Therapists in Media, PA

Photo of Deborah Voluck, Licensed Professional Counselor in Media, PA
Deborah Voluck
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, MFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063  (Online Only)
I have spent 30 years helping individuals, couples and families address issues of substance abuse, co-dependency, adult children of substance abuse as well as the many life issues that contributed to these problems. As an expert in these areas, I love nothing more than helping others with these challenges. There is so much more to addiction and recovery than just not using. And even if a person has never used, just being in a dysfunctional family can lead to a lifetime of problems. I recognize the courage needed to reach out for help – and I know that it is worth the risk.
I have spent 30 years helping individuals, couples and families address issues of substance abuse, co-dependency, adult children of substance abuse as well as the many life issues that contributed to these problems. As an expert in these areas, I love nothing more than helping others with these challenges. There is so much more to addiction and recovery than just not using. And even if a person has never used, just being in a dysfunctional family can lead to a lifetime of problems. I recognize the courage needed to reach out for help – and I know that it is worth the risk.
(610) 215-2752 View (610) 215-2752
Photo of Chris Bailey, Psychologist in Media, PA
Chris Bailey
Psychologist, PsyD, MBA-HCM
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
- - - I am not able to accept any new clients as of January 2022 - - - I take an active, flexible, problem-solving approach that is typically grounded in cognitive-behavioral methods, although I also incorporate mindfulness and relaxation techniques. The development of a strong and trusting therapeutic relationship is very important to me; I’m down-to-earth, practical, and have a dry sense of humor, and these traits help my clients feel at ease when they’re talking with me. If you're ready to begin the hard work of therapy, please reach out to make an appointment.
- - - I am not able to accept any new clients as of January 2022 - - - I take an active, flexible, problem-solving approach that is typically grounded in cognitive-behavioral methods, although I also incorporate mindfulness and relaxation techniques. The development of a strong and trusting therapeutic relationship is very important to me; I’m down-to-earth, practical, and have a dry sense of humor, and these traits help my clients feel at ease when they’re talking with me. If you're ready to begin the hard work of therapy, please reach out to make an appointment.
(267) 589-8191 View (267) 589-8191
Photo of Alyson Kessler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Media, PA
Alyson Kessler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CAADC, ACRPS, CCTP
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
I am a licensed clinical social worker committed to providing superior clinical care to adults who are looking for support in mental wellness. My primary goal is to help maintain a balanced lifestyle by allowing individuals to focus developing the best version of themselves in order to show up for the demands of everyday life.
I am a licensed clinical social worker committed to providing superior clinical care to adults who are looking for support in mental wellness. My primary goal is to help maintain a balanced lifestyle by allowing individuals to focus developing the best version of themselves in order to show up for the demands of everyday life.
(610) 810-1325 View (610) 810-1325
Photo of Arohi Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Media, PA
Arohi Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, CCS, CAADC, CCDP-D
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063  (Online Only)
We effectively work with individuals with addiction & mental health issues which include depression, anxiety, stress, anger, sexual abuse, low self-esteem, impulsivity, trauma, bipolar disorder, PTSD, personality disorder, schizophrenia, codependency, & relationship issues. They want us to assist them in recognizing their true potential & achieving their goals. They want us to guide, support, encourage, empower, & help them to recognize the error in their thinking. We partner with them to prioritize & assist them in resolving their issues. They want to learn coping skills, how to make better choices, and lead a healthy life.
We effectively work with individuals with addiction & mental health issues which include depression, anxiety, stress, anger, sexual abuse, low self-esteem, impulsivity, trauma, bipolar disorder, PTSD, personality disorder, schizophrenia, codependency, & relationship issues. They want us to assist them in recognizing their true potential & achieving their goals. They want us to guide, support, encourage, empower, & help them to recognize the error in their thinking. We partner with them to prioritize & assist them in resolving their issues. They want to learn coping skills, how to make better choices, and lead a healthy life.
(484) 214-2506 View (484) 214-2506
Photo of Valerie Daniel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Media, PA
Valerie Daniel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Media, PA 19063
I empower women and individuals to navigate through the crossroads and transitions in life in order to help them live their best lives. Because research has shown that transitions in life trigger physical and emotional stress responses in the body, and having coping skills to effectively manage the stress of life's crossroads can provide the emotional stamina needed to thrive, I offer relationship counseling, individual counseling for anxiety, depression, grief and loss associated with life transitions, and relationship issues.
I empower women and individuals to navigate through the crossroads and transitions in life in order to help them live their best lives. Because research has shown that transitions in life trigger physical and emotional stress responses in the body, and having coping skills to effectively manage the stress of life's crossroads can provide the emotional stamina needed to thrive, I offer relationship counseling, individual counseling for anxiety, depression, grief and loss associated with life transitions, and relationship issues.
(267) 416-0825 View (267) 416-0825
Photo of Staci Heindel, Psychologist in Media, PA
Staci Heindel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
I am a Licensed Psychologist and PA Certified School Psychologist with over fifteen years experience in the identification and remediation of learning, behavioral, and emotional differences in preschool through college aged individuals. My primary areas of practice include psychoeducational assessment, school admissions testing, and consultation with parents and schools. I have taught doctoral level courses in assessment and have administration experience as the former Co-Director of Assessment Services and Coordinator of School Admissions Services at Bryn Mawr College Child Study Institute. I serve on the Board of the PA Branch of the International Dyslexia Association and on the Specialist of Schools Planning Committee.
I am a Licensed Psychologist and PA Certified School Psychologist with over fifteen years experience in the identification and remediation of learning, behavioral, and emotional differences in preschool through college aged individuals. My primary areas of practice include psychoeducational assessment, school admissions testing, and consultation with parents and schools. I have taught doctoral level courses in assessment and have administration experience as the former Co-Director of Assessment Services and Coordinator of School Admissions Services at Bryn Mawr College Child Study Institute. I serve on the Board of the PA Branch of the International Dyslexia Association and on the Specialist of Schools Planning Committee.
(215) 436-9907 View (215) 436-9907
Photo of Marguerite Mesure, Pre-Licensed Professional in Media, PA
Marguerite Mesure
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Media, PA 19063
Have you suffered a loss that no one seems to understand or acknowledge? Have well-meaning friends and family made you feel like your loss is insignificant or even unacceptable? Do you feel like you are not supposed to feel your loss as deeply as you do? This type of disenfranchised grief can be complicated and if unresolved, can lead to even greater distress. I understand complex grief and want to help.
Have you suffered a loss that no one seems to understand or acknowledge? Have well-meaning friends and family made you feel like your loss is insignificant or even unacceptable? Do you feel like you are not supposed to feel your loss as deeply as you do? This type of disenfranchised grief can be complicated and if unresolved, can lead to even greater distress. I understand complex grief and want to help.
(610) 421-0561 View (610) 421-0561
Photo of Katie Brugger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Media, PA
Katie Brugger
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
Katie Brugger is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 14 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families. Her professional experience includes school counseling in public and cyber schools, individual and group therapy for children and adolescents, early intervention services for special needs, early childhood education, and outpatient clinical therapy. Katie specializes in emotional issues, adjustment challenges, ADHD, family relationship issues, and teaching children healthy coping skills.
Katie Brugger is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 14 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families. Her professional experience includes school counseling in public and cyber schools, individual and group therapy for children and adolescents, early intervention services for special needs, early childhood education, and outpatient clinical therapy. Katie specializes in emotional issues, adjustment challenges, ADHD, family relationship issues, and teaching children healthy coping skills.
(610) 609-8346 View (610) 609-8346
Photo of Melissa Tang, Licensed Professional Counselor in Media, PA
Melissa Tang
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
Melissa Tang is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 5 years of experience in the mental health field. She is passionate about helping adolescents, adults and couples address their unique challenges and thrive. Melissa specializes in using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic modalities to address issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, relationship issues, cultural issues and major life transitions. Melissa completed her Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Villanova University.
Melissa Tang is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 5 years of experience in the mental health field. She is passionate about helping adolescents, adults and couples address their unique challenges and thrive. Melissa specializes in using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic modalities to address issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, relationship issues, cultural issues and major life transitions. Melissa completed her Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Villanova University.
(610) 624-6368 View (610) 624-6368
Photo of Alicia J. Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Media, PA
Alicia J. Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
I believe you will experience me as genuine, curious, and direct. Together, we will challenge old assumptions and create new ways of approaching problems, relationships, and life in general. The work we do in therapy is serious and it is hard; that said, it's tremendously rewarding, and in our work, we will likely find ourselves laughing a lot. Here, you will experience acceptance and connection that I believe will make the relationships in your life easier to navigate and more rewarding.
I believe you will experience me as genuine, curious, and direct. Together, we will challenge old assumptions and create new ways of approaching problems, relationships, and life in general. The work we do in therapy is serious and it is hard; that said, it's tremendously rewarding, and in our work, we will likely find ourselves laughing a lot. Here, you will experience acceptance and connection that I believe will make the relationships in your life easier to navigate and more rewarding.
(484) 218-5588 View (484) 218-5588
Photo of Steven Simminger, Psychologist in Media, PA
Steven Simminger
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
My job is to assist you in resolving the issues that brought you to therapy. First, we have to understand what makes you unhappy and the is source of your pain. Then we have to understand why it hurts. Then we explore what you feel comfortable doing differently, or, maybe, just looking at it differently may make a big difference for you. The decisions are yours. My approach is cognitive behavioral. I have had success with depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, anger management, and trauma related disorders among others. I can work with those whose mental health issues are complicated by alcohol and sometimes with drugs.
My job is to assist you in resolving the issues that brought you to therapy. First, we have to understand what makes you unhappy and the is source of your pain. Then we have to understand why it hurts. Then we explore what you feel comfortable doing differently, or, maybe, just looking at it differently may make a big difference for you. The decisions are yours. My approach is cognitive behavioral. I have had success with depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, anger management, and trauma related disorders among others. I can work with those whose mental health issues are complicated by alcohol and sometimes with drugs.
(484) 897-6792 View (484) 897-6792
Photo of Tori Capps, Licensed Professional Counselor in Media, PA
Tori Capps
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
Tori Capps is a Licensed Professional Counselor. She has a Master of Arts Degree in Counseling with concentrations in Trauma Studies and Child/Family Therapy from Arcadia University. Tori is a Certified Advanced Alcohol and Drug Counselor with a Certification in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, with over 4 years specializing in substance use disorders/addictive behaviors, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. She has over 7 years of experience as a domestic violence counselor.
Tori Capps is a Licensed Professional Counselor. She has a Master of Arts Degree in Counseling with concentrations in Trauma Studies and Child/Family Therapy from Arcadia University. Tori is a Certified Advanced Alcohol and Drug Counselor with a Certification in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, with over 4 years specializing in substance use disorders/addictive behaviors, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. She has over 7 years of experience as a domestic violence counselor.
(484) 435-2068 View (484) 435-2068
Photo of Ayana Starks, Pre-Licensed Professional in Media, PA
Ayana Starks
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
Ayana Starks is a Pre-Licensed Therapist, currently pursuing her License in Professional Counselor. She has three years of experience in the mental health field. She is passionate and would feel honored to be part of someone's healing journey and growth. Ayana has experience addressing a variety of clinical issues such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, trauma, life transitions, and grief.
Ayana Starks is a Pre-Licensed Therapist, currently pursuing her License in Professional Counselor. She has three years of experience in the mental health field. She is passionate and would feel honored to be part of someone's healing journey and growth. Ayana has experience addressing a variety of clinical issues such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, trauma, life transitions, and grief.
(610) 707-8438 View (610) 707-8438
Photo of Alyson Nowell, LCSW, RPTs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Media, PA
Alyson Nowell, LCSW, RPTs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPTs
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
Life is full of challenges when raising children. Finding a therapist for yourself or your child can be equally confusing. I can help you to untangle and heal some of the obstacles that that may be getting in the way of a more conflict free and fulfilling family life. My work incorporates Family Therapy, Parent Coaching, Child Centered Play Therapy, Sand Play Therapy, and parenting support/education. I work with children as young as 3, teens, families and individuals. Additionally, I incorporate teaching children, parents, and teens mindfulness based ways of reducing anxiety, worries, fears, and anger issues.
Life is full of challenges when raising children. Finding a therapist for yourself or your child can be equally confusing. I can help you to untangle and heal some of the obstacles that that may be getting in the way of a more conflict free and fulfilling family life. My work incorporates Family Therapy, Parent Coaching, Child Centered Play Therapy, Sand Play Therapy, and parenting support/education. I work with children as young as 3, teens, families and individuals. Additionally, I incorporate teaching children, parents, and teens mindfulness based ways of reducing anxiety, worries, fears, and anger issues.
(610) 557-0216 View (610) 557-0216
Photo of Denise L Ring, Licensed Professional Counselor in Media, PA
Denise L Ring
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Media, PA 19063
Are you a frustrated parent looking to help your child or tennager function better at school or in the home? My name is Denise Ring, and I am a licensed professional counselor who has been hard at work for over 25 years helping families just like yours. I have extensive training and experience helping children and parents who are struggling with symptoms related to anxiety, depression, and ADHD. My approach emphasizes providing compassion and support while also finding a clear path towards growth. Together we will work towards the positive changes that you wish to see.
Are you a frustrated parent looking to help your child or tennager function better at school or in the home? My name is Denise Ring, and I am a licensed professional counselor who has been hard at work for over 25 years helping families just like yours. I have extensive training and experience helping children and parents who are struggling with symptoms related to anxiety, depression, and ADHD. My approach emphasizes providing compassion and support while also finding a clear path towards growth. Together we will work towards the positive changes that you wish to see.
(610) 890-5033 View (610) 890-5033
Photo of Megan Schlude, Licensed Professional Counselor in Media, PA
Megan Schlude
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
Are you a new mom (or even a seasoned mom!) and having difficulty within your role? Motherhood is hard. And your experience as a mother is important. I can help. I have devoted my practice to helping mothers create more satisfying, productive, and peaceful lives. I believe in the healing powers of the therapeutic relationship and work hard to foster a genuine connection with my clients. Our sessions will be interactive and collaborative. I have a great passion for 'helping people help themselves' and work in a participatory manner with my clients. I look forward to being on the journey to wellness with you.
Are you a new mom (or even a seasoned mom!) and having difficulty within your role? Motherhood is hard. And your experience as a mother is important. I can help. I have devoted my practice to helping mothers create more satisfying, productive, and peaceful lives. I believe in the healing powers of the therapeutic relationship and work hard to foster a genuine connection with my clients. Our sessions will be interactive and collaborative. I have a great passion for 'helping people help themselves' and work in a participatory manner with my clients. I look forward to being on the journey to wellness with you.
(484) 209-1402 View (484) 209-1402
Photo of Brad Wolgast, Psychologist in Media, PA
Brad Wolgast
Psychologist, PhD, CBSM, DBSM
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Media, PA 19063
Waitlist for new clients
Though my patients come from a variety of backgrounds, ages and lifestyles, they all have sleep problems. I help people with insomnia, chronic nightmares, perimenopausal sleep changes, restless sleep, and those who want to sleep without medication. I also help athletes who want to maximize their performance. My most successful patients want to sleep better and are willing to work for the changes they need. You can learn more about me and my practice at: https://helpmesleep.org
Though my patients come from a variety of backgrounds, ages and lifestyles, they all have sleep problems. I help people with insomnia, chronic nightmares, perimenopausal sleep changes, restless sleep, and those who want to sleep without medication. I also help athletes who want to maximize their performance. My most successful patients want to sleep better and are willing to work for the changes they need. You can learn more about me and my practice at: https://helpmesleep.org
(610) 379-1421 View (610) 379-1421
Photo of Brian Gallagher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Media, PA
Brian Gallagher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Media, PA 19063
I believe that everyone should be in therapy. Yes, Everyone. We all have issues we're working through to become our fullest selves. There's nothing "wrong" with you - you, like the rest of us, just need some focused, loving attention to untangle old, emotional knots that are getting in the way of your clearest thinking and best self.
I believe that everyone should be in therapy. Yes, Everyone. We all have issues we're working through to become our fullest selves. There's nothing "wrong" with you - you, like the rest of us, just need some focused, loving attention to untangle old, emotional knots that are getting in the way of your clearest thinking and best self.
(484) 376-5144 View (484) 376-5144
Photo of Sarah Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Media, PA
Sarah Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063  (Online Only)
Sarah Johnson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 40 years of experience in the mental health field. She provides a safe and supportive environment in which clients can explore their needs and overcome barriers to their emotional wellness. She is an honorably discharged Army veteran who served in Vicenza, Italy. Her military service exposed her to world travel, women's issues, and military stressors and motivated her to become a therapist. This combined with her professional experience enables her to provide guidance in support to a wide variety of clients.
Sarah Johnson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 40 years of experience in the mental health field. She provides a safe and supportive environment in which clients can explore their needs and overcome barriers to their emotional wellness. She is an honorably discharged Army veteran who served in Vicenza, Italy. Her military service exposed her to world travel, women's issues, and military stressors and motivated her to become a therapist. This combined with her professional experience enables her to provide guidance in support to a wide variety of clients.
(610) 601-2858 View (610) 601-2858
Photo of George M Leute, Psychologist in Media, PA
George M Leute
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Media, PA 19063
Not accepting new clients
Each of us faces unique challenges as we go through life. Whether these challenges take the form of problems with work or relationships, with anxiety or depression, or simply with dissatisfaction over the current state of our lives, we all want to make improvements in how we experience our lives. We may also find that life presents certain demands of us at different stages requiring us to stretch beyond our accustomed habits and ways of being. Often our challenges can seem daunting, at times insurmountable, yet with the right support and perspective, we can be inspired to make positive changes.
Each of us faces unique challenges as we go through life. Whether these challenges take the form of problems with work or relationships, with anxiety or depression, or simply with dissatisfaction over the current state of our lives, we all want to make improvements in how we experience our lives. We may also find that life presents certain demands of us at different stages requiring us to stretch beyond our accustomed habits and ways of being. Often our challenges can seem daunting, at times insurmountable, yet with the right support and perspective, we can be inspired to make positive changes.
(484) 441-0318 View (484) 441-0318

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Media, PA

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Media, PA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
70% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Self Esteem
60% Stress
58% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
66% Highmark
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Media, PA see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Media?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.