Therapists in Marietta, GA

Photo of Ali Dixon, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Ali Dixon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30067  (Online Only)
I specialize in helping women who have experienced trauma, anxiety, maternal/postpartum mental health concerns, or life transitions. My approach stems from the belief that we are all resilient - innately able to become successful and happy again after distressing things happen. I tailor treatment to your specific goals by utilizing EMDR, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and mindfulness among other evidence-based methods. Helping people who have experienced difficult life events restore balance, meaning, and joy is my passion. It is never too late to heal from impactful life experiences and promote growth towards present goals.
I specialize in helping women who have experienced trauma, anxiety, maternal/postpartum mental health concerns, or life transitions. My approach stems from the belief that we are all resilient - innately able to become successful and happy again after distressing things happen. I tailor treatment to your specific goals by utilizing EMDR, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and mindfulness among other evidence-based methods. Helping people who have experienced difficult life events restore balance, meaning, and joy is my passion. It is never too late to heal from impactful life experiences and promote growth towards present goals.
(678) 658-3926 View (678) 658-3926
Photo of Brittany Osborne, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Brittany Osborne
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30066
Waitlist for new clients
Starting therapy can be intimidating and daunting in so many ways. I hope to offer a safe, consistent space to help people who have felt stuck in unhelpful systems of grief, anxiety, negative thoughts or people in their life.
Starting therapy can be intimidating and daunting in so many ways. I hope to offer a safe, consistent space to help people who have felt stuck in unhelpful systems of grief, anxiety, negative thoughts or people in their life.
(470) 466-8814 View (470) 466-8814
Photo of Jaslyn Bailey - Attento Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Marietta, GA
Jaslyn Bailey - Attento Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW, G
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30067
Jaslyn Bailey, LCSW is the Founder of Journeying Beyond Measure, which provides therapeutic coaching virtually. Jaslyn’s therapeutic style provides support and counseling for clients to effectively address personal life challenges; combining scientifically proven modalities with mindfulness and holistic research offering a highly personalized approach for each client. Jaslyn provides tailored services for those identifying as Queer or Person of Color or Woman seeking coaching with a therapeutic touch as well as co-facilitates groups with Therapy for QPoC.
Jaslyn Bailey, LCSW is the Founder of Journeying Beyond Measure, which provides therapeutic coaching virtually. Jaslyn’s therapeutic style provides support and counseling for clients to effectively address personal life challenges; combining scientifically proven modalities with mindfulness and holistic research offering a highly personalized approach for each client. Jaslyn provides tailored services for those identifying as Queer or Person of Color or Woman seeking coaching with a therapeutic touch as well as co-facilitates groups with Therapy for QPoC.
(404) 882-6544 View (404) 882-6544
Photo of Lisa A. Korey, Psychologist in Marietta, GA
Lisa A. Korey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30060
Now accepting new clients for assessment. I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in evaluation of Autism, ADHD, and Learning Disabilities psychological testing for children and adults. My goal is to gain a thorough understanding of strengths and challenges, in order to provide diagnostic clarity as well as appropriate recommendations so that you can reach your full potential. I see the assessment process as therapeutic in nature. As such, I strive to develop strong relationships with individuals, and families so that together, we can advocate for you or your child's learning and social-emotional needs.
Now accepting new clients for assessment. I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in evaluation of Autism, ADHD, and Learning Disabilities psychological testing for children and adults. My goal is to gain a thorough understanding of strengths and challenges, in order to provide diagnostic clarity as well as appropriate recommendations so that you can reach your full potential. I see the assessment process as therapeutic in nature. As such, I strive to develop strong relationships with individuals, and families so that together, we can advocate for you or your child's learning and social-emotional needs.
(404) 341-6342 View (404) 341-6342
Photo of Claire E Gropman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Claire E Gropman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ACRPS
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30062
Waitlist for new clients
I am currently seeing clients in-person and Via Zoom. Substance Use, Depression, and Anxiety have all increased due to the pandemic. Just not feeling good and not sure why? Let’s figure it out together. We will set goals and make a plan to start feeling relief within 30 days. I am a Trauma-Informed Cognitive Behavioral Therapist and Certified Relapse Prevention Specialist. Maybe you are concerned for a family member? I have 27 years experience as a Licensed Professional Counselor and the last ten years I have worked in Behavioral Health Hospitals. Call now for a free consultation!
I am currently seeing clients in-person and Via Zoom. Substance Use, Depression, and Anxiety have all increased due to the pandemic. Just not feeling good and not sure why? Let’s figure it out together. We will set goals and make a plan to start feeling relief within 30 days. I am a Trauma-Informed Cognitive Behavioral Therapist and Certified Relapse Prevention Specialist. Maybe you are concerned for a family member? I have 27 years experience as a Licensed Professional Counselor and the last ten years I have worked in Behavioral Health Hospitals. Call now for a free consultation!
(404) 800-9222 View (404) 800-9222
Photo of Nichole Webb, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Nichole Webb
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30064  (Online Only)
Nichole Webb is a Licensed Therapist in the state of Georgia as well as Florida. She works with ages 2-65 but specializes in working with children. Nichole has experience working with attention deficit, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, substance abuse, couples, and groups.
Nichole Webb is a Licensed Therapist in the state of Georgia as well as Florida. She works with ages 2-65 but specializes in working with children. Nichole has experience working with attention deficit, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, substance abuse, couples, and groups.
(770) 874-7745 View (770) 874-7745
Photo of Candy Rogers-Prosper, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Candy Rogers-Prosper
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CPCS, ACS
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30066  (Online Only)
I believe that life is about the journey. The more skills you develop, the stronger you are and the greater your ability to navigate life's twists and turns. Whether working through grief, anger, a life transition or an addiction, I am committed to helping you develop the skills you need to create the life you want.
I believe that life is about the journey. The more skills you develop, the stronger you are and the greater your ability to navigate life's twists and turns. Whether working through grief, anger, a life transition or an addiction, I am committed to helping you develop the skills you need to create the life you want.
(678) 256-2884 View (678) 256-2884
Photo of Counseling Innovations, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Counseling Innovations
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT-S, CPCS, CHT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30060
As a licensed professional counselor, my goal is to help individuals, couples, and families identify areas where change is needed to enhance growth, harmony, and balance in their lives. I take a holistic approach to therapy by incorporating a variety of therapeutic modalities into my practice including CBT, Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), Psychodynamic Therapy, Person Centered Therapy, Family Systems Therapy, Imago Therapy, DBT, Mindfulness Based Therapy (i.e., meditation, guided imagery, deep breathing), Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Hypnotherapy, Play Therapy, Art Therapy, Sand Tray Therapy, and Animal Assisted Therapy.
As a licensed professional counselor, my goal is to help individuals, couples, and families identify areas where change is needed to enhance growth, harmony, and balance in their lives. I take a holistic approach to therapy by incorporating a variety of therapeutic modalities into my practice including CBT, Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), Psychodynamic Therapy, Person Centered Therapy, Family Systems Therapy, Imago Therapy, DBT, Mindfulness Based Therapy (i.e., meditation, guided imagery, deep breathing), Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Hypnotherapy, Play Therapy, Art Therapy, Sand Tray Therapy, and Animal Assisted Therapy.
(678) 919-1077 View (678) 919-1077
Photo of Joshua D. Simpson, Counselor in Marietta, GA
Joshua D. Simpson
Counselor, MA, LAPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30067  (Online Only)
I can imagine the odds stacked against you right now. I invite you to tell that! Religion and/ or spirituality can help with coping with adverse challenges. I invite you to express that! Church experiences can hurt us more than help us in moments we need it. I invite you to release that! Expressing vulnerability in a world where vulnerability and femininity are seen as weaknesses can be difficult. I invite you to empower that! Remember, on the other side of your pain and discomfort is healing and transformation.
I can imagine the odds stacked against you right now. I invite you to tell that! Religion and/ or spirituality can help with coping with adverse challenges. I invite you to express that! Church experiences can hurt us more than help us in moments we need it. I invite you to release that! Expressing vulnerability in a world where vulnerability and femininity are seen as weaknesses can be difficult. I invite you to empower that! Remember, on the other side of your pain and discomfort is healing and transformation.
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Photo of Foundry Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Foundry Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30064
If you are struggling with emotions that are hard to communicate and manage, you have thoughts you do not like, or you need support in getting through a tough situation, we help walk you through by giving you the skills needed.
If you are struggling with emotions that are hard to communicate and manage, you have thoughts you do not like, or you need support in getting through a tough situation, we help walk you through by giving you the skills needed.
(404) 238-7098 View (404) 238-7098
Photo of Audrey Hughes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Marietta, GA
Audrey Hughes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30068
Are you tired of trying to heal on your own? Relying solely on your own efforts? Sometimes our friends and family members are unable to help. I am an experienced clinician who is passionate about helping people heal from trauma. Trauma can be caused by one experience such as a car accident, divorce or assault. It can also be the result of a series of events that took place over time. Trauma can lead to feeling alone, having difficulty trusting, feeling trapped, guilty, angry or like we don't fit in. There is hope regardless of what you are experiencing.
Are you tired of trying to heal on your own? Relying solely on your own efforts? Sometimes our friends and family members are unable to help. I am an experienced clinician who is passionate about helping people heal from trauma. Trauma can be caused by one experience such as a car accident, divorce or assault. It can also be the result of a series of events that took place over time. Trauma can lead to feeling alone, having difficulty trusting, feeling trapped, guilty, angry or like we don't fit in. There is hope regardless of what you are experiencing.
(404) 390-2084 View (404) 390-2084
Photo of The Attached Counseling Collective, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
The Attached Counseling Collective
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30067
Supporting your child just doesn't seem to work anymore. Being a teenager, they feel out of reach. They have been struggling for so long and you have exhausted all resources. At the end of your rope, you don't know where else to go. The anxiety has set in for you AND your teen. School work is filled with arguments and trying to fight to get them to care. Losing connection with them more and more, fear has set in. How can you help them, when you have exhausted all other resources. You care so deeply, and need someone to come alongside.
Supporting your child just doesn't seem to work anymore. Being a teenager, they feel out of reach. They have been struggling for so long and you have exhausted all resources. At the end of your rope, you don't know where else to go. The anxiety has set in for you AND your teen. School work is filled with arguments and trying to fight to get them to care. Losing connection with them more and more, fear has set in. How can you help them, when you have exhausted all other resources. You care so deeply, and need someone to come alongside.
(678) 990-8942 View (678) 990-8942
Photo of Courtney Sims Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Courtney Sims Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP, CPCS
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30064
Not accepting new clients
Does your child or teen need help navigating their way through difficult situations? I can help! I have experience working with children and adolescents and truly enjoy helping them find their way to a healthy life.I believe in creating a collaborative, nonjudgmental, and supportive environment for children,adolescents, and their families. I have experience treating children and teens struggling with depression, anxiety, and all types of trauma (i.e. grief, bullying, domestic abuse, sexual abuse, & physical abuse). I have extensive training in Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT).
Does your child or teen need help navigating their way through difficult situations? I can help! I have experience working with children and adolescents and truly enjoy helping them find their way to a healthy life.I believe in creating a collaborative, nonjudgmental, and supportive environment for children,adolescents, and their families. I have experience treating children and teens struggling with depression, anxiety, and all types of trauma (i.e. grief, bullying, domestic abuse, sexual abuse, & physical abuse). I have extensive training in Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT).
(706) 510-3436 View (706) 510-3436
Photo of Cindy Song, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Marietta, GA
Cindy Song
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30062
My therapeutic approach is collaborative, supportive, and flexible. As your therapist, I would help support and guide you to lay new foundations in your life, whether it be coping skills or increased self- esteem, to start new transitions in life or finally address the past. I have experience using various modalities to address an array of challenges that children, youth, and adults may be struggling with and would love to join you on your journey to a healthier you.
My therapeutic approach is collaborative, supportive, and flexible. As your therapist, I would help support and guide you to lay new foundations in your life, whether it be coping skills or increased self- esteem, to start new transitions in life or finally address the past. I have experience using various modalities to address an array of challenges that children, youth, and adults may be struggling with and would love to join you on your journey to a healthier you.
(678) 578-8011 View (678) 578-8011
Photo of Mary Anna Brown, Counselor in Marietta, GA
Mary Anna Brown
Counselor, MA, APC
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30060
Are you having a hard time finding joy in your life? As human beings we all face different challenges that may lead us to seek growth and healing. Therapy is a place where you learn to grieve, take an honest look at your relationship, evaluate your feelings with work and those around you. My goal as a therapist is to help you accomplish your goals, process trauma, practice compassion towards yourself and others, live free, and understand yourself and those around you.
Are you having a hard time finding joy in your life? As human beings we all face different challenges that may lead us to seek growth and healing. Therapy is a place where you learn to grieve, take an honest look at your relationship, evaluate your feelings with work and those around you. My goal as a therapist is to help you accomplish your goals, process trauma, practice compassion towards yourself and others, live free, and understand yourself and those around you.
(678) 255-8430 View (678) 255-8430
Photo of Anna Kennedy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Anna Kennedy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CPCS, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30062
As a therapist, I love working with anyone who wants to better understand themselves and to grow each and every day as a human being. I work well with all ages, but work best with those over the age of 12. I have a lot of experience with leadership development, personal development, and health and wellness and I often weave those into my individual therapy sessions. I love when people set goals and we can work together to get them wherever they want to go. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, disordered eating, life transitions, fertility issues, low self esteem, trauma, and relationship issues.
As a therapist, I love working with anyone who wants to better understand themselves and to grow each and every day as a human being. I work well with all ages, but work best with those over the age of 12. I have a lot of experience with leadership development, personal development, and health and wellness and I often weave those into my individual therapy sessions. I love when people set goals and we can work together to get them wherever they want to go. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, disordered eating, life transitions, fertility issues, low self esteem, trauma, and relationship issues.
(470) 347-9676 View (470) 347-9676
Photo of Kelley Staley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Kelley Staley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LAPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30068
I welcome clients of all ages from all walks of life and backgrounds. I have experience working with children, adolescents, young adults, and adults experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, self image, family struggles, situational stress and I am confident helping clients adopt and build coping skills, social skills, self-esteem, and confidence.
I welcome clients of all ages from all walks of life and backgrounds. I have experience working with children, adolescents, young adults, and adults experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, self image, family struggles, situational stress and I am confident helping clients adopt and build coping skills, social skills, self-esteem, and confidence.
(404) 999-6973 View (404) 999-6973
Photo of Anne S. Mayfield, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Anne S. Mayfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, CSAT, RRT-P
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30067
As a certified RRT Practitioner and a CSAT offering psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, EMDR, and Rapid Resolution Therapy, I specialize in healing trauma as well as in sex, love, and relationship addiction. Counseling is, for me, about witnessing someone else's personal story and providing a safe place to experience the whole range of emotions. I provide a nurturing, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment in which to explore your issues. Together we will develop new strategies to help you deal with life's challenges so that you are better able to experience life's joys.
As a certified RRT Practitioner and a CSAT offering psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, EMDR, and Rapid Resolution Therapy, I specialize in healing trauma as well as in sex, love, and relationship addiction. Counseling is, for me, about witnessing someone else's personal story and providing a safe place to experience the whole range of emotions. I provide a nurturing, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment in which to explore your issues. Together we will develop new strategies to help you deal with life's challenges so that you are better able to experience life's joys.
(404) 982-4403 View (404) 982-4403
Photo of Nicole Thaxton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Nicole Thaxton
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, NCC, CPCS
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Marietta, GA 30060
Welcome. I'm so glad you stopped by. I work with high achieving individuals and families experiencing anxiety & stress, grief & loss, & relationship/family issues. The primary goal of my practice is to create an environment of safety and respect for you to experience connection, heal hurts, develop awareness, and grow personally. I'm a Board Certified Counselor and Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Georgia. I also offer Clinical Supervision as the Founder of Atlanta Wellness Collective.
Welcome. I'm so glad you stopped by. I work with high achieving individuals and families experiencing anxiety & stress, grief & loss, & relationship/family issues. The primary goal of my practice is to create an environment of safety and respect for you to experience connection, heal hurts, develop awareness, and grow personally. I'm a Board Certified Counselor and Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Georgia. I also offer Clinical Supervision as the Founder of Atlanta Wellness Collective.
(678) 841-8102 View (678) 841-8102
Photo of Sibley Fleming, Licensed Professional Counselor in Marietta, GA
Sibley Fleming
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, NCC, BA
Verified Verified
Marietta, GA 30067
Are you sitting at your work desk and giving a fake smile to those who pass by as you secretly are scrolling the internet for a therapist? Are you tired of putting on this mask as you independently struggle with loneliness, depression, a relationship or anxiety? Do you find yourself hiding your despair because your life "looks great on paper?" One thing I know is your feelings are valid. Let's work together to uncover what is really going on. These feelings are not abnormal, and you need a therapist who can help you discover their root cause.
Are you sitting at your work desk and giving a fake smile to those who pass by as you secretly are scrolling the internet for a therapist? Are you tired of putting on this mask as you independently struggle with loneliness, depression, a relationship or anxiety? Do you find yourself hiding your despair because your life "looks great on paper?" One thing I know is your feelings are valid. Let's work together to uncover what is really going on. These feelings are not abnormal, and you need a therapist who can help you discover their root cause.
(678) 952-2147 View (678) 952-2147

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Marietta, GA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Marietta, GA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
67% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
75% Cigna and Evernorth
69% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Marietta, GA see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Marietta?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.