Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Leslie Yan Meier, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Leslie Yan Meier
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
My approach to psychotherapy is a collaborative and flexible partnership with each client. I believe that trust, respect, non-judgment, genuineness, and compassion form the foundation of a therapeutic relationship. Through the process of psychotherapy, I endeavor to help clients gain insight and perspective into their relationships and behaviors with the intention of achieving positive change. We will work in tandem to identify treatment goals and expectations at the outset of treatment, and will ensure that the focus of therapy is on the most salient issues.
My approach to psychotherapy is a collaborative and flexible partnership with each client. I believe that trust, respect, non-judgment, genuineness, and compassion form the foundation of a therapeutic relationship. Through the process of psychotherapy, I endeavor to help clients gain insight and perspective into their relationships and behaviors with the intention of achieving positive change. We will work in tandem to identify treatment goals and expectations at the outset of treatment, and will ensure that the focus of therapy is on the most salient issues.
(415) 226-4996 View (415) 226-4996
Photo of Andrea Crapanzano, Ph.D, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Andrea Crapanzano, Ph.D
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
Are you feeling exhausted, lost, uncertain about who you are, who you want to become, and life's direction? Do you find yourself unsatisfied with your job or relationships, grappling with feelings of inadequacy, abandonment, and rejection? You're not alone. In therapy with me, you'll embark on a transformative journey to become an expert on YOU: your personality, your past, your needs and wants, the places you get stuck, and how to overcome painful feelings. You'll come to understand why you feel isolated and alone and that you're worthy and unique. You'll learn ways to make your relationships with others better and more satisfying.
Are you feeling exhausted, lost, uncertain about who you are, who you want to become, and life's direction? Do you find yourself unsatisfied with your job or relationships, grappling with feelings of inadequacy, abandonment, and rejection? You're not alone. In therapy with me, you'll embark on a transformative journey to become an expert on YOU: your personality, your past, your needs and wants, the places you get stuck, and how to overcome painful feelings. You'll come to understand why you feel isolated and alone and that you're worthy and unique. You'll learn ways to make your relationships with others better and more satisfying.
(415) 688-2484 View (415) 688-2484
Photo of Mena K Zaminsky, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Mena K Zaminsky
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
People often begin therapy because they are in emotional pain or a crisis and need relief from their suffering. While difficult, it is often the catalyst that opens the door to creative life force and new possibilities in living in the world. Psychotherapy is a deeply personal, individualized, alchemical process. I serve clients in the areas of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relationship issues, anxiety, addictions and self-development. I assist clients in not only getting relief from their suffering but also enhancing their personal and spiritual lives and having healthier relationships with themselves and others.
People often begin therapy because they are in emotional pain or a crisis and need relief from their suffering. While difficult, it is often the catalyst that opens the door to creative life force and new possibilities in living in the world. Psychotherapy is a deeply personal, individualized, alchemical process. I serve clients in the areas of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relationship issues, anxiety, addictions and self-development. I assist clients in not only getting relief from their suffering but also enhancing their personal and spiritual lives and having healthier relationships with themselves and others.
(415) 799-9440 View (415) 799-9440
Photo of Carter Care Therapeutic Services, Margena Carter, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Carter Care Therapeutic Services, Margena Carter
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94111
Are you interested in living life to the fullest but struggle to achieve it? You've taken the first steps towards healing. Carter Care Therapeutic Services is dedicated to you! Regardless of what you're going through, our team of Licensed Therapist will strive to bring out the best in you. You're not alone. We can assist you in resolving your past pain! We will affirm your strengths and challenge you to use them. While promoting insight, healing and change in an environment full of warmth and genuineness. Carter Care Therapist are here to provide a safe, unbiased and non-judgmental environment.
Are you interested in living life to the fullest but struggle to achieve it? You've taken the first steps towards healing. Carter Care Therapeutic Services is dedicated to you! Regardless of what you're going through, our team of Licensed Therapist will strive to bring out the best in you. You're not alone. We can assist you in resolving your past pain! We will affirm your strengths and challenge you to use them. While promoting insight, healing and change in an environment full of warmth and genuineness. Carter Care Therapist are here to provide a safe, unbiased and non-judgmental environment.
(415) 319-9641 View (415) 319-9641
Photo of Randy Weled, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Randy Weled
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
The most important questions is: "What pain brought you here? What is the hardest issue for you to deal with?" The most important result of the first session is that you walk out feeling that I understand you and will be able to be your ally in working through your issues. In other words we need to like each other and you need to feel that I have the expertise to handle your problems and not judge you.
The most important questions is: "What pain brought you here? What is the hardest issue for you to deal with?" The most important result of the first session is that you walk out feeling that I understand you and will be able to be your ally in working through your issues. In other words we need to like each other and you need to feel that I have the expertise to handle your problems and not judge you.
(415) 967-7209 View (415) 967-7209
Photo of Wendi Vecchiarelli, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Wendi Vecchiarelli
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients. Hello and welcome to my practice. I have extensive experience and training in, and enjoy, working with the LGBTQ, trans, poly, sex-positive, sex work, kink, and asexual communities, as well as with anxiety, depression, substance use concerns, IVF and surrogacy, single parenting, and careers in the arts, law, and tech. Please note that I am currently conducting sessions exclusively by phone. You may find that not having to commute to a therapy office saves time and that being able to take a walk while speaking is not only effective but also pleasant.
Currently accepting new clients. Hello and welcome to my practice. I have extensive experience and training in, and enjoy, working with the LGBTQ, trans, poly, sex-positive, sex work, kink, and asexual communities, as well as with anxiety, depression, substance use concerns, IVF and surrogacy, single parenting, and careers in the arts, law, and tech. Please note that I am currently conducting sessions exclusively by phone. You may find that not having to commute to a therapy office saves time and that being able to take a walk while speaking is not only effective but also pleasant.
(415) 574-0965 View (415) 574-0965
Photo of Kayla Haberern, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Kayla Haberern
Counselor, MA, LPCC, R-DMT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Welcome to Feet in the Sand Holistic Therapy! Whether you are seeking therapy for yourself, a child, or your family, this can be a very difficult process, so I honor your wisdom and your steps in your healing journey. With many years of experience, I specialize in working with infants and children, and pregnant and postpartum women. I deeply care about you as a client and my heart is truly in this work.
Welcome to Feet in the Sand Holistic Therapy! Whether you are seeking therapy for yourself, a child, or your family, this can be a very difficult process, so I honor your wisdom and your steps in your healing journey. With many years of experience, I specialize in working with infants and children, and pregnant and postpartum women. I deeply care about you as a client and my heart is truly in this work.
(415) 763-6774 View (415) 763-6774
Photo of Arielle Dualan, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Arielle Dualan
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, PPSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Hi, I'm Arielle! I work with individuals and couples who are seeking to process developmental trauma (e.g., abuse, neglect, immigration) and traumas of oppression (e.g., racism, sexism, transphobia) and improve how they show up for themselves and the people they love. My ideal client is someone who is ready to break cycles of dysfunction in their family system because they have a desire to heal themselves and their family from generations of pain. Together we will challenge disempowering narratives we've adopted, and choose to courageously heal from feelings distress and anxiety.
Hi, I'm Arielle! I work with individuals and couples who are seeking to process developmental trauma (e.g., abuse, neglect, immigration) and traumas of oppression (e.g., racism, sexism, transphobia) and improve how they show up for themselves and the people they love. My ideal client is someone who is ready to break cycles of dysfunction in their family system because they have a desire to heal themselves and their family from generations of pain. Together we will challenge disempowering narratives we've adopted, and choose to courageously heal from feelings distress and anxiety.
(628) 313-3378 View (628) 313-3378
Photo of Carina Hartley, LPC Intern in San Francisco, CA
Carina Hartley
LPC Intern, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94131  (Online Only)
I love working with spiritual, creative, artistic weirdos who live and love outside the box. If you're feeling lost, disconnected, and struggling to find your groove in the world: I hear you. I bet there are also ways that you are yearning to express yourself; to be deeply seen and supported. Are you hoping to show up in relationships in a more authentic way? Exploring parts of your identity that feel like exciting and scary unknowns? I’m here to help you embrace the fluidity and complexity of who you are. Therapy is your space to integrate all of life's challenges and beauty within a safe and compassionate relationship.
I love working with spiritual, creative, artistic weirdos who live and love outside the box. If you're feeling lost, disconnected, and struggling to find your groove in the world: I hear you. I bet there are also ways that you are yearning to express yourself; to be deeply seen and supported. Are you hoping to show up in relationships in a more authentic way? Exploring parts of your identity that feel like exciting and scary unknowns? I’m here to help you embrace the fluidity and complexity of who you are. Therapy is your space to integrate all of life's challenges and beauty within a safe and compassionate relationship.
(415) 449-2867 View (415) 449-2867
Photo of Luanna Rodgers, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Luanna Rodgers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
I am a caring, empathetic, and experienced therapist with more than 20 years in practice. I can assist you to find your unique life's path, overcome obstacles such as difficult emotions and past trauma, and expand your potential for happiness. I work with individuals, families, and people in many sorts of relationships, especially in the areas of anxiety and stress management, trauma and post-traumatic stress, depression, self worth and self-actualization, gender identity, sexuality and intimacy, and life transitions.
I am a caring, empathetic, and experienced therapist with more than 20 years in practice. I can assist you to find your unique life's path, overcome obstacles such as difficult emotions and past trauma, and expand your potential for happiness. I work with individuals, families, and people in many sorts of relationships, especially in the areas of anxiety and stress management, trauma and post-traumatic stress, depression, self worth and self-actualization, gender identity, sexuality and intimacy, and life transitions.
(415) 697-3853 View (415) 697-3853
Photo of Nicholas Cardé, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Nicholas Cardé
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
Trouble sleeping? I am a clinical sleep psychologist who specializes in behavioral sleep medicine and the evidence-based treatment of insomnia and sleep problems. I have over a decade of experience in helping individuals, groups and organizations learn strategies to sleep well at night and perform their best during the day. If you suffer from sleep problems, I offer expert cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) which can provide fast and effective relief from insomnia and improved sleep within just a few sessions.
Trouble sleeping? I am a clinical sleep psychologist who specializes in behavioral sleep medicine and the evidence-based treatment of insomnia and sleep problems. I have over a decade of experience in helping individuals, groups and organizations learn strategies to sleep well at night and perform their best during the day. If you suffer from sleep problems, I offer expert cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) which can provide fast and effective relief from insomnia and improved sleep within just a few sessions.
(415) 237-2063 View (415) 237-2063
Photo of Harriet E Schatz, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Harriet E Schatz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I believe that therapy is a gift that a person can give themself. It can be part of the journey that enables a person to join with me to figure out what may be getting in the way of living their best life. Starting therapy takes courage. I have 30 years of experience working in this field. I believe that each of us deserves to live our best life and that working with me, people come to new places of self-acceptance, forgiveness, self-awareness, resiliency and can go on to realize more of their hopes and dreams.
I believe that therapy is a gift that a person can give themself. It can be part of the journey that enables a person to join with me to figure out what may be getting in the way of living their best life. Starting therapy takes courage. I have 30 years of experience working in this field. I believe that each of us deserves to live our best life and that working with me, people come to new places of self-acceptance, forgiveness, self-awareness, resiliency and can go on to realize more of their hopes and dreams.
(415) 799-7955 View (415) 799-7955
Photo of Aida Colocho, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Aida Colocho
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience addressing trauma in women who have been victims of domestic violence. My approach is mostly Psychodynamic with Cognitive Restructuring to help these victims process their past trauma and gain insight into establishing healthy boundaries. This approach has helped many clients gain self-confidence and self-empowerment to continue in life not as a victim but as a survivor of trauma. Clients have been able to learn skills that help them better manage their symptoms and gain a sense of control and self in their lives moving forward.
I have extensive experience addressing trauma in women who have been victims of domestic violence. My approach is mostly Psychodynamic with Cognitive Restructuring to help these victims process their past trauma and gain insight into establishing healthy boundaries. This approach has helped many clients gain self-confidence and self-empowerment to continue in life not as a victim but as a survivor of trauma. Clients have been able to learn skills that help them better manage their symptoms and gain a sense of control and self in their lives moving forward.
(415) 329-3752 View (415) 329-3752
Photo of Sonia Sztejnklaper Bell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sonia Sztejnklaper Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
As a therapist with over 30 years of experience, including as a director of clinical services at a non-profit agency, I've worked with individuals of all ages, couples and families. I offer a wide range of therapy services, specializing in helping my clients deal with emotional and behavioral issues, including anxiety and depression. I also have extensive experience working with those undergoing personal transitions, family, marital and relationship issues, coping with medical challenges including loss and grief.
As a therapist with over 30 years of experience, including as a director of clinical services at a non-profit agency, I've worked with individuals of all ages, couples and families. I offer a wide range of therapy services, specializing in helping my clients deal with emotional and behavioral issues, including anxiety and depression. I also have extensive experience working with those undergoing personal transitions, family, marital and relationship issues, coping with medical challenges including loss and grief.
(415) 578-9229 View (415) 578-9229
Photo of Silver Lake Psychology--San Francisco location, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Silver Lake Psychology--San Francisco location
Psychologist
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
Learn how to feel more connected to yourself, others and the world around you. Therapy provides all the elements of intimacy: honest communication, vulnerability and trust. Good therapy is challenging yet warm, providing both structure and empathy for your unique experience. We are a collective of therapists with a wide range of specialties. Our intake professionals will help connect you with the right therapist for your needs. We make appointments easy, offering evenings and weekends and flexibility for creative professionals who can't make the same time each week.
(415) 727-4453 View (415) 727-4453
Photo of Sergio Ruiz Psychotherapy, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Sergio Ruiz Psychotherapy
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I want to assist you in examining why you feel like your life is not where you think or sense it should be. Why you have a nagging feeling that perhaps you're wasting time and not living your life in a more deep and fulfilling manner. You may think you're “not good enough,” or “if only this would have/not have happened," life would be different. The activities you do feel banal, going to work/school is dreadful, relationships and family are difficult, and the values and beliefs that once held you have lost their ground. You feel lonely, depressed, anxious, and perhaps substance use is worsening. You’re wondering about doing therapy.
I want to assist you in examining why you feel like your life is not where you think or sense it should be. Why you have a nagging feeling that perhaps you're wasting time and not living your life in a more deep and fulfilling manner. You may think you're “not good enough,” or “if only this would have/not have happened," life would be different. The activities you do feel banal, going to work/school is dreadful, relationships and family are difficult, and the values and beliefs that once held you have lost their ground. You feel lonely, depressed, anxious, and perhaps substance use is worsening. You’re wondering about doing therapy.
(408) 868-2217 View (408) 868-2217
Photo of Kelsey Urauchi, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kelsey Urauchi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I offer virtual therapy to couples and individuals seeking peace and purpose in their lives and relationships. I believe in everyone's capacity and right to feel well and whole. I strive to build effective, honest, and loving communication strategies so that couples can restore their sense of navigating life together as a powerful alliance.
I offer virtual therapy to couples and individuals seeking peace and purpose in their lives and relationships. I believe in everyone's capacity and right to feel well and whole. I strive to build effective, honest, and loving communication strategies so that couples can restore their sense of navigating life together as a powerful alliance.
(415) 941-3095 View (415) 941-3095
Photo of M J Barrett in San Francisco, CA
M J Barrett
MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
For the past 12 years I have helped people through relationship issues, anxiety, depression, parenting issues, life transitions, to name a few. Reaching out is the BEST first step you can take for yourself, you are not alone - Life throws curve balls and they can be hard to dodge.
For the past 12 years I have helped people through relationship issues, anxiety, depression, parenting issues, life transitions, to name a few. Reaching out is the BEST first step you can take for yourself, you are not alone - Life throws curve balls and they can be hard to dodge.
(628) 265-3400 View (628) 265-3400
Photo of Wendy C. Ong, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Wendy C. Ong
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I work with people in various stages of their lives—from young adults to those in or nearing retirement. Some come to therapy when serious, distressing symptoms disrupt their home, school or professional life. Consequent to these trying times, many find themselves alone facing unexpected, painful losses and separations. Life may have become structured around chronic stress, conflictual relationships or managing a debilitating illness. The demands of daily living can become overwhelming, and a new way through is essential to gaining, or regaining, wellness and stability.
I work with people in various stages of their lives—from young adults to those in or nearing retirement. Some come to therapy when serious, distressing symptoms disrupt their home, school or professional life. Consequent to these trying times, many find themselves alone facing unexpected, painful losses and separations. Life may have become structured around chronic stress, conflictual relationships or managing a debilitating illness. The demands of daily living can become overwhelming, and a new way through is essential to gaining, or regaining, wellness and stability.
(415) 918-5490 View (415) 918-5490
Photo of Giemar 'gigi' Fernandez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Giemar 'gigi' Fernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
My style is focused on educating, supporting, and empowering others in developing emotional and behavioral coping skills that are healthy and effective to manage life’s difficulties. I am deeply passionate about sharing the power of meditation and practicing a mindful life. I believe that learning and cultivating a meditation practice can lead to awakening insight which expands the individual’s ability to explore their own pain and suffering. Therefore, I integrate mindfulness as a pivotal piece in not only my personal life but in all my therapeutic approaches.
My style is focused on educating, supporting, and empowering others in developing emotional and behavioral coping skills that are healthy and effective to manage life’s difficulties. I am deeply passionate about sharing the power of meditation and practicing a mindful life. I believe that learning and cultivating a meditation practice can lead to awakening insight which expands the individual’s ability to explore their own pain and suffering. Therefore, I integrate mindfulness as a pivotal piece in not only my personal life but in all my therapeutic approaches.
(415) 625-5175 View (415) 625-5175

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.