Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ

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Photo of Sonya K. Bettendorf, Psychologist in Scottsdale, AZ
Sonya K. Bettendorf
Psychologist, PhD, PLLC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Relationships are vital for survival and necessary for growth. Often, however, people experience disconnections from others, which can be a major source of suffering. Although we deeply desire and need emotional connections, many people are reasonably apprehensive about the risks involved in intimacy. As a result, one may keep parts of themselves hidden or silenced. This serves an important protective function, which must be honored and understood with compassionate curiosity. Therapy can offer a safe space to relinquish unproductive patterns and consider new, more balanced and flexible ways of relating.
Relationships are vital for survival and necessary for growth. Often, however, people experience disconnections from others, which can be a major source of suffering. Although we deeply desire and need emotional connections, many people are reasonably apprehensive about the risks involved in intimacy. As a result, one may keep parts of themselves hidden or silenced. This serves an important protective function, which must be honored and understood with compassionate curiosity. Therapy can offer a safe space to relinquish unproductive patterns and consider new, more balanced and flexible ways of relating.
(480) 696-5127 View (480) 696-5127
Photo of Meredith Riddick, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Meredith Riddick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CEDS-S
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Sometimes even the smartest and most capable women I know feel stuck. It could be moving beyond an issue in a relationship, anxiety, perfectionism or it could be an eating disorder or traumatic memory. You may feel like you are underperforming in life and relationships or just completely overwhelmed with everything going on. When we do not have the social support we need or just not sure how to use our social support, it can be helpful to talk to a professional and get objective feedback. To be asked thought provoking questions. To get ideas with how to move forward and start thriving in life!
Sometimes even the smartest and most capable women I know feel stuck. It could be moving beyond an issue in a relationship, anxiety, perfectionism or it could be an eating disorder or traumatic memory. You may feel like you are underperforming in life and relationships or just completely overwhelmed with everything going on. When we do not have the social support we need or just not sure how to use our social support, it can be helpful to talk to a professional and get objective feedback. To be asked thought provoking questions. To get ideas with how to move forward and start thriving in life!
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Photo of Jordan Johansen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Jordan Johansen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
I believe in the power of connection, in embracing the quirks that make us individuals, and in fostering a space where vulnerability is not just accepted but celebrated. Whether it's through the language of play, art, or the dialogue of words, I tailor my therapeutic approach to fit each young person's unique journey. Cognitive-behavioral techniques, expressive arts, and a sprinkle of humor are my tools to help your child or teenager navigate challenges with grace.
I believe in the power of connection, in embracing the quirks that make us individuals, and in fostering a space where vulnerability is not just accepted but celebrated. Whether it's through the language of play, art, or the dialogue of words, I tailor my therapeutic approach to fit each young person's unique journey. Cognitive-behavioral techniques, expressive arts, and a sprinkle of humor are my tools to help your child or teenager navigate challenges with grace.
(520) 636-0843 View (520) 636-0843
Photo of Bobbe Mcginley, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Bobbe Mcginley
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, MBA, LISAC, CADAC , SAP, NCGCII
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
I came to Arizona in 1989 after completing the Hazelden 55-week counselor training program,and have been working with adult addicts, alcoholics and their affected persons since then. I also work with couples and families and use my counseling, mediation and coaching skills as needed. I am Masters level and received an MBA to open my licensed agency.
I came to Arizona in 1989 after completing the Hazelden 55-week counselor training program,and have been working with adult addicts, alcoholics and their affected persons since then. I also work with couples and families and use my counseling, mediation and coaching skills as needed. I am Masters level and received an MBA to open my licensed agency.
(602) 714-3912 View (602) 714-3912
Photo of Haven McKenna Arviso, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Scottsdale, AZ
Haven McKenna Arviso
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MAS-MFT, LAMFT
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Associate Marriage and Family Therapist who specializes in helping families, couples, children and adolescents. I am a strength based therapist who aides clients in seeing their strong points and working through their identified growth areas. I believe that exploring and gaining insight as to how past experiences have impacted you is an important part of the therapeutic process. I provide a genuine, welcoming, and collaborative therapeutic environment for all clients. I am trained in family systems theory and encourage the entire family to participate in therapy.
I am a Licensed Associate Marriage and Family Therapist who specializes in helping families, couples, children and adolescents. I am a strength based therapist who aides clients in seeing their strong points and working through their identified growth areas. I believe that exploring and gaining insight as to how past experiences have impacted you is an important part of the therapeutic process. I provide a genuine, welcoming, and collaborative therapeutic environment for all clients. I am trained in family systems theory and encourage the entire family to participate in therapy.
(928) 267-6220 View (928) 267-6220
Photo of Barry Dubin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Barry Dubin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
I work with a diverse population in an outpatient setting.
I work with a diverse population in an outpatient setting.
(623) 278-9685 View (623) 278-9685
Photo of InSight Psychology, Psychologist in Scottsdale, AZ
InSight Psychology
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85255
Without a doubt, your child deserves the best, innovative, and individualized treatment. We are here to support you and give you the tools for a successful and thriving family. Let's work together to get your child's life back on track and give them a childhood worth embracing! Families come to us seeking therapy and evaluation services that are evidence-based, effective, and efficient. Our primary therapy specialties include: childhood anxiety and OCD, and young child (ages 2-6) misbehavior. Evaluation specialties include: ADHD, Autism, learning difficulties, giftedness/Twice Exceptionality (2E), and executive dysfunction.
Without a doubt, your child deserves the best, innovative, and individualized treatment. We are here to support you and give you the tools for a successful and thriving family. Let's work together to get your child's life back on track and give them a childhood worth embracing! Families come to us seeking therapy and evaluation services that are evidence-based, effective, and efficient. Our primary therapy specialties include: childhood anxiety and OCD, and young child (ages 2-6) misbehavior. Evaluation specialties include: ADHD, Autism, learning difficulties, giftedness/Twice Exceptionality (2E), and executive dysfunction.
(480) 999-9095 View (480) 999-9095
Photo of Alexa Yassi, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Alexa Yassi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MAS-MFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
“Family dysfunction rolls from generation to generation like a fire in the woods taking down everything in its path until one person, in one generation, has the courage to turn and face the flames. That person brings peace to his ancestors and spares the children that follow.” — Terry Real. Taking a step towards therapy is an act of bravery. An act that can begin to open up space for healing in your life or in your relationships.
“Family dysfunction rolls from generation to generation like a fire in the woods taking down everything in its path until one person, in one generation, has the courage to turn and face the flames. That person brings peace to his ancestors and spares the children that follow.” — Terry Real. Taking a step towards therapy is an act of bravery. An act that can begin to open up space for healing in your life or in your relationships.
(602) 497-1989 View (602) 497-1989
Photo of Sarah Baum, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Sarah Baum
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Are you struggling? As women we face so many complex issues throughout the many stages of our lives. The pressures of being everything to everyone can be overwhelming. Maybe you feel as if the the weight of the world is on your shoulders. Perhaps you feel as if friends and family don't understand, or don't have time in their own lives to hear your problems. Life can be full of feelings of depression, anxiety and all the in between. You want to find peace and relief from the things that are holding you back and I am here for you.
Are you struggling? As women we face so many complex issues throughout the many stages of our lives. The pressures of being everything to everyone can be overwhelming. Maybe you feel as if the the weight of the world is on your shoulders. Perhaps you feel as if friends and family don't understand, or don't have time in their own lives to hear your problems. Life can be full of feelings of depression, anxiety and all the in between. You want to find peace and relief from the things that are holding you back and I am here for you.
(480) 605-3445 View (480) 605-3445
Photo of Kimberly Hall Sadegi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Kimberly Hall Sadegi
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
One of the most crucial parts of the therapeutic process is connection. Having a space where you feel understood and not judged is foundational, especially in these times. We all have a unique history and journey- no two experiences are alike. I incorporate both an INDIVIDUALIZED and WHOLISTIC approach to therapy, geared towards considering the whole person, identifying how each part affects and influences the other. We will work on clearly identifing goals and measuring your progress. Together we can do this by practicing the principle of HOPE, as I believe almost everything in life is "figure-out-able."
One of the most crucial parts of the therapeutic process is connection. Having a space where you feel understood and not judged is foundational, especially in these times. We all have a unique history and journey- no two experiences are alike. I incorporate both an INDIVIDUALIZED and WHOLISTIC approach to therapy, geared towards considering the whole person, identifying how each part affects and influences the other. We will work on clearly identifing goals and measuring your progress. Together we can do this by practicing the principle of HOPE, as I believe almost everything in life is "figure-out-able."
(520) 335-3640 View (520) 335-3640
Photo of Hannah Beer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Hannah Beer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85251  (Online Only)
Do you have everyday, ordinary life struggles that you think aren’t ‘big enough’ for therapy? Or maybe you find yourself dealing with more severe issues of anxiety, depression, postpartum, or substance use? Regardless of your starting point it’s okay to admit you can’t do it alone; we were made to be social creatures. As a licensed professional counselor, my goal is to empower you to be the expert of your own life while simultaneously journeying alongside you as we navigate finding solutions together.
Do you have everyday, ordinary life struggles that you think aren’t ‘big enough’ for therapy? Or maybe you find yourself dealing with more severe issues of anxiety, depression, postpartum, or substance use? Regardless of your starting point it’s okay to admit you can’t do it alone; we were made to be social creatures. As a licensed professional counselor, my goal is to empower you to be the expert of your own life while simultaneously journeying alongside you as we navigate finding solutions together.
(623) 304-8195 View (623) 304-8195
Photo of Eleanor Gross, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Eleanor Gross
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
As a Licensed Certified Social Worker with over 30 years of experience, I provide a unique form of body/mind psychotherapy for individuals. My treatment approach is to create a supportive and non-judgmental atmosphere utilizing proven therapeutic methods that will resolve repetitive and harmful behavior patterns. Understanding both past and present life circumstances enables you to gain the capacity to grow beyond your self-limiting beliefs and feelings of unworthiness.Through our work together you will develop a greater sense of dignity and integrity under any and all circumstances.
As a Licensed Certified Social Worker with over 30 years of experience, I provide a unique form of body/mind psychotherapy for individuals. My treatment approach is to create a supportive and non-judgmental atmosphere utilizing proven therapeutic methods that will resolve repetitive and harmful behavior patterns. Understanding both past and present life circumstances enables you to gain the capacity to grow beyond your self-limiting beliefs and feelings of unworthiness.Through our work together you will develop a greater sense of dignity and integrity under any and all circumstances.
(602) 497-0739 View (602) 497-0739
Photo of Lindsay Rayball, Marriage & Family Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Lindsay Rayball
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MAS-MFT, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
Waitlist for new clients
*VIDEO & PHONE SESSIONS AVAILABLE TO ALL AZ RESIDENTS** I specialize in providing couples counseling and couples intensives for relationships in crisis. No matter how busy you are or how demanding your schedule, a 1-day or 2-day intensive will help you turn toward each other again and shift the dynamic in your relationship. Working together, we will identify the most crucial issues and empower you with the specific skills you need to overcome them. This targeted, highly personalized form of counseling works quickly and effectively.
*VIDEO & PHONE SESSIONS AVAILABLE TO ALL AZ RESIDENTS** I specialize in providing couples counseling and couples intensives for relationships in crisis. No matter how busy you are or how demanding your schedule, a 1-day or 2-day intensive will help you turn toward each other again and shift the dynamic in your relationship. Working together, we will identify the most crucial issues and empower you with the specific skills you need to overcome them. This targeted, highly personalized form of counseling works quickly and effectively.
(602) 638-2031 View (602) 638-2031
Photo of Laurie Dilorenzo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Laurie Dilorenzo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP, MNT
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85255  (Online Only)
My deepest passion lies in helping you improve your life today by exploring patterns that prevent you from being fully present in your life. We all have an innate drive toward aliveness, wellness and success. Life challenges and trauma can disconnect us from our felt sense of being and our ability to utilize our natural mechanisms toward health, well being and wholeness. True healing can only occur with a fully integrated, holistic approach.
My deepest passion lies in helping you improve your life today by exploring patterns that prevent you from being fully present in your life. We all have an innate drive toward aliveness, wellness and success. Life challenges and trauma can disconnect us from our felt sense of being and our ability to utilize our natural mechanisms toward health, well being and wholeness. True healing can only occur with a fully integrated, holistic approach.
(480) 757-2379 View (480) 757-2379
Photo of Dr. Rachel Jensen in Scottsdale, AZ
Dr. Rachel Jensen
MC, PsyD
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Not accepting new clients
I am a Doctor of Psychology who currently holds a temporary license with the Arizona Board of Psychologist Examiners and am receiving supervision while working toward my independent licensure. As part of my clinical background and experiences, I have been able to provide therapy and assessment services to individuals of diverse races, sexual orientations, religions, socioeconomic statuses, and ages as well as presenting concerns. I currently offer therapy for individuals presenting with trauma, anxiety, communication and boundaries disturbances, grief/loss, depression, self-esteem issues, life transitions, and relationship concerns.
I am a Doctor of Psychology who currently holds a temporary license with the Arizona Board of Psychologist Examiners and am receiving supervision while working toward my independent licensure. As part of my clinical background and experiences, I have been able to provide therapy and assessment services to individuals of diverse races, sexual orientations, religions, socioeconomic statuses, and ages as well as presenting concerns. I currently offer therapy for individuals presenting with trauma, anxiety, communication and boundaries disturbances, grief/loss, depression, self-esteem issues, life transitions, and relationship concerns.
(480) 947-5739 View (480) 947-5739
Photo of Marjorie Schulte, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Scottsdale, AZ
Marjorie Schulte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PLLC, BCD
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
Marjorie Schulte is a Psychotherapist with over 40 years experience. She is a licensed clinical social worker; a transactional analyst; board certified diplomate in clinical social work; board certified diplomate in the American Psychotherapy Association and a member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. Marjorie has a general clinical practice with a specialty in resolving relationship conflicts. She is a consultant on teaching and communicating about effective skills for successful and healthy living. Marjorie's style is forthright and interactive. Clients are expected to assume personal responsibility.
Marjorie Schulte is a Psychotherapist with over 40 years experience. She is a licensed clinical social worker; a transactional analyst; board certified diplomate in clinical social work; board certified diplomate in the American Psychotherapy Association and a member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. Marjorie has a general clinical practice with a specialty in resolving relationship conflicts. She is a consultant on teaching and communicating about effective skills for successful and healthy living. Marjorie's style is forthright and interactive. Clients are expected to assume personal responsibility.
(480) 941-9004 View (480) 941-9004
Photo of Dr. Kia A. Watkins, Psychologist in Scottsdale, AZ
Dr. Kia A. Watkins
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85253
Dr. Kia Watkins is a licensed clinical psychologist in Arizona with extensive clinical training treating a broad range of psychological issues including depression, anxiety, complex developmental trauma such as childhood sexual abuse and neglect, historical and multigenerational trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), grief/bereavement, existential concerns, identity conflict and confusion, and interpersonal distress. Her client care model centers the voices and needs of those individuals who enter into the therapeutic space.
Dr. Kia Watkins is a licensed clinical psychologist in Arizona with extensive clinical training treating a broad range of psychological issues including depression, anxiety, complex developmental trauma such as childhood sexual abuse and neglect, historical and multigenerational trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), grief/bereavement, existential concerns, identity conflict and confusion, and interpersonal distress. Her client care model centers the voices and needs of those individuals who enter into the therapeutic space.
(623) 304-7063 View (623) 304-7063
Photo of Randy Kauk in Scottsdale, AZ
Randy Kauk
MSN, APRN, ACNPCAG
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
I have been a medical professional for 14 years. I am a Board-Certified Nurse Practitioner in six states, including Arizona, Michigan, Kansas, Florida, Nevada, and California. I have worked in a variety of settings including hospital medicine, primary care, chronic care management, acute rehabilitation, telemedicine, mental health, pain management, home health, MAT therapy, hospice, university teaching, and medical aesthetics.
I have been a medical professional for 14 years. I am a Board-Certified Nurse Practitioner in six states, including Arizona, Michigan, Kansas, Florida, Nevada, and California. I have worked in a variety of settings including hospital medicine, primary care, chronic care management, acute rehabilitation, telemedicine, mental health, pain management, home health, MAT therapy, hospice, university teaching, and medical aesthetics.
(480) 613-7017 View (480) 613-7017
Photo of Julienne Roa, Licensed Professional Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Julienne Roa
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scottsdale, AZ 85255  (Online Only)
Everyone thinks you’ve got it together, but the loud, incessant voice of your inner critic is telling you that you’re never going to be enough. You are a perfectionist and take pride in the things you do. When you hear the words, “imposter syndrome”, you can completely relate. You hope nobody knows that you truly don’t have it together at all. You struggle in relationships, and part of you knows that it may have something to do with your dysfunctional childhood and never feeling seen. You have big emotions, you don’t want to be seen as “too much”, and you most definitely don’t want to feel rejected.
Everyone thinks you’ve got it together, but the loud, incessant voice of your inner critic is telling you that you’re never going to be enough. You are a perfectionist and take pride in the things you do. When you hear the words, “imposter syndrome”, you can completely relate. You hope nobody knows that you truly don’t have it together at all. You struggle in relationships, and part of you knows that it may have something to do with your dysfunctional childhood and never feeling seen. You have big emotions, you don’t want to be seen as “too much”, and you most definitely don’t want to feel rejected.
(480) 418-1687 View (480) 418-1687
Photo of Lisa M Angelini, Counselor in Scottsdale, AZ
Lisa M Angelini
Counselor, MAPC, LPC, ACCHT, CLC
Verified Verified
Scottsdale, AZ 85260  (Online Only)
Frustrated? Out-of-control eating ? Feeling lost after divorce or breakup of a relationship? You try over and over again and say to yourself, "This time it will be different". But, inevitably the diet or relationship fails and you are back where you started feeling alone, overwhelmed and sad. Maybe you are confused about how this could happen again. If you are fed up with having the same experience and want to take your life to optimal levels, now is the time to take care of YOU first.
Frustrated? Out-of-control eating ? Feeling lost after divorce or breakup of a relationship? You try over and over again and say to yourself, "This time it will be different". But, inevitably the diet or relationship fails and you are back where you started feeling alone, overwhelmed and sad. Maybe you are confused about how this could happen again. If you are fed up with having the same experience and want to take your life to optimal levels, now is the time to take care of YOU first.
(602) 910-2379 View (602) 910-2379

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
63% BlueCross and BlueShield
58% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Scottsdale, AZ see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Scottsdale?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.