Therapists in San Diego, CA
Agape Counseling Center, Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92116
I utilize CBT to increase and maintain functioning.
We all struggle with managing our lives during these difficult times. I am committed to providing the tools to increase and maintain functioning. Are you struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, addiction? Is there unresolved trauma, grief, or a sense of not belonging? Do you need an empathetic ear to verbalize your feelings, thoughts, and emotions?
I utilize CBT to increase and maintain functioning.
We all struggle with managing our lives during these difficult times. I am committed to providing the tools to increase and maintain functioning. Are you struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, addiction? Is there unresolved trauma, grief, or a sense of not belonging? Do you need an empathetic ear to verbalize your feelings, thoughts, and emotions?
Iren Fellegvari
Psychologist, PsyD, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92121
As a life coach I help you to reach your full potential in your business or in your personal life. Biofeedback helps to decrease stress. As a psychologist working with individuals and families I use talk therapy: CBT, DBT, Solution Focused brief therapy or EMDR and ETT, EFT based on the person's choice and comfort level. During my 15 years of praxis I have helped people with anxiety, PTSD, OCD, depression, codependency, sexual, emotional and physical abuse, eating disorder and addictions. Lots of couples regained their love for each other. Teenagers and their parents learnt to solve their problems.
As a life coach I help you to reach your full potential in your business or in your personal life. Biofeedback helps to decrease stress. As a psychologist working with individuals and families I use talk therapy: CBT, DBT, Solution Focused brief therapy or EMDR and ETT, EFT based on the person's choice and comfort level. During my 15 years of praxis I have helped people with anxiety, PTSD, OCD, depression, codependency, sexual, emotional and physical abuse, eating disorder and addictions. Lots of couples regained their love for each other. Teenagers and their parents learnt to solve their problems.
Colleen Cambra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92154
Hi and welcome! My name is Colleen Cambra, LCSW. I have been a clinical social worker since 1992. I know how to listen and hear your thoughts and feelings with care in a supportive and warm environment. Our work together will be interactive and collaborative. I work with a blend of evidence-based therapies including CBT and DBT. I also enjoy using mindfulness and visualization techniques to help reduce stress.
Hi and welcome! My name is Colleen Cambra, LCSW. I have been a clinical social worker since 1992. I know how to listen and hear your thoughts and feelings with care in a supportive and warm environment. Our work together will be interactive and collaborative. I work with a blend of evidence-based therapies including CBT and DBT. I also enjoy using mindfulness and visualization techniques to help reduce stress.
Andrew Harrison Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92116 (Online Only)
I am passionate about helping clients address the challenges they face with cognitive behavioral therapy techniques and mindfulness practices. Anxiety, depression, past traumas, lack of community acceptance, and difficult environmental and situational factors may’ve brought you to a place of feeling unwell or stuck. Time-tested therapy techniques may be just what you need to address these difficulties and move forward. I have worked with a diverse assortment of clients who've faced a variety of concerns, including career difficulties, LGBT-related matters, abuse, grief, severe persistent mental illness, and relationship issues.
I am passionate about helping clients address the challenges they face with cognitive behavioral therapy techniques and mindfulness practices. Anxiety, depression, past traumas, lack of community acceptance, and difficult environmental and situational factors may’ve brought you to a place of feeling unwell or stuck. Time-tested therapy techniques may be just what you need to address these difficulties and move forward. I have worked with a diverse assortment of clients who've faced a variety of concerns, including career difficulties, LGBT-related matters, abuse, grief, severe persistent mental illness, and relationship issues.
Alice Lim
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92104 (Online Only)
I have a relational style and draw from psychodynamic, attachment, systems, strength-focused, narrative, and CBT/DBT models.
I am a psychologist, licensed in NYS and CA, offering teletherapy to residents of both states. I am also a returned Peace Corps volunteer and aspire for cultural humility and sensitivity in my practice. My training background is in child, adolescent, and adult individual and group therapy, as well as in neuropsychology from teaching hospitals: Brown, Harvard, and NYU; I completed my postdoctoral training at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. I use an integrated approach to treatment, incorporating a range of evidence-based therapy and my broad training experience to meet the diversity of presentations of my clients.
I have a relational style and draw from psychodynamic, attachment, systems, strength-focused, narrative, and CBT/DBT models.
I am a psychologist, licensed in NYS and CA, offering teletherapy to residents of both states. I am also a returned Peace Corps volunteer and aspire for cultural humility and sensitivity in my practice. My training background is in child, adolescent, and adult individual and group therapy, as well as in neuropsychology from teaching hospitals: Brown, Harvard, and NYU; I completed my postdoctoral training at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. I use an integrated approach to treatment, incorporating a range of evidence-based therapy and my broad training experience to meet the diversity of presentations of my clients.
Nicole M Charara
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92131 (Online Only)
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist. I am currently licensed in California and Florida. I have over 15 years of experience in providing services to children, adults, and families. I specialize in working with children and adolescents, as well as, adult anxiety, depression, infertility/pre and post partum issues, PTSD, trauma, and family relationship issues. I am also bilingual and able to conduct sessions in Spanish. I am trained in Trauma-Focused CBT and EMDR and am currently available for online therapy services only. Please see my website at www.nicolecharara.com for more information regarding my services.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist. I am currently licensed in California and Florida. I have over 15 years of experience in providing services to children, adults, and families. I specialize in working with children and adolescents, as well as, adult anxiety, depression, infertility/pre and post partum issues, PTSD, trauma, and family relationship issues. I am also bilingual and able to conduct sessions in Spanish. I am trained in Trauma-Focused CBT and EMDR and am currently available for online therapy services only. Please see my website at www.nicolecharara.com for more information regarding my services.
Gather Your Strength Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
As a Certified Geek Therapist through Geek Therapeutics, I utilize Geek Therapy techniques alongside with Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
Welcome, my name is Michael James Garrett, MA, LMFT. I work with youth, adults, families, and couples who are challenged by everyday life stressors. As a Geek therapist, I am able to use the psychology of geek culture in order to better ourselves and avoid unwanted behaviors. Do you find yourself feeling extremely sad, lonely, or have difficulty getting out of bed? Do you feel so anxious that it is difficult to get through each day? Perhaps you or even someone you know is struggling with finding a balance between video games and life. If any of this sounds familiar to you, I’m here to help.
As a Certified Geek Therapist through Geek Therapeutics, I utilize Geek Therapy techniques alongside with Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Solution-Focused Therapy.
Welcome, my name is Michael James Garrett, MA, LMFT. I work with youth, adults, families, and couples who are challenged by everyday life stressors. As a Geek therapist, I am able to use the psychology of geek culture in order to better ourselves and avoid unwanted behaviors. Do you find yourself feeling extremely sad, lonely, or have difficulty getting out of bed? Do you feel so anxious that it is difficult to get through each day? Perhaps you or even someone you know is struggling with finding a balance between video games and life. If any of this sounds familiar to you, I’m here to help.
Tara N Milanes
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92105 (Online Only)
I often incorporate mindfulness, CBT, DBT, ACT, and IFS strategies to help you develop effective coping skills and foster a sense of self-compassion.
Hi there! Thank you for being here, and congrats on taking the first steps towards healing and self-discovery! I'm here to work with and support you through life's ever evolving challenges through curiosity, compassion, and empathy. I believe that our early significant relationships, as well as difficult situations in the past play a role in the way we navigate issues in the present. I aim for therapy to be a warm and welcoming space where you can feel at ease discussing these experiences.
I often incorporate mindfulness, CBT, DBT, ACT, and IFS strategies to help you develop effective coping skills and foster a sense of self-compassion.
Hi there! Thank you for being here, and congrats on taking the first steps towards healing and self-discovery! I'm here to work with and support you through life's ever evolving challenges through curiosity, compassion, and empathy. I believe that our early significant relationships, as well as difficult situations in the past play a role in the way we navigate issues in the present. I aim for therapy to be a warm and welcoming space where you can feel at ease discussing these experiences.
Latrese Thompson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC, CRC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92105
Therapeutic approaches: cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness, acceptance and commitment, motivational, psychodynamic and solution-focused brief modalities.
Virtual group or individual therapy. Stuck or unmotivated to take action when you think about becoming a better you. It’s time to challenge those negative thoughts together in a confidential safe environment where you may share your feelings without the fear of judgment. Experiencing symptoms of or at-risk for medical, physical and/mental disorders, stress, anxiety, depression, grief, loss, trauma, relationships or career challenges? Contact me to discuss and define choices that literally work for you in short term, ongoing or occasional individual, family and/or group therapy.
Therapeutic approaches: cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness, acceptance and commitment, motivational, psychodynamic and solution-focused brief modalities.
Virtual group or individual therapy. Stuck or unmotivated to take action when you think about becoming a better you. It’s time to challenge those negative thoughts together in a confidential safe environment where you may share your feelings without the fear of judgment. Experiencing symptoms of or at-risk for medical, physical and/mental disorders, stress, anxiety, depression, grief, loss, trauma, relationships or career challenges? Contact me to discuss and define choices that literally work for you in short term, ongoing or occasional individual, family and/or group therapy.
Jennifer Zwolinski
Psychologist, PhD, MS
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92131 (Online Only)
My treatment approach integrates cognitive and behavioral strategies that will serve you in the present time and into the future.
Whether you are looking for guidance on navigating relationships, managing a difficult transition, or seeking effective treatment for a more enduring psychological problem, I want to help you to set and accomplish your goals. As a psychologist, I support adults with a variety of needs, whether it’s structured treatment for psychological disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety), action towards personal/professional goals or concerns (e.g., career development, burnout), or relationship support and enhancement (e.g., pre-marital planning, breakups). I am particularly passionate about working with college and graduate students.
My treatment approach integrates cognitive and behavioral strategies that will serve you in the present time and into the future.
Whether you are looking for guidance on navigating relationships, managing a difficult transition, or seeking effective treatment for a more enduring psychological problem, I want to help you to set and accomplish your goals. As a psychologist, I support adults with a variety of needs, whether it’s structured treatment for psychological disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety), action towards personal/professional goals or concerns (e.g., career development, burnout), or relationship support and enhancement (e.g., pre-marital planning, breakups). I am particularly passionate about working with college and graduate students.
Karla Nicolas
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
My approach is person centered and focuses on practices such as CBT, attachment therapy, Inner child work, and mindfulness practices.
I specialize in treating children, adolescents and adults who suffer from trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and life changes/transitions.
My approach is person centered and focuses on practices such as CBT, attachment therapy, Inner child work, and mindfulness practices.
I specialize in treating children, adolescents and adults who suffer from trauma, anxiety, depression, grief and life changes/transitions.
15 Second Videos
Sopagna Eap-Braje
Jenna Vinson
The Center for Men's Excellence
Positive Change Counseling Center
Rachel Tarantino
Jason Unruh
Marisa Padilla
Pacific Marriage & Family Therapy Network
Nancy Phung-Smith
Karen Muggli
Ashley Avila
Sawyer Franklin
Lea Reyes | Relationships
Emmarose Turett
Kim Jones
Melissa Lanza
Stacey Sciacchitano
Reina Remy
Ashley Cox
Lara J. Duff
Ronald Baker
Amber McKinney-Morgan
Starr MacKinnon
Louiza Livschitz
Sherry Kalish
Kristin Calabria
Fleurette McNair
Natalie Blair
Goali Saedi Bocci
Laurie J Hall
Madeline Polonia
Martha S Webb
Davida Price -Rhythm And Resolve Therapy Services
Marie Secrist
Nicole T. Isbell
Jennifer Reimer
Jessica Cerda
F.I.R.E. Igniting Lives, LLC
Remy Fang
Bedford Palmer
Reina Baez
Melissa Dowd - Offering A Modern Approach To Therapy
Cognitive Therapy Institute, APC
Bill Bell
EMDR Trauma Therapy
Samantha Grimes
Jazmin Alarcon
Julie Datnow
Sarah Muñoz
Linda Espinoza- Brightful Therapy
Deanna Jimenez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92110
I believe in working with the whole person and draw from a variety of modalities such as EMDR, CBT and mindfulness practices to provide an integrated approach that is individualized to your needs and goals.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who has been in the mental health field for over 10 years. I received my Master of Arts in Marital and Family Therapy from the University of San Diego. My experience ranges from working at non-profit agencies with youth and families, to group practice settings and in university college counseling centers. I enjoy working with diverse populations and am dedicated to providing culturally sensitive services tailored to meet your individual needs.
I believe in working with the whole person and draw from a variety of modalities such as EMDR, CBT and mindfulness practices to provide an integrated approach that is individualized to your needs and goals.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who has been in the mental health field for over 10 years. I received my Master of Arts in Marital and Family Therapy from the University of San Diego. My experience ranges from working at non-profit agencies with youth and families, to group practice settings and in university college counseling centers. I enjoy working with diverse populations and am dedicated to providing culturally sensitive services tailored to meet your individual needs.
Dr. Maxwell Maris
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92121
I have immediate openings and will return calls within 24 hours. I utilize well-researched evidence-based practices including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and motivational enhancement for in substance-related work. The focus of our work together is to help you learn the tools to better manage your concerns for the long haul. Additionally, we will build skills in effective communication, stress management, motivation, and psychological flexibility. My clients are individuals and couples who may suffer from depression, anxiety, or who want to figure out how to live a fuller life.
I have immediate openings and will return calls within 24 hours. I utilize well-researched evidence-based practices including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and motivational enhancement for in substance-related work. The focus of our work together is to help you learn the tools to better manage your concerns for the long haul. Additionally, we will build skills in effective communication, stress management, motivation, and psychological flexibility. My clients are individuals and couples who may suffer from depression, anxiety, or who want to figure out how to live a fuller life.
Dr. Sopagna Eap-Braje
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92119 (Online Only)
I specialize in using cognitive behavioral techniques to help people struggling with anxiety, depression, OCD, social phobia, and trauma. I have a direct, solution-focused, and empathic style that works best with people who are looking to change cognitive and behavioral patterns that are limiting their potential to be a more authentic and intentional version of themselves. My therapeutic approach is evidence-based and action-oriented.
I specialize in using cognitive behavioral techniques to help people struggling with anxiety, depression, OCD, social phobia, and trauma. I have a direct, solution-focused, and empathic style that works best with people who are looking to change cognitive and behavioral patterns that are limiting their potential to be a more authentic and intentional version of themselves. My therapeutic approach is evidence-based and action-oriented.
Jenna Vinson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
I utilize various techniques including Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Narrative Therapy and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy.
Hello! My name is Jenna. I am an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist and have several years of experience as a therapist working with children, teens, adults, and families from various backgrounds. I have a strong interest in supporting those impacted by symptoms of anxiety, depression, and trauma. I have extensive experience working with anxiety, depression, childhood trauma, loss, and LGBTQ+. I am a Marine Corps veteran, and have lived experience with anxiety and as a member of the LGBTQ community.
I utilize various techniques including Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Narrative Therapy and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy.
Hello! My name is Jenna. I am an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist and have several years of experience as a therapist working with children, teens, adults, and families from various backgrounds. I have a strong interest in supporting those impacted by symptoms of anxiety, depression, and trauma. I have extensive experience working with anxiety, depression, childhood trauma, loss, and LGBTQ+. I am a Marine Corps veteran, and have lived experience with anxiety and as a member of the LGBTQ community.
Janet Choung
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92111
I teach Positive Disciple parenting course, use CBT & Adlerian psychology to deal with relationship issues to work toward a solution.
"Life is difficult. . . a series of problems." Scott Peck wrote in Roadless Traveled. I can't describe it any better, but there are so many possibilities, changes that can happen when you take a step of courage. Therapy is a good way for some self reflection, to face the challenges, accept it and be at a better place. I believe that challenges are opportunities, for growth and strength; you can't do this alone, social psychology says. Let me help, to provide a safe place for connection and empathy to take that step, explore what may be holding you down and how you can be free and to live the best that you can be.
I teach Positive Disciple parenting course, use CBT & Adlerian psychology to deal with relationship issues to work toward a solution.
"Life is difficult. . . a series of problems." Scott Peck wrote in Roadless Traveled. I can't describe it any better, but there are so many possibilities, changes that can happen when you take a step of courage. Therapy is a good way for some self reflection, to face the challenges, accept it and be at a better place. I believe that challenges are opportunities, for growth and strength; you can't do this alone, social psychology says. Let me help, to provide a safe place for connection and empathy to take that step, explore what may be holding you down and how you can be free and to live the best that you can be.
Dr. Gyna Overholtzer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
I specialize in various evidence-based practices including DBT, CBT, and ACT.
As a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, I work collaboratively with my patients and provide them a warm, nurturing and nonjudgmental, safe space. I teach and offer tools to help guide them from a state of feeling stuck or hopeless to feeling a true sense of resiliency and inspiration to live a healthier life. I am dedicated to exploring, identifying and understanding the core issues that impact my patients’ lives; by using evidence-based treatments, I help my patients bring self-awareness and insight to the forefront, which then creates the needed healing to further develop a healthier sense of self and overall life improvement.
I specialize in various evidence-based practices including DBT, CBT, and ACT.
As a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, I work collaboratively with my patients and provide them a warm, nurturing and nonjudgmental, safe space. I teach and offer tools to help guide them from a state of feeling stuck or hopeless to feeling a true sense of resiliency and inspiration to live a healthier life. I am dedicated to exploring, identifying and understanding the core issues that impact my patients’ lives; by using evidence-based treatments, I help my patients bring self-awareness and insight to the forefront, which then creates the needed healing to further develop a healthier sense of self and overall life improvement.
Amber Dale
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92123
My philosophy of care views all clients through the lens of unconditional positive regard to instill hope through theoretical approaches such as person-centered therapy, CBT therapy, and psychodynamic therapy.
Hi there, my name is Amber Dale, a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist offering behavioral health services to children, teens, and adults. My specialties include anxiety disorders, child and adolescent therapy, women's issues and health, and self-esteem. My approach to therapy is meeting my clients exactly where they ate and walking alongside them to navigate through the challenges and transitions in life. I treat clients between the ages of 5 and 60 who experience issues including anxiety, postpartum depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, and life transitions.
My philosophy of care views all clients through the lens of unconditional positive regard to instill hope through theoretical approaches such as person-centered therapy, CBT therapy, and psychodynamic therapy.
Hi there, my name is Amber Dale, a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist offering behavioral health services to children, teens, and adults. My specialties include anxiety disorders, child and adolescent therapy, women's issues and health, and self-esteem. My approach to therapy is meeting my clients exactly where they ate and walking alongside them to navigate through the challenges and transitions in life. I treat clients between the ages of 5 and 60 who experience issues including anxiety, postpartum depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, and life transitions.
Explore Counseling Group (nee Caldwell-Clark)
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, AMFT, APC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92121
New name - same quality counseling! A nonprofit established by Ben Caldwell and Aimee Clark in 2011, we have a team of compassionate and skilled associates ready to provide high-quality, affordable services to inform, improve, restore, and strengthen both the individual sense of self, and human relationships. Our focus includes, but is not limited to: Couples, Families, Parenting, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Relationship Problems, Grief and Hospice, High Conflict Relationships, and Behavior Problems. Our counselors are trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Emotionally Focused Therapy, Trauma Therapy (EMDR), and more.
New name - same quality counseling! A nonprofit established by Ben Caldwell and Aimee Clark in 2011, we have a team of compassionate and skilled associates ready to provide high-quality, affordable services to inform, improve, restore, and strengthen both the individual sense of self, and human relationships. Our focus includes, but is not limited to: Couples, Families, Parenting, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Relationship Problems, Grief and Hospice, High Conflict Relationships, and Behavior Problems. Our counselors are trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Emotionally Focused Therapy, Trauma Therapy (EMDR), and more.
Galina Nikolskaya
MD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92121
I am a Neurologist, trained in CBT & Mindfulness. As a physician, I understand how physical issues lead to mental disharmony, and vise versa, how mind affects the body. I help patients with mood symptoms related to Neurologic conditions, ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Relationship issues and Parenting challenges. My approach is collaborative, holistic and compassionate.
I am a Neurologist, trained in CBT & Mindfulness. As a physician, I understand how physical issues lead to mental disharmony, and vise versa, how mind affects the body. I help patients with mood symptoms related to Neurologic conditions, ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Relationship issues and Parenting challenges. My approach is collaborative, holistic and compassionate.
See more therapy options for San Diego
Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists
How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?
Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.
When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?
It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.
How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?
To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.
Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?
CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.