Photo of Hannah Clark, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 37064, TN
Hannah Clark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
I consider it a great privilege to hear my clients’ stories and walk with them on their journey of hope and healing. I have experience working with individuals from preschool age through adulthood who have experienced trauma in the form of physical abuse, sexual abuse, grief and loss, attachment ruptures, bullying, domestic violence, anxiety, depression, and immigration trauma, among others.
I consider it a great privilege to hear my clients’ stories and walk with them on their journey of hope and healing. I have experience working with individuals from preschool age through adulthood who have experienced trauma in the form of physical abuse, sexual abuse, grief and loss, attachment ruptures, bullying, domestic violence, anxiety, depression, and immigration trauma, among others.
(615) 492-3565 View (615) 492-3565
Photo of Kristin Trudeau, Licensed Professional Counselor in 37064, TN
Kristin Trudeau
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP, LADAC, CFRC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
HI! I'm Kristin and I'm glad you're here. Let's get real - taking the step to seek therapy can be scary as hell, but it's also incredibly brave. In this space, I will listen to you, validate your experiences, and show you the respect you deserve. Whether you're looking for guidance through life's toughest challenges, striving for emotional balance, or simply trying to understand yourself better, know that I've got your back. You are not alone in this journey. Together, we'll navigate the twists and turns ahead. I specialize in treating trauma, depression, sexual issues, anxiety, and the everyday stressors that life throws your way.
HI! I'm Kristin and I'm glad you're here. Let's get real - taking the step to seek therapy can be scary as hell, but it's also incredibly brave. In this space, I will listen to you, validate your experiences, and show you the respect you deserve. Whether you're looking for guidance through life's toughest challenges, striving for emotional balance, or simply trying to understand yourself better, know that I've got your back. You are not alone in this journey. Together, we'll navigate the twists and turns ahead. I specialize in treating trauma, depression, sexual issues, anxiety, and the everyday stressors that life throws your way.
(615) 461-4825 View (615) 461-4825
Photo of TalkDr Christian Counseling , Drug & Alcohol Counselor in 37064, TN
TalkDr Christian Counseling
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD , LCADC , BCPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
Dr. Michael Walsh Gannon, PhD, LCADC and the staff of TalkDr Christian Counseling, specialize in treating the root causes of whatever contributes to keeping you stuck. In essence, we assist the natural healing process of getting you "unstuck" once you achieve freedom from your pain. TalkDr Christian Counseling uses empathic and biblically based counseling to achieve results.
Dr. Michael Walsh Gannon, PhD, LCADC and the staff of TalkDr Christian Counseling, specialize in treating the root causes of whatever contributes to keeping you stuck. In essence, we assist the natural healing process of getting you "unstuck" once you achieve freedom from your pain. TalkDr Christian Counseling uses empathic and biblically based counseling to achieve results.
(615) 640-4665 View (615) 640-4665
Photo of The Therapuetic Studio, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in 37064, TN
The Therapuetic Studio, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
Life is hard and we are all trying to heal from someone or something. The therapeutic process is the greatest gift you could give yourself or your child. We have one life, we are all learning daily and we are in this together. We have a deep passion for children, adolescents and families who have come from hard places and spaces.
Life is hard and we are all trying to heal from someone or something. The therapeutic process is the greatest gift you could give yourself or your child. We have one life, we are all learning daily and we are in this together. We have a deep passion for children, adolescents and families who have come from hard places and spaces.
(615) 488-8860 View (615) 488-8860
Photo of Jacki Montroy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 37064, TN
Jacki Montroy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
Hi, I’m Jacki. I work with women in their 40s and 50s whose life looks great on paper but feel discontent and boxed in by their own life. After taking care of other people's needs over their own for years, too many women reach “middle age” and are faced with finding their own identity outside of their kids and career. This leaves them feeling overwhelmed and discontent. Left unaddressed, discontent quickly turns to resentment and makes matters worse. If you’re struggling with resentment in your relationships with your partner, kids, or your life, I can help.
Hi, I’m Jacki. I work with women in their 40s and 50s whose life looks great on paper but feel discontent and boxed in by their own life. After taking care of other people's needs over their own for years, too many women reach “middle age” and are faced with finding their own identity outside of their kids and career. This leaves them feeling overwhelmed and discontent. Left unaddressed, discontent quickly turns to resentment and makes matters worse. If you’re struggling with resentment in your relationships with your partner, kids, or your life, I can help.
(615) 909-2184 View (615) 909-2184
Photo of The Village of Kairos, Psychologist in 37064, TN
The Village of Kairos
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
Trauma and other developmental wounds often show up as anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and a variety of diagnoses. At The Village of Kairos, our therapists are master-doctoral practitioners specializing in trauma-focused therapies and interventions so that our clients find hope, help, and how-to's in order to build a life worth living.
Trauma and other developmental wounds often show up as anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and a variety of diagnoses. At The Village of Kairos, our therapists are master-doctoral practitioners specializing in trauma-focused therapies and interventions so that our clients find hope, help, and how-to's in order to build a life worth living.
(615) 745-1066 View (615) 745-1066
Photo of Ashley Knight, Marriage & Family Therapist in 37064, TN
Ashley Knight
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
On the outside, it may appear that you've got everything together and are living a wonderful life. But on the inside, you may never feel good enough, or feel so overwhelmed by life and stress that doing anything feels exhausting. Maybe it's not you experiencing this but maybe your child is. They may act out, not listen, or fight with you or their siblings about anything and everything. Perhaps the family is fighting and it feels like no one can get along. It's time to make some changes.
On the outside, it may appear that you've got everything together and are living a wonderful life. But on the inside, you may never feel good enough, or feel so overwhelmed by life and stress that doing anything feels exhausting. Maybe it's not you experiencing this but maybe your child is. They may act out, not listen, or fight with you or their siblings about anything and everything. Perhaps the family is fighting and it feels like no one can get along. It's time to make some changes.
(615) 265-6310 View (615) 265-6310
Photo of Haley Whetstone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 37064, TN
Haley Whetstone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
Whether you are seeking refuge and healing from trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, identity issues, suicidal ideation, or various other life complexities, I strive to be a safe and welcoming space for you. I am a strong advocate for meeting people where they are.
Whether you are seeking refuge and healing from trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, identity issues, suicidal ideation, or various other life complexities, I strive to be a safe and welcoming space for you. I am a strong advocate for meeting people where they are.
(615) 552-0984 View (615) 552-0984
Photo of Shelby H Phillips, Licensed Professional Counselor in 37064, TN
Shelby H Phillips
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
Each person's story holds incredible value no matter their age. I am honored to work with children, teens, women, and families in the Franklin, Tennessee area. I specialize in play therapy, anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions. I also enjoy working directly with parents to provide parent education and coaching. I am Level 1 Theraplay trained and am a TBRI practitioner.
Each person's story holds incredible value no matter their age. I am honored to work with children, teens, women, and families in the Franklin, Tennessee area. I specialize in play therapy, anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions. I also enjoy working directly with parents to provide parent education and coaching. I am Level 1 Theraplay trained and am a TBRI practitioner.
(731) 224-4475 View (731) 224-4475
Photo of William D Aldrich, Counselor in 37064, TN
William D Aldrich
Counselor, EdS, LSPE, LPC
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
Everyone faces challenges in today's fast-paced society. Sometimes, the challenges can feel overwhelming. Therapy can help address issues that interfere with our relationships, goals, happiness and ability to function. Change in behavior does not typically come easily, though. Established thinking and behavior patterns may get us through the day, but they also can prevent us from reaching our full potential. When a client establishes a therapeutic relationship with a counselor, they in essence are saying that merely functioning is not good enough. They want more: increased self-awareness, improved relationships, enhanced professional success, greater personal happiness.
Everyone faces challenges in today's fast-paced society. Sometimes, the challenges can feel overwhelming. Therapy can help address issues that interfere with our relationships, goals, happiness and ability to function. Change in behavior does not typically come easily, though. Established thinking and behavior patterns may get us through the day, but they also can prevent us from reaching our full potential. When a client establishes a therapeutic relationship with a counselor, they in essence are saying that merely functioning is not good enough. They want more: increased self-awareness, improved relationships, enhanced professional success, greater personal happiness.
(615) 281-9943 View (615) 281-9943
Photo of Betty Rich, Psychologist in 37064, TN
Betty Rich
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
Not accepting new clients
My goal is to help you understand and resolve challenges in your life so that you can feel good about yourself and your important relationships while moving towards a more fulfilling and meaningful life. My style is very engaging and collaborative, and I have a lively sense of humor. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation, need help resolving difficult or traumatic life experiences, or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
My goal is to help you understand and resolve challenges in your life so that you can feel good about yourself and your important relationships while moving towards a more fulfilling and meaningful life. My style is very engaging and collaborative, and I have a lively sense of humor. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation, need help resolving difficult or traumatic life experiences, or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
(615) 632-6043 View (615) 632-6043
Photo of Megan Richardson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in 37064, TN
Megan Richardson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
My hope is to meet with clients of all ages who find themselves scrambling for health and wholeness and whatever that means to them. I believe there is immense power in feeling safe and known and that our wounds and victories both impact our thought processes, relationships, emotions, and behaviors. In life transitions, relational difficulties, and personal struggles, I aim to be an agent of hope and compassion that moves clients towards greater awareness and confidence, and away from self-defeating processes of shame and feelings of unworthiness. As a result, the health of body, mind, soul, and relationships improves.
My hope is to meet with clients of all ages who find themselves scrambling for health and wholeness and whatever that means to them. I believe there is immense power in feeling safe and known and that our wounds and victories both impact our thought processes, relationships, emotions, and behaviors. In life transitions, relational difficulties, and personal struggles, I aim to be an agent of hope and compassion that moves clients towards greater awareness and confidence, and away from self-defeating processes of shame and feelings of unworthiness. As a result, the health of body, mind, soul, and relationships improves.
(615) 436-5830 View (615) 436-5830
Photo of Devon McLeod, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 37064, TN
Devon McLeod
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you're feeling stuck, filled with self-doubt, or like you can't turn your thoughts off, you're not alone. I'm here to help you trust your instincts and increase your connection to your mind, body, and heart. Or maybe you've been told you're "too sensitive" your entire life. I specialize in helping sensitive people use their sensitivities as a strength both personally and professionally. No more beating yourself up and wondering why you can't be like everyone else. When you release self-criticism, you allow for more space and healing. Your intuition and empathy are needed in this world.
If you're feeling stuck, filled with self-doubt, or like you can't turn your thoughts off, you're not alone. I'm here to help you trust your instincts and increase your connection to your mind, body, and heart. Or maybe you've been told you're "too sensitive" your entire life. I specialize in helping sensitive people use their sensitivities as a strength both personally and professionally. No more beating yourself up and wondering why you can't be like everyone else. When you release self-criticism, you allow for more space and healing. Your intuition and empathy are needed in this world.
(347) 391-8942 View (347) 391-8942
Photo of Shelli Tripp-Norvell, Marriage & Family Therapist in 37064, TN
Shelli Tripp-Norvell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
The leading question in the hearts of women I work with is "Am I enough?" It is my joy to champion you along your personal journey of emotional health and self discovery. Hi, I am Shelli, Creator of Thirty Three Therapy and Coaching. I create experiences of healing for women through my groups, weekend experiences, podcasts, and individual counseling. What brings me joy as a therapist is witnessing my clients' progression of rewriting their trauma story into a story of victory and empowerment.
The leading question in the hearts of women I work with is "Am I enough?" It is my joy to champion you along your personal journey of emotional health and self discovery. Hi, I am Shelli, Creator of Thirty Three Therapy and Coaching. I create experiences of healing for women through my groups, weekend experiences, podcasts, and individual counseling. What brings me joy as a therapist is witnessing my clients' progression of rewriting their trauma story into a story of victory and empowerment.
(615) 802-5341 View (615) 802-5341
Photo of Connie Taylor, Marriage & Family Therapist in 37064, TN
Connie Taylor
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Franklin, TN 37064
I work with a wide range of populations from individuals, families, parents, premarital, ADHD, autism/Asperger's, giftedness, twice-exceptional (2e) & beyond. As a licensed marriage & family therapist, I believe in therapy for the whole person to include mind, body, spirit. We are all made for connection - to ourselves & to others. When we open ourselves to another person, we trust that person with our most vulnerable self. My goal is to provide that safe place. As you find safety in nurturing the essence of who you are, you will discover that growth begins. With that growth, comes healing within yourself & your relationships
I work with a wide range of populations from individuals, families, parents, premarital, ADHD, autism/Asperger's, giftedness, twice-exceptional (2e) & beyond. As a licensed marriage & family therapist, I believe in therapy for the whole person to include mind, body, spirit. We are all made for connection - to ourselves & to others. When we open ourselves to another person, we trust that person with our most vulnerable self. My goal is to provide that safe place. As you find safety in nurturing the essence of who you are, you will discover that growth begins. With that growth, comes healing within yourself & your relationships
(615) 492-8957 View (615) 492-8957
Photo of Melissa Herb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 37064, TN
Melissa Herb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
Healing, improving, achieving goals, and finding purpose in life are foremost in human thought. Developing your own tools and skills will improve your ability to be mindful, to regulate emotions, to tolerate distress, and to be effective in your relationships. Teaching these skills for the past 12 years has improved my own ability to navigate life's challenges. Learning these skills builds confidence, assurance of self, and opens alternatives to getting out of the immediate stuck pattern of thoughts and actions you find yourself in.
Healing, improving, achieving goals, and finding purpose in life are foremost in human thought. Developing your own tools and skills will improve your ability to be mindful, to regulate emotions, to tolerate distress, and to be effective in your relationships. Teaching these skills for the past 12 years has improved my own ability to navigate life's challenges. Learning these skills builds confidence, assurance of self, and opens alternatives to getting out of the immediate stuck pattern of thoughts and actions you find yourself in.
(615) 823-8680 View (615) 823-8680
Photo of Dana D'Andrea Duggan, Psychologist in 37064, TN
Dana D'Andrea Duggan
Psychologist, PhD, ABSNP
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
My practice is psychoeducational assessment only. Please note that I do not provide therapy. My clients are typically families of students in preschool through college who have suspected exceptionalities such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, TBI, giftedness, etc. Client goals typically include improved functioning, clarity, diagnosis when appropriate, strategies, recommendations, and advocacy. What clients say is most helpful is having test data and my clinical judgment to provide clarity, then help them navigate what to do with that data and how to get the help their student needs.
My practice is psychoeducational assessment only. Please note that I do not provide therapy. My clients are typically families of students in preschool through college who have suspected exceptionalities such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, TBI, giftedness, etc. Client goals typically include improved functioning, clarity, diagnosis when appropriate, strategies, recommendations, and advocacy. What clients say is most helpful is having test data and my clinical judgment to provide clarity, then help them navigate what to do with that data and how to get the help their student needs.
(615) 257-9488 View (615) 257-9488
Photo of Elizabeth Krause, Ph.D. Telehealth Psychology, Psychologist in 37064, TN
Elizabeth Krause, Ph.D. Telehealth Psychology
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064  (Online Only)
Are you going through a challenging life circumstance making you vulnerable to depression or anxiety? Perhaps you're struggling with a medical diagnosis, trauma, chronic pain, or want to learn more about mindfulness or meditation. I am a dual licensed psychologist in Pennsylvania and Tennessee. I have immediate openings for Telehealth sessions. I offer individual therapy for adults with Depression, Anxiety, Adult ADD, Panic, Sleep Disorders, Chronic Pain, and Trauma. Additional services include Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) DBT, ACT, Self-Hypnosis, Meditation Training, and Narcissistic Abuse Recovery.
Are you going through a challenging life circumstance making you vulnerable to depression or anxiety? Perhaps you're struggling with a medical diagnosis, trauma, chronic pain, or want to learn more about mindfulness or meditation. I am a dual licensed psychologist in Pennsylvania and Tennessee. I have immediate openings for Telehealth sessions. I offer individual therapy for adults with Depression, Anxiety, Adult ADD, Panic, Sleep Disorders, Chronic Pain, and Trauma. Additional services include Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) DBT, ACT, Self-Hypnosis, Meditation Training, and Narcissistic Abuse Recovery.
(615) 527-8627 View (615) 527-8627
Photo of Holly Beth Barruso, Licensed Professional Counselor in 37064, TN
Holly Beth Barruso
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
I have a license in Tennessee in Professional Counseling, as well as a license in the state of California as a Marriage and Family Therapist. I have a Master's degree in Marriage and Family Therapy with over 25 years of experience in the mental health field. My graduate education was rooted in a family systems approach with a later focus on Christian Counseling. I have experience working with children ages 2 - 18, as well as adults of all ages, in a wide range of settings. As a result I am well prepared to work with the entire family system to help clients find long lasting healing.
I have a license in Tennessee in Professional Counseling, as well as a license in the state of California as a Marriage and Family Therapist. I have a Master's degree in Marriage and Family Therapy with over 25 years of experience in the mental health field. My graduate education was rooted in a family systems approach with a later focus on Christian Counseling. I have experience working with children ages 2 - 18, as well as adults of all ages, in a wide range of settings. As a result I am well prepared to work with the entire family system to help clients find long lasting healing.
(615) 205-9289 View (615) 205-9289
Photo of Abigail Weatherly, Pre-Licensed Professional in 37064, TN
Abigail Weatherly
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Franklin, TN 37064
I have the privilege to work with parents who want to support their child and their development through connection and understanding, preteens/teens who are navigating life changes as they grow up and want to build new skills, and children who are learning about themselves and the world without the tools to communicate their needs. I love being able to advocate for my clients to support them in achieving the goals they set for themselves.
I have the privilege to work with parents who want to support their child and their development through connection and understanding, preteens/teens who are navigating life changes as they grow up and want to build new skills, and children who are learning about themselves and the world without the tools to communicate their needs. I love being able to advocate for my clients to support them in achieving the goals they set for themselves.
(615) 488-5720 View (615) 488-5720

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 37064

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 37064 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
85% Relationship Issues
84% Depression
78% Self Esteem
71% Grief
71% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Aetna
57% Cigna and Evernorth
48% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 37064 see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 37064?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.