Therapists in New Haven, CT

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Photo of Carla E Marin, PhD, Psychologist
Carla E Marin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New Haven, CT 06511
Carla E. Marin, Ph.D., is a licensed clinical psychologist and faculty member at the Yale Child Study Center Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program. Dr. Marin is expert in the assessment and treatment of anxiety and depression, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and school avoidance. She specializes in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression and exposure response prevention for OCD. Dr. Marin also provides science-based strategies to parents seeking support and guidance.
Carla E. Marin, Ph.D., is a licensed clinical psychologist and faculty member at the Yale Child Study Center Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program. Dr. Marin is expert in the assessment and treatment of anxiety and depression, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and school avoidance. She specializes in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression and exposure response prevention for OCD. Dr. Marin also provides science-based strategies to parents seeking support and guidance.
(860) 784-7074 View (860) 784-7074
Photo of Lisa Hodes, LCSW, CGP, (She, Her, Hers), Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Hodes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGP, (She, Her, Hers)
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New Haven, CT 06511
*ACCEPTING CLIENTS FOR GROUP ONLY* I have over 20 years of experience working with adults with a wide range of problems and mental health issues. I use an eclectic but primarily psychodynamic, approach. I believe that the process of looking inward allows you to identify interpersonal and behavioral patterns that you have come by honestly as the result of your early and often continued life experiences. If you’ve come to this page, it’s likely these patterns have had a negative impact over time in your relationships, your sense of self, your ability to act in your own best interest, or has culminated in a current crisis situation.
*ACCEPTING CLIENTS FOR GROUP ONLY* I have over 20 years of experience working with adults with a wide range of problems and mental health issues. I use an eclectic but primarily psychodynamic, approach. I believe that the process of looking inward allows you to identify interpersonal and behavioral patterns that you have come by honestly as the result of your early and often continued life experiences. If you’ve come to this page, it’s likely these patterns have had a negative impact over time in your relationships, your sense of self, your ability to act in your own best interest, or has culminated in a current crisis situation.
(203) 836-3435 x101 View (203) 836-3435 x101
Photo of Joanne Prete, MA, ATR, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Joanne Prete
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR, LPC
Verified Verified
New Haven, CT 06510
Waitlist for new clients
It may be challenging to make changes on your own without support and encouragement. I am committed to guiding clients toward achieving their optimal wellness potential. Together we will explore obstacles that may be holding you back from personal growth, and collaborate on a plan to address your unique needs. I always remind clients that we are in this process together. Just beginning is exciting and hopeful!
It may be challenging to make changes on your own without support and encouragement. I am committed to guiding clients toward achieving their optimal wellness potential. Together we will explore obstacles that may be holding you back from personal growth, and collaborate on a plan to address your unique needs. I always remind clients that we are in this process together. Just beginning is exciting and hopeful!
(959) 335-0056 View (959) 335-0056
Photo of Robert J Nesbitt Jr., LCSW, DSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robert J Nesbitt Jr.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DSW
Verified Verified
New Haven, CT 06513
I am Dr. Robert Nesbitt, Jr., LCSW, founder of The Dover Counseling Center. At our center, we're dedicated to empowering individuals like yourself to achieve self-sufficiency and gain insight into the root causes of daily challenges. Whether you seek individual talk therapy, couples counseling, or family and group therapy, we are here to offer the guidance and support that you need.
I am Dr. Robert Nesbitt, Jr., LCSW, founder of The Dover Counseling Center. At our center, we're dedicated to empowering individuals like yourself to achieve self-sufficiency and gain insight into the root causes of daily challenges. Whether you seek individual talk therapy, couples counseling, or family and group therapy, we are here to offer the guidance and support that you need.
(475) 250-1626 View (475) 250-1626
Photo of Tara Spence, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tara Spence
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
As a dedicated clinical social worker with 24 years of experience, I am passionate about helping individuals and families navigate the complexities of life’s challenges. My approach is rooted in empathy, respect, and a deep understanding of the human experience. I believe that everyone has the potential for growth and healing, and I am committed to supporting my clients on their journey. In our sessions, you can expect a warm and nonjudgmental environment. I encourage open dialogue and collaboration, ensuring that you feel heard and understood. Together, we will work to set achievable goals and develop practical strategies.
As a dedicated clinical social worker with 24 years of experience, I am passionate about helping individuals and families navigate the complexities of life’s challenges. My approach is rooted in empathy, respect, and a deep understanding of the human experience. I believe that everyone has the potential for growth and healing, and I am committed to supporting my clients on their journey. In our sessions, you can expect a warm and nonjudgmental environment. I encourage open dialogue and collaboration, ensuring that you feel heard and understood. Together, we will work to set achievable goals and develop practical strategies.
(475) 445-1078 View (475) 445-1078
Photo of Jilian Mulqueen, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jilian Mulqueen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Welcome! I’m so glad you’re here. As a licensed clinical social worker, I’m passionate about helping people navigate life’s challenges, especially when it comes to anxiety, depression, and stress. I know how overwhelming these feelings can be, and I believe that with the right support, change is not only possible—it’s within your reach. Using a blend of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), I help clients develop practical tools to manage their emotions and take small steps toward feeling better. Together, we’ll work on solutions that make sense for you, at a pace that feels comfortable.
Welcome! I’m so glad you’re here. As a licensed clinical social worker, I’m passionate about helping people navigate life’s challenges, especially when it comes to anxiety, depression, and stress. I know how overwhelming these feelings can be, and I believe that with the right support, change is not only possible—it’s within your reach. Using a blend of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), I help clients develop practical tools to manage their emotions and take small steps toward feeling better. Together, we’ll work on solutions that make sense for you, at a pace that feels comfortable.
(475) 325-6026 View (475) 325-6026
Photo of Jackie R Scott, MSW, LADC, CCJP, MATS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jackie R Scott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LADC, CCJP, MATS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New Haven, CT 06510
My approach to therapy is grounded in a deep empathy for the unique experiences and complex needs of each individual I work with. Whether we're addressing substance use disorders, mood disorders, or the lingering effects of trauma, I'll work closely with you to develop a tailored treatment plan. I'm here to listen, to validate your feelings, and to empower you with the tools and resources necessary to write the next chapter of your story.
My approach to therapy is grounded in a deep empathy for the unique experiences and complex needs of each individual I work with. Whether we're addressing substance use disorders, mood disorders, or the lingering effects of trauma, I'll work closely with you to develop a tailored treatment plan. I'm here to listen, to validate your feelings, and to empower you with the tools and resources necessary to write the next chapter of your story.
(475) 323-4167 View (475) 323-4167
Photo of Andrew Gottlieb-Cohen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrew Gottlieb-Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New Haven, CT 06515
I have experience working with adolescents and adults experiencing a wide range of mental health difficulties and problems, including trauma symptoms, parenting issues and concerns, depression and anxiety symptoms, anger issues, low self-esteem and relationship problems. My top priority is to make our therapeutic relationship client-centered and collaborative, which means that we will work together to determine what change, growth, and healing would be most personally meaningful to you.
I have experience working with adolescents and adults experiencing a wide range of mental health difficulties and problems, including trauma symptoms, parenting issues and concerns, depression and anxiety symptoms, anger issues, low self-esteem and relationship problems. My top priority is to make our therapeutic relationship client-centered and collaborative, which means that we will work together to determine what change, growth, and healing would be most personally meaningful to you.
(203) 496-4796 View (203) 496-4796
Photo of Mary P. O'Brien - Yale Psychology Department Clinic, PhD, Psychologist
Yale Psychology Department Clinic
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New Haven, CT 06510
Not accepting new clients
The Yale Psychology Department Clinic (YPDC), formerly named the Yale Center for Anxiety and Mood Disorders (YCAMD), has operated as the primary departmental clinic for over 20 years. Advanced doctoral students in clinical psychology provide evidence-based assessment and psychotherapy under the supervision of licensed clinical psychologists. Individual, group, couples, and family approaches to treatment are offered from a cognitive behavioral theoretical orientation. Therapy tends to be brief and problem focused, and the fees are determined on a sliding scale. We also offer a variety of mental health skills groups.
The Yale Psychology Department Clinic (YPDC), formerly named the Yale Center for Anxiety and Mood Disorders (YCAMD), has operated as the primary departmental clinic for over 20 years. Advanced doctoral students in clinical psychology provide evidence-based assessment and psychotherapy under the supervision of licensed clinical psychologists. Individual, group, couples, and family approaches to treatment are offered from a cognitive behavioral theoretical orientation. Therapy tends to be brief and problem focused, and the fees are determined on a sliding scale. We also offer a variety of mental health skills groups.
(203) 432-4520 View (203) 432-4520
Photo of Sarah E Fitzpatrick, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah E Fitzpatrick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New Haven, CT 06511
I have have been providing psychotherapy to diverse populations in a variety of settings for nearly 25 years. Since 1998, I have held a range of clinical, supervisory and teaching positions in Yale's Department of Psychiatry and at Yale Child Study Center. My professional work is informed by psychodynamic, family systems and attachment theories. While these theories anchor my work, my ability to be open-minded, insightful, collaborative and compassionate are at the core of what's helpful to my clients.
I have have been providing psychotherapy to diverse populations in a variety of settings for nearly 25 years. Since 1998, I have held a range of clinical, supervisory and teaching positions in Yale's Department of Psychiatry and at Yale Child Study Center. My professional work is informed by psychodynamic, family systems and attachment theories. While these theories anchor my work, my ability to be open-minded, insightful, collaborative and compassionate are at the core of what's helpful to my clients.
(203) 916-5743 View (203) 916-5743
Photo of Elizabeth Rubino, MA, RDT, LMHC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Elizabeth Rubino
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, RDT, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
“Someone I loved once gave me a box of darkness. It took years to realize that this, too, was a gift.”-Mary Oliver / My belief is that healing takes place in relationships. As your therapist, I hope that the journey we embark on together through your individual story will offer you a solid foundation for healing, growth, and positive change. My specialties include working with attachment, trauma, anxiety and depression, grief, chronic illness, and relationship issues and with a myriad of populations such as LGBTQIA+, teens, adults, couples, and family systems.
“Someone I loved once gave me a box of darkness. It took years to realize that this, too, was a gift.”-Mary Oliver / My belief is that healing takes place in relationships. As your therapist, I hope that the journey we embark on together through your individual story will offer you a solid foundation for healing, growth, and positive change. My specialties include working with attachment, trauma, anxiety and depression, grief, chronic illness, and relationship issues and with a myriad of populations such as LGBTQIA+, teens, adults, couples, and family systems.
(475) 203-1720 View (475) 203-1720
Photo of Rachael Farina, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rachael Farina
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New Haven, CT 06511
Are you facing challenges and looking to make positive changes in your life? You've braved the first (and often most difficult) step by reaching out to engage in therapy. As a therapist, it is my goal to create a comfortable and collaborative treatment space right from the start. I work with people from a non-judgmental, humorous, empathetic, and authentic approach to help them reach whatever goals are the focus of their treatment.
Are you facing challenges and looking to make positive changes in your life? You've braved the first (and often most difficult) step by reaching out to engage in therapy. As a therapist, it is my goal to create a comfortable and collaborative treatment space right from the start. I work with people from a non-judgmental, humorous, empathetic, and authentic approach to help them reach whatever goals are the focus of their treatment.
(860) 792-5908 View (860) 792-5908
Photo of Dr. Uri Berger, PhD, MA, Psychologist
Dr. Uri Berger
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Online Only
Feeling overwhelmed by your adult child's struggles to gain independence? Struggling to find the right balance in your relationship or family dynamics? You don’t need to face these challenges alone. You deserve a supportive space where your voice is heard, your experiences are validated, and your strengths are recognized. Together, we can explore what’s beneath the surface and create a personalized approach to help you move forward.
Feeling overwhelmed by your adult child's struggles to gain independence? Struggling to find the right balance in your relationship or family dynamics? You don’t need to face these challenges alone. You deserve a supportive space where your voice is heard, your experiences are validated, and your strengths are recognized. Together, we can explore what’s beneath the surface and create a personalized approach to help you move forward.
(475) 291-4152 View (475) 291-4152
Photo of Alexandra McKnight, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alexandra McKnight
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New Haven, CT 06511
Your story is your own. My job as a therapist is to create a space of understanding and acceptance where your story can be told, and personal examination and growth can feel safe and attainable. I believe that as an individual's understanding of their own thoughts and emotions increases so, too, does their ability to resolve conflict, heal from trauma, repair relationships, communicate effectively, and break self-destructive patterns. My collaborative role in this process is to provide active listening, empathetic reflection and observation, and attuned interventions specific to your unique needs and strengths.
Your story is your own. My job as a therapist is to create a space of understanding and acceptance where your story can be told, and personal examination and growth can feel safe and attainable. I believe that as an individual's understanding of their own thoughts and emotions increases so, too, does their ability to resolve conflict, heal from trauma, repair relationships, communicate effectively, and break self-destructive patterns. My collaborative role in this process is to provide active listening, empathetic reflection and observation, and attuned interventions specific to your unique needs and strengths.
(475) 275-9904 View (475) 275-9904
Photo of Christopher H. Anderson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christopher H. Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New Haven, CT 06511
Not accepting new clients
At some point in our lives, almost all of us get hit with some really difficult stuff that we aren't prepared to deal with. Which feels awful. And when things are really awful, sometimes the best thing is to call in a professional to help out. A good therapist is an expert on how to move forward or adjust in the face of difficulties.
At some point in our lives, almost all of us get hit with some really difficult stuff that we aren't prepared to deal with. Which feels awful. And when things are really awful, sometimes the best thing is to call in a professional to help out. A good therapist is an expert on how to move forward or adjust in the face of difficulties.
(203) 590-5458 View (203) 590-5458
Photo of Courtney Butler, LCSW , MPH, CPHQ, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courtney Butler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , MPH, CPHQ
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life often presents us with overwhelming and unexpected challenges- be it a newly diagnosed and/ or chronic illness, the monumental task of being a caregiver for a family member, or the death of someone we love. When confronted alone, these issues may leave you feeling anxious, depressed and uncertain about the future. As a licensed mental health professional, my role is to provide you with the necessary education, tools and support to navigate your journey towards personal growth. In doing so, I use a variety of evidence-based interventions to support your unique needs, values and goals in a safe and judgement free manner.
Life often presents us with overwhelming and unexpected challenges- be it a newly diagnosed and/ or chronic illness, the monumental task of being a caregiver for a family member, or the death of someone we love. When confronted alone, these issues may leave you feeling anxious, depressed and uncertain about the future. As a licensed mental health professional, my role is to provide you with the necessary education, tools and support to navigate your journey towards personal growth. In doing so, I use a variety of evidence-based interventions to support your unique needs, values and goals in a safe and judgement free manner.
(475) 405-1372 View (475) 405-1372
Photo of Grace Kindilien Moskowitz, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Grace Kindilien Moskowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New Haven, CT 06515
Waitlist for new clients
Hello and welcome! My approach to therapy is rooted in curiosity, compassion, courage and humor. I offer therapy that weaves together evidenced based modalities such as Internal Family Systems with various mindfulness practices, Yoga Therapy and your own wisdom.
Hello and welcome! My approach to therapy is rooted in curiosity, compassion, courage and humor. I offer therapy that weaves together evidenced based modalities such as Internal Family Systems with various mindfulness practices, Yoga Therapy and your own wisdom.
View
Photo of Ferris Clare, LPC, NCC, Counselor
Ferris Clare
Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
New Haven, CT 06513
Are you finding your everyday existence fulfilling and rewarding? Are you presenting the best version of yourself to the world daily? Have your goals transitioned from the confines of your mind into the realm of reality? Have you been burdened by the weight of anxiety or depression? If you can use support in any of the aforementioned areas, I am happy to share that I am currently accepting new clients. I will guide you through life’s inevitable challenges and plateaus to collaboratively support you in realizing and cultivating the power that lies within you.
Are you finding your everyday existence fulfilling and rewarding? Are you presenting the best version of yourself to the world daily? Have your goals transitioned from the confines of your mind into the realm of reality? Have you been burdened by the weight of anxiety or depression? If you can use support in any of the aforementioned areas, I am happy to share that I am currently accepting new clients. I will guide you through life’s inevitable challenges and plateaus to collaboratively support you in realizing and cultivating the power that lies within you.
(203) 625-1758 View (203) 625-1758
Photo of Ismaila Musah, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ismaila Musah
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am Ismaila Musah, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who specializes in depression, anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, behavioral issues, family issues, anger management, and trauma. I have extensive experience working with children, as well as with adolescents, adults, and families in various settings such as outpatient, community, and residential. I believe in creating an open, safe, and judgment-free environment for my clients, and I am also multiculturally competent.
I am Ismaila Musah, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who specializes in depression, anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, behavioral issues, family issues, anger management, and trauma. I have extensive experience working with children, as well as with adolescents, adults, and families in various settings such as outpatient, community, and residential. I believe in creating an open, safe, and judgment-free environment for my clients, and I am also multiculturally competent.
(475) 242-8080 View (475) 242-8080
Photo of Ethan Smith, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ethan Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New Haven, CT 06515
Not accepting new clients
*** Not currently accepting new clients *** Therapy is a unique opportunity to learn about oneself and how to better work through struggles we all face. Whether it is responding to new experiences, navigating difficult transitions, or trying to understand and break old patterns, I've always been drawn to the work of joining someone seeking change in their life. At this time I offer telehealth sessions so I can work with individuals throughout CT and MA without the difficulties and restrictions that come with traveling to an office.
*** Not currently accepting new clients *** Therapy is a unique opportunity to learn about oneself and how to better work through struggles we all face. Whether it is responding to new experiences, navigating difficult transitions, or trying to understand and break old patterns, I've always been drawn to the work of joining someone seeking change in their life. At this time I offer telehealth sessions so I can work with individuals throughout CT and MA without the difficulties and restrictions that come with traveling to an office.
(203) 717-9628 View (203) 717-9628
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New Haven, CT

800+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in New Haven, CT who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
72% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in New Haven, CT see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New Haven?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.