality care to my clients. I specialize in helping my clients develop better cognitive and emotional skills, reduce symptoms of mental illness, and cope with various life challenges to improve their lives. I specialize in reducing anxiety, depression, increasing self-awareness, exploring individualism, decreasing stress and managing negative emotions, exploring past relationships and experiences as it relates to our present relationships, decisions and cognitive schema.
As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor for the state of Florida, Maryland, Virginia and Washington, D.C. , my goal is to provide effective, quality care to my clients. I specialize in helping my clients develop better cognitive and emotional skills, reduce symptoms of mental illness, and cope with various life challenges to improve their lives. I specialize in reducing anxiety, depression, increasing self-awareness, exploring individualism, decreasing stress and managing negative emotions, exploring past relationships and experiences as it relates to our present relationships, decisions and cognitive schema.
(305) 676-8114 View (305) 676-8114
Photo of Dr. Justina Hanna, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Justina Hanna
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in Washington, DC who is trained in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and couples therapy. Additionally, I have completed Level 1 Gottman training, an empirically derived couples’ therapy. In my clinical experience, I have integrated relationship enhancement and communication skills, as well as social skills training to enhance interpersonal functioning. I have experience with clients with anxiety, depression and relationship struggles.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in Washington, DC who is trained in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and couples therapy. Additionally, I have completed Level 1 Gottman training, an empirically derived couples’ therapy. In my clinical experience, I have integrated relationship enhancement and communication skills, as well as social skills training to enhance interpersonal functioning. I have experience with clients with anxiety, depression and relationship struggles.
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Photo of Latia Taliaferro - Thriveworks Counseling &Psychiatry Washington,D.C., Marriage & Family Therapist
Thriveworks Counseling &Psychiatry Washington,D.C.
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20002
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(855) 524-5193 View (855) 524-5193
Photo of Peter Fritch, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Peter Fritch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20002
I offer trauma-informed, shame-free, LGBT-affirming, sex-positive and kink-positive therapy for each and every person I've had the honor of working with. My practice is grounded in choice and consent, safety, collaboration, trustworthiness, empowerment, and social justice. As a queer therapist and community mental health worker, I've had extensive experience with people struggling with trauma, substance use, and addiction; anxiety, depression, mania, hearing voices, and OCD; with people diagnosed with personality disorders; and with trans adults.
I offer trauma-informed, shame-free, LGBT-affirming, sex-positive and kink-positive therapy for each and every person I've had the honor of working with. My practice is grounded in choice and consent, safety, collaboration, trustworthiness, empowerment, and social justice. As a queer therapist and community mental health worker, I've had extensive experience with people struggling with trauma, substance use, and addiction; anxiety, depression, mania, hearing voices, and OCD; with people diagnosed with personality disorders; and with trans adults.
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Photo of Jason Nicholsen, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jason Nicholsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20002
I started this virtual-based therapy practice so that I could connect with individuals struggling to feel connected in their lives. There are no judgements. Together, we can explore the resilience and strength you already have and take action towards a richer, fuller life.  I have a Master's degree in Social Work from New York University and utilize Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy along with an eclectic mix of other evidence-informed interventions to support you and your goals.
I started this virtual-based therapy practice so that I could connect with individuals struggling to feel connected in their lives. There are no judgements. Together, we can explore the resilience and strength you already have and take action towards a richer, fuller life.  I have a Master's degree in Social Work from New York University and utilize Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy along with an eclectic mix of other evidence-informed interventions to support you and your goals.
(202) 568-8621 View (202) 568-8621
Photo of Stephanie Young, LICSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephanie Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Online Only
The past few years have been a slog for even the most resilient of us, and seeking outside support can be a powerful way to care for yourself. I work with clients to address a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, addiction, chronic illness, challenging relationships, life transitions, and job stress. I offer support for those struggling during the perinatal period as well as in parenting in an increasingly anxious world.
The past few years have been a slog for even the most resilient of us, and seeking outside support can be a powerful way to care for yourself. I work with clients to address a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, addiction, chronic illness, challenging relationships, life transitions, and job stress. I offer support for those struggling during the perinatal period as well as in parenting in an increasingly anxious world.
(202) 519-1735 View (202) 519-1735
Photo of Jacqueline Williams - Brightside Health, PMHNP
Brightside Health
PMHNP
Verified Verified
Online Only
It gets much better from here. No matter what you're going through, our expert providers are here to help with online mental health care tailored to you. Brightside Health offers personalized psychiatry, proven therapy, or both to help you feel better. Get started right from home, with appointments in as little as 2 days.
It gets much better from here. No matter what you're going through, our expert providers are here to help with online mental health care tailored to you. Brightside Health offers personalized psychiatry, proven therapy, or both to help you feel better. Get started right from home, with appointments in as little as 2 days.
(202) 952-2400 View (202) 952-2400
Photo of Phillip J Lewis, JD, BCD, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Phillip J Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, BCD, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20002
Waitlist for new clients
I am solution-focused, and believe that a solid therapeutic relationship is a key to successfully meeting identified goals. Utilizing humor, passion, and dedication to the service of others I aim to create a safe environment while challenging behaviors and thoughts to aid in motivation for change. I also use integrative psychotherapy, combining different therapeutic tools and approaches that fit the needs of each individual or situation.
I am solution-focused, and believe that a solid therapeutic relationship is a key to successfully meeting identified goals. Utilizing humor, passion, and dedication to the service of others I aim to create a safe environment while challenging behaviors and thoughts to aid in motivation for change. I also use integrative psychotherapy, combining different therapeutic tools and approaches that fit the needs of each individual or situation.
(202) 852-9486 View (202) 852-9486
Photo of Le'Marus Alston, PhD, Psychologist
Le'Marus Alston
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20002
Life is a journey consisting of decisions about which route to take and who to ask for directions. Each of us encounter roadblocks like relationship issues, significant loss, or major life transitions. Sometimes, we find ourselves traveling this path with fears, anxieties, insecurities, and shame. If you have noticed these roadblocks then you are reading this at the right time, because I am committed to being with you on your unique, journey. As you contemplate whether individual therapy could be beneficial for you, consider whether you are fulfilled in your work, in your connection to others, or through your capacity to recharge.
Life is a journey consisting of decisions about which route to take and who to ask for directions. Each of us encounter roadblocks like relationship issues, significant loss, or major life transitions. Sometimes, we find ourselves traveling this path with fears, anxieties, insecurities, and shame. If you have noticed these roadblocks then you are reading this at the right time, because I am committed to being with you on your unique, journey. As you contemplate whether individual therapy could be beneficial for you, consider whether you are fulfilled in your work, in your connection to others, or through your capacity to recharge.
(202) 915-0878 View (202) 915-0878
Photo of Catie Greene, PhD, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Catie Greene
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I think people are really resourceful. Throughout our lives we create strategies to manage and survive our circumstances. Therapy with me means having the space to be curious and explore your current strategies, understand where and how they developed, and to identify which you’d like to adjust to better align to your current life circumstances and what is important to you. I believe that therapy is just one of many ways a person can work on their healing. However, it is an enormously valuable space, and I’d be honored to share it with you.
I think people are really resourceful. Throughout our lives we create strategies to manage and survive our circumstances. Therapy with me means having the space to be curious and explore your current strategies, understand where and how they developed, and to identify which you’d like to adjust to better align to your current life circumstances and what is important to you. I believe that therapy is just one of many ways a person can work on their healing. However, it is an enormously valuable space, and I’d be honored to share it with you.
(833) 563-9938 View (833) 563-9938
Photo of Alyssa Louise McCall, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alyssa Louise McCall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Capitol Hill, Washington, DC 20002
Being our best selves is attainable when we allow ourselves to be on a path of peace, fulfillment, and self-awareness. I hold a passion for helping clients do just that. I work with clients through a holistic & individualistic approach to support them in moving closer to their personal & professional goals. I am here to help you on your journey to finding yourself, being in tune with your needs, and overcoming any trauma that may be hindering this. I specialize in supporting clients overcome anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, workplace & relationship challenges, low career self-efficacy, discrimination, and so much more.
Being our best selves is attainable when we allow ourselves to be on a path of peace, fulfillment, and self-awareness. I hold a passion for helping clients do just that. I work with clients through a holistic & individualistic approach to support them in moving closer to their personal & professional goals. I am here to help you on your journey to finding yourself, being in tune with your needs, and overcoming any trauma that may be hindering this. I specialize in supporting clients overcome anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, workplace & relationship challenges, low career self-efficacy, discrimination, and so much more.
(202) 914-1107 x701 View (202) 914-1107 x701
Photo of Crystal Scurr, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Crystal Scurr
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am licensed in Hawai'i, Arizona, and Washington DC with over 30 years of professional work experience.
I am licensed in Hawai'i, Arizona, and Washington DC with over 30 years of professional work experience.
(844) 735-1766 View (844) 735-1766
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See more therapy options for Capitol Hill, Washington

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Capitol Hill, Washington, DC

500+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Capitol Hill, Washington, DC who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Cigna and Evernorth
62% Aetna
60% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Capitol Hill, Washington, DC see their clients

57% Online Only
43% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Capitol Hill, Washington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.