Photo of Yara Mawad, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Yara Mawad
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90064
I use Trauma Focused CBT, strengths-based approaches, and tools from Bowen to help clients achieve their therapeutic goal(s).
Adjusting to a life transition and new stressors bring new emotional barriers and challenges to the forefront. Those feelings often come from a place of fear, trauma, and overwhelming change. Learning how to understand yourself, emotionally regulate, increase confidence, and give yourself the agency you need to thrive will help you reach your goals. Therapy is for everyone, whether it is preventative, or dealing with a current road bump. On your journey of learning about yourself, healing, going deeper, and moving forward, we can work together to meet your goals.
I use Trauma Focused CBT, strengths-based approaches, and tools from Bowen to help clients achieve their therapeutic goal(s).
Adjusting to a life transition and new stressors bring new emotional barriers and challenges to the forefront. Those feelings often come from a place of fear, trauma, and overwhelming change. Learning how to understand yourself, emotionally regulate, increase confidence, and give yourself the agency you need to thrive will help you reach your goals. Therapy is for everyone, whether it is preventative, or dealing with a current road bump. On your journey of learning about yourself, healing, going deeper, and moving forward, we can work together to meet your goals.
(424) 688-1358 View (424) 688-1358
Photo of Self Care Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Self Care Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90026
The treatment models used are: art therapy, attachment based, existential, Gottman Method, person-centered, play therapy, short term (solution focused therapy), various cognitive behavioral therapies and mindfulness therapies.
We meet you where you're at and build on your resilience. We welcome you and invite you to start on your self care. We value diversity and acceptance; we work with all faiths, LBGTQ+, and all backgrounds.
The treatment models used are: art therapy, attachment based, existential, Gottman Method, person-centered, play therapy, short term (solution focused therapy), various cognitive behavioral therapies and mindfulness therapies.
We meet you where you're at and build on your resilience. We welcome you and invite you to start on your self care. We value diversity and acceptance; we work with all faiths, LBGTQ+, and all backgrounds.
(323) 576-4491 x002 View (323) 576-4491 x002
Photo of Mariam Dion, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Mariam Dion
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90064  (Online Only)
I have experience working through a psychodynamic, trauma-focused, strength-based approach, and have utilized DBT, CBT and ACT throughout my work with clients.
As a queer Black Arab immigrant, I recognize the importance of how social identities can have a great impact on someone's mental health. Even navigating the mental health system can be exhausting and at times disappointing. In my practice, I aim to provide a safe space for people who often struggle to find one due to systemic and social injustices. I assist people in the healing of their trauma and processing difficult experiences as they navigate living in a society that is in itself in need of healing. I am passionate about my work and love being present with my clients through their journey of healing and self-discovery.
I have experience working through a psychodynamic, trauma-focused, strength-based approach, and have utilized DBT, CBT and ACT throughout my work with clients.
As a queer Black Arab immigrant, I recognize the importance of how social identities can have a great impact on someone's mental health. Even navigating the mental health system can be exhausting and at times disappointing. In my practice, I aim to provide a safe space for people who often struggle to find one due to systemic and social injustices. I assist people in the healing of their trauma and processing difficult experiences as they navigate living in a society that is in itself in need of healing. I am passionate about my work and love being present with my clients through their journey of healing and self-discovery.
(323) 746-8182 View (323) 746-8182
Photo of Norma Kehdi, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Norma Kehdi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90038
Testing sheds light on cognitive strengths and weaknesses, attention, executive functioning skills, learning, memory, and processing.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Oregon and California. Currently, I am only providing comprehensive psychological and psychoeducational evaluations. I conduct assessments for ADHD, learning disabilities, brain injury, psychological functioning and more. I work with adults, but I specialize in young adults and college students. So many people come to me saying they've felt different their whole lives, couldn't talk to anyone about it, and found ways to compensate over the years. Evaluations can provide clarity, validation, and answers so that folks can understand themselves better and seek the right support.
Testing sheds light on cognitive strengths and weaknesses, attention, executive functioning skills, learning, memory, and processing.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Oregon and California. Currently, I am only providing comprehensive psychological and psychoeducational evaluations. I conduct assessments for ADHD, learning disabilities, brain injury, psychological functioning and more. I work with adults, but I specialize in young adults and college students. So many people come to me saying they've felt different their whole lives, couldn't talk to anyone about it, and found ways to compensate over the years. Evaluations can provide clarity, validation, and answers so that folks can understand themselves better and seek the right support.
(541) 813-3879 View (541) 813-3879
Photo of Stacey Inal Women's Coaching And Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Stacey Inal Women's Coaching And Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MBA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90027
My comprehensive method combines cognitive-behavioral techniques, proven strategies, and practical interventions for emotional well-being.
Do you feel overwhelmed by the demands of life? Are you struggling with dissatisfaction in your career, family challenges, or the weight of various pressures? If you're experiencing anxiety, anger, or hopelessness, please know that you're not alone. As a woman who's been down that path, I understand the journey and am passionate about guiding you through it. I believe in your resilience and potential for growth. Together, we can navigate these obstacles, uncover your strengths, and create strategies for a more positive journey. You deserve compassionate support, understanding, and the tools to thrive.
My comprehensive method combines cognitive-behavioral techniques, proven strategies, and practical interventions for emotional well-being.
Do you feel overwhelmed by the demands of life? Are you struggling with dissatisfaction in your career, family challenges, or the weight of various pressures? If you're experiencing anxiety, anger, or hopelessness, please know that you're not alone. As a woman who's been down that path, I understand the journey and am passionate about guiding you through it. I believe in your resilience and potential for growth. Together, we can navigate these obstacles, uncover your strengths, and create strategies for a more positive journey. You deserve compassionate support, understanding, and the tools to thrive.
(626) 986-0072 View (626) 986-0072
Photo of Maya Boustani, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Maya Boustani
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90034  (Online Only)
I am trained in a number of evidence-based treatment (proven to work in research studies), including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Dialectical Behavior Therapy; Managing and Adapting Practices (CBT for youth); Helping the Non-Compliant Child; Parent-Child Interaction Therapy; Motivational Interviewing, Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT).
Are you looking for a treatment that is deeply rooted in science? I am a Clinical Psychologist specializing in evidence-based practice for children, adolescents, and young adults. As both a researcher and a clinician, I make sure I deliver only treatments that have been proven to work in research. I treat depression, anxiety, disruptive behaviors, trauma, ADHD, and more. My style is active, present-focused, and solution-driven. I will make sure to work towards mutually agreed-upon goals. Contact me for a free consultation from anywhere in California! Please note that I only offer telehealth services.
I am trained in a number of evidence-based treatment (proven to work in research studies), including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Dialectical Behavior Therapy; Managing and Adapting Practices (CBT for youth); Helping the Non-Compliant Child; Parent-Child Interaction Therapy; Motivational Interviewing, Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT).
Are you looking for a treatment that is deeply rooted in science? I am a Clinical Psychologist specializing in evidence-based practice for children, adolescents, and young adults. As both a researcher and a clinician, I make sure I deliver only treatments that have been proven to work in research. I treat depression, anxiety, disruptive behaviors, trauma, ADHD, and more. My style is active, present-focused, and solution-driven. I will make sure to work towards mutually agreed-upon goals. Contact me for a free consultation from anywhere in California! Please note that I only offer telehealth services.
(833) 491-1253 View (833) 491-1253
Photo of Elisabeth C Box, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Elisabeth C Box
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Elisabeth uses a gentle, empathetic approach to render modalities including EMDR, EFT, Trauma Focused CBT, Strength Based, and Emotionally Focused treatment approaches.
Are you struggling with sadness or anxiety? Navigating life's ups and downs is difficult for everyone and, often, it is nice to have an unbiased ear to talk to or get objective advice from. Elisabeth especially enjoys helping people who are struggling with anxiety and depression because they are common ailments that respond well to therapy. Elisabeth uses evidenced-based practices which have been clinically proven to reduce or eliminate the physical discomfort of anxiety, soothe the emotional impact of depression and heal traumatic wounds. We can transform our stumbling blocks into stepping stones, one day at a time!
Elisabeth uses a gentle, empathetic approach to render modalities including EMDR, EFT, Trauma Focused CBT, Strength Based, and Emotionally Focused treatment approaches.
Are you struggling with sadness or anxiety? Navigating life's ups and downs is difficult for everyone and, often, it is nice to have an unbiased ear to talk to or get objective advice from. Elisabeth especially enjoys helping people who are struggling with anxiety and depression because they are common ailments that respond well to therapy. Elisabeth uses evidenced-based practices which have been clinically proven to reduce or eliminate the physical discomfort of anxiety, soothe the emotional impact of depression and heal traumatic wounds. We can transform our stumbling blocks into stepping stones, one day at a time!
(805) 874-6787 View (805) 874-6787
Photo of Elizabeth Sharrak Ketchel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Los Angeles, CA
Elizabeth Sharrak Ketchel
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90010  (Online Only)
In our sessions, we will delve into the underlying patterns and themes that shape your beliefs and behaviors, focusing on identifying and dismantling the barriers that may be deeply ingrained in your psyche. The therapeutic modalities I may employ range from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to psychodynamic approaches, tailored to meet your specific needs and objectives.
In our sessions, we will delve into the underlying patterns and themes that shape your beliefs and behaviors, focusing on identifying and dismantling the barriers that may be deeply ingrained in your psyche. The therapeutic modalities I may employ range from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to psychodynamic approaches, tailored to meet your specific needs and objectives.
(951) 484-1822 View (951) 484-1822
Photo of Rima Hodaly, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Rima Hodaly
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90043
I employ several modalities in treatment, including trauma focused, psychodynamic, and cognitive behavior.
My name is Rima Hodaly and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. For nearly 15 years, I’ve been working closely with clients of all ages to help them achieve their professional potential, improve their relationships with family, friends and colleagues, and reduce their anxiety and depression. I have extensive experience in the mental health field, both as a clinician and as a supervisor, training and overseeing other therapists.
I employ several modalities in treatment, including trauma focused, psychodynamic, and cognitive behavior.
My name is Rima Hodaly and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. For nearly 15 years, I’ve been working closely with clients of all ages to help them achieve their professional potential, improve their relationships with family, friends and colleagues, and reduce their anxiety and depression. I have extensive experience in the mental health field, both as a clinician and as a supervisor, training and overseeing other therapists.
(747) 204-0598 View (747) 204-0598
Photo of Octave - Los Angeles Clinic, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Octave - Los Angeles Clinic
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024  (Online Only)
Octave is a modern practice creating a new standard for mental health care that’s both high-quality and accessible. With in-person and virtual clinics in California, Connecticut, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C., we partner with you to develop personalized plans that can include individual, couples, and family therapy to best suit your needs. Grounded in science, our approach enables you to experience profound change that is just as measurable as it is meaningful. Learn more at www.findoctave.com
Octave is a modern practice creating a new standard for mental health care that’s both high-quality and accessible. With in-person and virtual clinics in California, Connecticut, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C., we partner with you to develop personalized plans that can include individual, couples, and family therapy to best suit your needs. Grounded in science, our approach enables you to experience profound change that is just as measurable as it is meaningful. Learn more at www.findoctave.com
(310) 905-6841 View (310) 905-6841
Photo of David Ibrahim, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
David Ibrahim
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LAADC , E500RYT, EMDR, ISTDP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Are past traumatic experiences, being an adult child of a dysfunctional home, incest survival experiences, addiction issues, phobia, panic, anxiety, C-PTSD or depression affecting your success? Are distractions impacting your optimal performance abilities at work, in your intimate relationships, or in relationships with family members or with yourself? Are you surviving instead of thriving? I provide accelerated psychotherapy for individuals and couples who are challenged by performance loss and emotional unhappiness. Also offer Diagnosis evaluation for addiction, mood, personality, and adult Autism spectrum. HSP and Kink friendly.
Are past traumatic experiences, being an adult child of a dysfunctional home, incest survival experiences, addiction issues, phobia, panic, anxiety, C-PTSD or depression affecting your success? Are distractions impacting your optimal performance abilities at work, in your intimate relationships, or in relationships with family members or with yourself? Are you surviving instead of thriving? I provide accelerated psychotherapy for individuals and couples who are challenged by performance loss and emotional unhappiness. Also offer Diagnosis evaluation for addiction, mood, personality, and adult Autism spectrum. HSP and Kink friendly.
(323) 366-3016 View (323) 366-3016
Photo of Paula Glashausser, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Paula Glashausser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90048  (Online Only)
Life can sometimes lead us to unexpected places. You’ve hit a bump in the road, and with the right support, you can overcome it. My name is Paula Glashausser and I'm here to support you, empower you, and help you discover your strengths. My goal is to meet you where you are in your journey of healing and help guide you in coping, personal growth, and making positive changes. I utilize a client-centered, strengths-based, nonjudgmental approach, with a focus on mindfulness. I strive to build a strong foundation with my clients and establish a trusting, safe, and comfortable environment where you can freely express yourself and grow.
Life can sometimes lead us to unexpected places. You’ve hit a bump in the road, and with the right support, you can overcome it. My name is Paula Glashausser and I'm here to support you, empower you, and help you discover your strengths. My goal is to meet you where you are in your journey of healing and help guide you in coping, personal growth, and making positive changes. I utilize a client-centered, strengths-based, nonjudgmental approach, with a focus on mindfulness. I strive to build a strong foundation with my clients and establish a trusting, safe, and comfortable environment where you can freely express yourself and grow.
(310) 943-2889 View (310) 943-2889
Photo of Nabil Hanna, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Nabil Hanna
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90048
Psychotherapy helps to regulate your feelings, make better choices, and to remove the obstacles to your goals. As a licensed psychotherapist and Professor at Pepperdine and Antioch Universities, I work with individuals, couples, and families from diverse cultural backgrounds dealing with emotional difficulties, relationship problems and various psychological conditions.
Psychotherapy helps to regulate your feelings, make better choices, and to remove the obstacles to your goals. As a licensed psychotherapist and Professor at Pepperdine and Antioch Universities, I work with individuals, couples, and families from diverse cultural backgrounds dealing with emotional difficulties, relationship problems and various psychological conditions.
(310) 435-8869 View (310) 435-8869
Photo of Abeer A Othman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Abeer A Othman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
I work collaboratively, my style is active and engaged with the intention of creating a safe environment to empower understanding, growth, and healing. I guide my clients by helping them modify their lives according to their needs and lifestyle.
I work collaboratively, my style is active and engaged with the intention of creating a safe environment to empower understanding, growth, and healing. I guide my clients by helping them modify their lives according to their needs and lifestyle.
(818) 835-4149 View (818) 835-4149
Photo of Westside Wellness & Therapy , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Westside Wellness & Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Welcome to Westside Wellness & Therapy! My name is Mariane Makkar, LCSW and I believe that the success of my clients is their commitment to therapy. This is the client’s biggest accomplishment, beginning something that they likely thought was impossible. I support my clients by helping them reduce the intensity of their symptoms by developing healthy coping skills. Similarly, when clients can set clear, specific goals they become attainable. Self-acceptance is also success for my clients. Once my clients have developed self-acceptance, then they can understand their feelings and emotions.
Welcome to Westside Wellness & Therapy! My name is Mariane Makkar, LCSW and I believe that the success of my clients is their commitment to therapy. This is the client’s biggest accomplishment, beginning something that they likely thought was impossible. I support my clients by helping them reduce the intensity of their symptoms by developing healthy coping skills. Similarly, when clients can set clear, specific goals they become attainable. Self-acceptance is also success for my clients. Once my clients have developed self-acceptance, then they can understand their feelings and emotions.
(818) 431-2723 View (818) 431-2723
Photo of Hussain Johnee Elhaouli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Hussain Johnee Elhaouli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90005
Waitlist for new clients
Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, interrelation issues, or any of the complexities of life, therapy can be a non-judgmental space for reflection and vulnerability. Finding the right fit to help you explore these internal, interpersonal, or sociocultural factors can be a challenge, and I want to meet you where you're at, then help you get where you’d like to go. Our focus is building a strong therapeutic relationship together and having an affirming space for you to explore your identity, experiences, and emotions.
Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, interrelation issues, or any of the complexities of life, therapy can be a non-judgmental space for reflection and vulnerability. Finding the right fit to help you explore these internal, interpersonal, or sociocultural factors can be a challenge, and I want to meet you where you're at, then help you get where you’d like to go. Our focus is building a strong therapeutic relationship together and having an affirming space for you to explore your identity, experiences, and emotions.
(626) 382-7923 View (626) 382-7923
Photo of Mark Shokair, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Mark Shokair
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90045
Hello, my name is Mark Shokair and I'm a psychology nerd who became a therapist. Kidding aside, I chose to become educated in psychology because I'm fascinated by the human mind and human potential. The goal of my work is to help people improve their quality of life and increase their personal satisfaction.
Hello, my name is Mark Shokair and I'm a psychology nerd who became a therapist. Kidding aside, I chose to become educated in psychology because I'm fascinated by the human mind and human potential. The goal of my work is to help people improve their quality of life and increase their personal satisfaction.
(657) 366-4883 View (657) 366-4883
Photo of Dr. Qutayba 'drq' Abdullatif, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Qutayba 'drq' Abdullatif
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024
As a clinical psychologist , I work with clients to increase insight about reasons for distress and dysfunction; formulate predictions about desired goals and pitfalls to avoid; and plan/apply realistic, yet appropriately-challenging steps to achieve set goals. Thanks to APA-accredited doctoral training and years of experience, I offer a range of empirically supported therapeutic tools customized around my client's unique cultural identities and specific needs, and influenced by C(B)T, DBT, ACT, Dynamic, Interpersonal, and other models of therapy.
As a clinical psychologist , I work with clients to increase insight about reasons for distress and dysfunction; formulate predictions about desired goals and pitfalls to avoid; and plan/apply realistic, yet appropriately-challenging steps to achieve set goals. Thanks to APA-accredited doctoral training and years of experience, I offer a range of empirically supported therapeutic tools customized around my client's unique cultural identities and specific needs, and influenced by C(B)T, DBT, ACT, Dynamic, Interpersonal, and other models of therapy.
(626) 318-8450 View (626) 318-8450
Photo of David Ibrahim, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Los Angeles, CA
David Ibrahim
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LMFT, LAADC , E500RYT, EMDR, ISTDP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90026
Do you wonder if you’re an addict, maybe not? I provide assessments and interventions for addiction. I’ve worked with famous actors, directors, major league athletes, scholars, scientists, studio executives, engineers, Hip Hop moguls and successful individuals. I specialize in trauma and addiction. I deal with issues such as controlled drinking, sobriety, relationship, couple's or family issues, Court, incest survivor trauma, and addiction issues. I'm also a LMFT, and Yoga and Meditation Therapist and EMDR Therapist which gives me a unique ability to help my patients integrate in their bodies emotionally and mentally.
Do you wonder if you’re an addict, maybe not? I provide assessments and interventions for addiction. I’ve worked with famous actors, directors, major league athletes, scholars, scientists, studio executives, engineers, Hip Hop moguls and successful individuals. I specialize in trauma and addiction. I deal with issues such as controlled drinking, sobriety, relationship, couple's or family issues, Court, incest survivor trauma, and addiction issues. I'm also a LMFT, and Yoga and Meditation Therapist and EMDR Therapist which gives me a unique ability to help my patients integrate in their bodies emotionally and mentally.
(323) 531-5725 View (323) 531-5725
Photo of Lara Touckly, Counselor in Los Angeles, CA
Lara Touckly
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025  (Online Only)
Fuck! Is this as good as it gets? Changes, traumas, relationships, stressors, expectations, life! I dodge right, to get hit from the left. I come up for air, to be pulled back into the current. And sometimes, I just can’t even.
Fuck! Is this as good as it gets? Changes, traumas, relationships, stressors, expectations, life! I dodge right, to get hit from the left. I come up for air, to be pulled back into the current. And sometimes, I just can’t even.
(619) 598-1405 View (619) 598-1405

Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.