Therapists in San Antonio, TX

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Photo of Marti Stany, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Marti Stany
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78213  (Online Only)
If you're reading this, you're likely feeling overwhelmed, shame, or alone due to trauma or problems in your sex life or relationship. Perhaps you feel confused about your sexual identity or aren’t accepted and celebrated for who you are. Maybe you are stuck in a negative loop of excessive porn use or a compulsive desire for sex that is ruining your relationships and your life. Together, we'll navigate the parts of your life you've buried deep out of shame and pain. I know it can be terrifying to plunge into these depths alone. I'll be by your side every step of the way, offering a loving and non-judgmental space.
If you're reading this, you're likely feeling overwhelmed, shame, or alone due to trauma or problems in your sex life or relationship. Perhaps you feel confused about your sexual identity or aren’t accepted and celebrated for who you are. Maybe you are stuck in a negative loop of excessive porn use or a compulsive desire for sex that is ruining your relationships and your life. Together, we'll navigate the parts of your life you've buried deep out of shame and pain. I know it can be terrifying to plunge into these depths alone. I'll be by your side every step of the way, offering a loving and non-judgmental space.
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Photo of Natalina Vélez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Natalina Vélez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78249  (Online Only)
My name is Natalina Vélez and I'm a Licensed Master Social Worker (LMSW). I am an AuDHD queer person of color and I'm thrilled to be a part of your journey. My approach to not only therapy but also building connections with people is through a deep understanding for empathy, accountability, and harm reduction. I have built my life around being a restorative practice practitioner with a love for social justice and creating safe and affirming spaces that are built on consent and trust.
My name is Natalina Vélez and I'm a Licensed Master Social Worker (LMSW). I am an AuDHD queer person of color and I'm thrilled to be a part of your journey. My approach to not only therapy but also building connections with people is through a deep understanding for empathy, accountability, and harm reduction. I have built my life around being a restorative practice practitioner with a love for social justice and creating safe and affirming spaces that are built on consent and trust.
(830) 582-9593 View (830) 582-9593
Photo of Jennifer Cleveland, Psychologist in San Antonio, TX
Jennifer Cleveland
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78213
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling? I can help. I am a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience helping individuals with a variety of issues ranging from depression and anxiety to executive functioning and parenting issues. Often, my clients tell me that they struggle for too long before seeking help because they hope things will improve or they are ashamed of their issues. I am non-judgmental and can offer you the professional help you've been looking for. I hope you reach out today and start your journey of change, hope, and improved mental health.
Are you struggling? I can help. I am a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience helping individuals with a variety of issues ranging from depression and anxiety to executive functioning and parenting issues. Often, my clients tell me that they struggle for too long before seeking help because they hope things will improve or they are ashamed of their issues. I am non-judgmental and can offer you the professional help you've been looking for. I hope you reach out today and start your journey of change, hope, and improved mental health.
(210) 934-3683 View (210) 934-3683
Photo of Lea Bloodworth, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Lea Bloodworth
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78254  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling with life's challenges? We all experience seasons in life where life gets too hard, and the burden seems too heavy to carry alone. More often than not, when we consider therapy as a treatment approach, we have tried everything we know to try on our own, and it's just not quite working. People who seek out counseling during these times are BRAVE enough to admit that it's okay to ask for help. Whatever you may be going through, my hope is that you seek the help you may need and find what works for you!
Are you struggling with life's challenges? We all experience seasons in life where life gets too hard, and the burden seems too heavy to carry alone. More often than not, when we consider therapy as a treatment approach, we have tried everything we know to try on our own, and it's just not quite working. People who seek out counseling during these times are BRAVE enough to admit that it's okay to ask for help. Whatever you may be going through, my hope is that you seek the help you may need and find what works for you!
(806) 605-1239 View (806) 605-1239
Photo of Jenifer James, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Jenifer James
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78216  (Online Only)
I formally provided counseling services in-home, at a university college clinic, within a community healthcare clinic, and in virtual private practice. I have experience in helping clients cope with addictions, relationship issues, motivation, self-esteem, identity, confidence, and depression. I work with couples to repair trust, improve communication, and strengthen their emotional intimacy with each other. My main focus of therapy is providing a safe place for vulnerability, exploration, and building upon the skills you already possess.
I formally provided counseling services in-home, at a university college clinic, within a community healthcare clinic, and in virtual private practice. I have experience in helping clients cope with addictions, relationship issues, motivation, self-esteem, identity, confidence, and depression. I work with couples to repair trust, improve communication, and strengthen their emotional intimacy with each other. My main focus of therapy is providing a safe place for vulnerability, exploration, and building upon the skills you already possess.
(469) 772-9421 View (469) 772-9421
Photo of River of Life Counseling , Pastoral Counselor in San Antonio, TX
River of Life Counseling
Pastoral Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78254
I think the ideal client is one who would enjoy working with me and who shares the same values, beliefs, and goals, who would feel comfortable working with me, and who would benefit from my services. Some of their issues could be one of many, for example, they have anxiety and anger that's taken over in every area of their life. They need to have a vision for freedom that keeps them out of bondage. To have a safe place to express their feelings. This involves having understanding, empathy, and support of one another. They want someone who can enhance their potential and have a healthy life, with less anxiety. Nothing is impossible.
I think the ideal client is one who would enjoy working with me and who shares the same values, beliefs, and goals, who would feel comfortable working with me, and who would benefit from my services. Some of their issues could be one of many, for example, they have anxiety and anger that's taken over in every area of their life. They need to have a vision for freedom that keeps them out of bondage. To have a safe place to express their feelings. This involves having understanding, empathy, and support of one another. They want someone who can enhance their potential and have a healthy life, with less anxiety. Nothing is impossible.
(210) 796-0511 View (210) 796-0511
Photo of Carmelle S Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Carmelle S Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78229  (Online Only)
Have there been times when you feel off? Overwhelmed or stressed about your relationships, your parenting, job, school and so on? Life can take us on an emotional roller-coaster at times. It is easy to feel like everything you are doing is wrong or even feel as if you have no one to express your true feelings to without feeling judged. Asking for help can be tough. Healing is a process and there is no due date on it. I have experience working with adults, adolescents, and children in psychiatric settings. I have a background in Child Protective Services working with families and finding long term permanency for the children.
Have there been times when you feel off? Overwhelmed or stressed about your relationships, your parenting, job, school and so on? Life can take us on an emotional roller-coaster at times. It is easy to feel like everything you are doing is wrong or even feel as if you have no one to express your true feelings to without feeling judged. Asking for help can be tough. Healing is a process and there is no due date on it. I have experience working with adults, adolescents, and children in psychiatric settings. I have a background in Child Protective Services working with families and finding long term permanency for the children.
(210) 794-8371 View (210) 794-8371
Photo of Jane Godelia Counseling PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Jane Godelia Counseling PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78258  (Online Only)
Are you struggling managing your own thoughts/emotions or doing your daily tasks? Do you feel dissatisfied with your relationships or where you are heading in life? Do you have a traumatic past that continues to haunt you? If this is you, I can help. I work with adults who want to find solutions to their problems and improve their quality of life. I will empower you, listen and accept you without judgment, and help you cope with the difficult issues you have.
Are you struggling managing your own thoughts/emotions or doing your daily tasks? Do you feel dissatisfied with your relationships or where you are heading in life? Do you have a traumatic past that continues to haunt you? If this is you, I can help. I work with adults who want to find solutions to their problems and improve their quality of life. I will empower you, listen and accept you without judgment, and help you cope with the difficult issues you have.
(210) 871-8588 View (210) 871-8588
Photo of Jacqueline P Parsons, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Jacqueline P Parsons
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78230
Dealing with life’s challenges? We all are, but not everyone needs a diagnosis when going through a solvable situation. You can beat the fear! Working with me, we can identify your strengths, what's frightening you and how to overcome it. Sometimes you just need to sit down with a counselor that respects and wants to work with you based on your strengths. I know how to work with people negotiating complicated times successfully,
Dealing with life’s challenges? We all are, but not everyone needs a diagnosis when going through a solvable situation. You can beat the fear! Working with me, we can identify your strengths, what's frightening you and how to overcome it. Sometimes you just need to sit down with a counselor that respects and wants to work with you based on your strengths. I know how to work with people negotiating complicated times successfully,
(210) 881-7907 View (210) 881-7907
Photo of Pursuit of Happiness, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Pursuit of Happiness
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78216
Pursuit of Happiness provides counseling for pregnant women, children, and families with Traditional Medicaid Insurance. We offer in-home and telehealth counseling throughout Texas. All of our counselors practice trauma-informed counseling and have training in play and trauma techniques to help children and families heal and grow in a safe therapeutic space. Our counselors will come directly to you and meet with the you or your children in the home, school, or daycare depending on your schedule needs. Virtual counseling is also available.
Pursuit of Happiness provides counseling for pregnant women, children, and families with Traditional Medicaid Insurance. We offer in-home and telehealth counseling throughout Texas. All of our counselors practice trauma-informed counseling and have training in play and trauma techniques to help children and families heal and grow in a safe therapeutic space. Our counselors will come directly to you and meet with the you or your children in the home, school, or daycare depending on your schedule needs. Virtual counseling is also available.
(210) 988-6704 View (210) 988-6704
Photo of Karen Bagwell, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Karen Bagwell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78216
These are my specialties: Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, Grief, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Adults with Aspergers, Marriage and Premarital Counseling, and Healing for those Wounded by Abortion. I counsel in accordance with Biblical principles, and utilize scientifically based methods: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy including Exposure Response Prevention, Insight Oriented Therapy, Interpersonal Process Approach, and Medical Hypnoanalysis.
These are my specialties: Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, Grief, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Adults with Aspergers, Marriage and Premarital Counseling, and Healing for those Wounded by Abortion. I counsel in accordance with Biblical principles, and utilize scientifically based methods: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy including Exposure Response Prevention, Insight Oriented Therapy, Interpersonal Process Approach, and Medical Hypnoanalysis.
(210) 762-6091 View (210) 762-6091
Photo of A New Start Counseling Services , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
A New Start Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78216
If life feels overwhelming, chaotic or exhausting we are here to help you lighten that load. Success is not built on success alone, it's built on finding the resiliency and strength to get up after we fall, and the strength to move forward and not give up. When something doesn't work out, we sometimes find ourself standing in place trying to understand and make sense of what happened. We are here to help you move forward. We would love to talk to you about ways to navigate through life's challenges. We strive to make it easy to access help so you regain the skills needed to overcome challenges and live a fulfilling life.
If life feels overwhelming, chaotic or exhausting we are here to help you lighten that load. Success is not built on success alone, it's built on finding the resiliency and strength to get up after we fall, and the strength to move forward and not give up. When something doesn't work out, we sometimes find ourself standing in place trying to understand and make sense of what happened. We are here to help you move forward. We would love to talk to you about ways to navigate through life's challenges. We strive to make it easy to access help so you regain the skills needed to overcome challenges and live a fulfilling life.
(210) 934-4158 View (210) 934-4158
Photo of Lisa Cantu, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Lisa Cantu
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78257
Lisa Cantu is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 4 years of experience in the mental health field. Lisa is passionate about helping children, adolescents, and adults work through life's many obstacles so that they may be able to live functional, healthy lives. Lisa specializes in anxiety, depression, adjustment, grief, and trauma.
Lisa Cantu is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 4 years of experience in the mental health field. Lisa is passionate about helping children, adolescents, and adults work through life's many obstacles so that they may be able to live functional, healthy lives. Lisa specializes in anxiety, depression, adjustment, grief, and trauma.
(210) 981-4396 View (210) 981-4396
Photo of Anna Marie Somera, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Anna Marie Somera
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78230
As a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), I am dedicated to supporting individuals who are ready to embark on a journey of growth and change. I believe that each person possesses an inherent ability to move towards wholeness and wellness, and my goal is to collaborate with you in unlocking this potential. Through our work together we will cultivate your inner resources of resilience, happiness, and peace, aiming to restore balance and promote healing within your whole system.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), I am dedicated to supporting individuals who are ready to embark on a journey of growth and change. I believe that each person possesses an inherent ability to move towards wholeness and wellness, and my goal is to collaborate with you in unlocking this potential. Through our work together we will cultivate your inner resources of resilience, happiness, and peace, aiming to restore balance and promote healing within your whole system.
(210) 405-5963 View (210) 405-5963
Photo of Dr. Nicholas Todd Wilkens, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Dr. Nicholas Todd Wilkens
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT-S, LPC-S
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78258
Imagine that you are holding a bottle of soda. Now imagine yourself shaking that bottle. What happens if you open the top? It explodes everywhere! Now, if you take that same shaken up bottle and carefully turn the lid to let a little amount of air out at a time, it will settle. This is how I view therapy, with each shake representing a negative experience, relationship, and/or trauma. Good therapy demands being careful with and sensitive to those shakes, and eventually walking out of the door with a mind, a relationship, and a life...settled.
Imagine that you are holding a bottle of soda. Now imagine yourself shaking that bottle. What happens if you open the top? It explodes everywhere! Now, if you take that same shaken up bottle and carefully turn the lid to let a little amount of air out at a time, it will settle. This is how I view therapy, with each shake representing a negative experience, relationship, and/or trauma. Good therapy demands being careful with and sensitive to those shakes, and eventually walking out of the door with a mind, a relationship, and a life...settled.
(210) 460-7987 View (210) 460-7987
Photo of Jessica N Bass, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Jessica N Bass
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MDiv, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78270  (Online Only)
Like an oasis in a desert, our private practice exists to support your meaning-making process so that you can experience the healing transformation from merely surviving to purposeful thriving.
Like an oasis in a desert, our private practice exists to support your meaning-making process so that you can experience the healing transformation from merely surviving to purposeful thriving.
(210) 864-9139 View (210) 864-9139
Photo of Balanced Counseling of San Antonio in San Antonio, TX
Balanced Counseling of San Antonio
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78240
I know this is hard. You've likely been debating seeking help for months, if not years. But I am so glad you found us and have taken the courageous step of being here. I'm confident that together we can work to help equip you with the necessary tools to help you face and overcome these challenges. Whether you're struggling with depression, anxiety, or confidence, it is important that you know you don't have to be alone in this journey. Our team of therapists have the experience to help you achieve your goals, overcome these struggles, and live a more fulfilling and meaningful life. We understand no two individuals are the same. Each therapist will tailor your goals and therapy session to meet your own individual needs. We will work together to understand the root cause of your struggles and address those issues with long-lasting strategies, helping you get closer to the life you've always wanted. If you're ready to work towards the life you've always wanted. We are ready when you are. Don't hesitate contact us today and lets get to work.
I know this is hard. You've likely been debating seeking help for months, if not years. But I am so glad you found us and have taken the courageous step of being here. I'm confident that together we can work to help equip you with the necessary tools to help you face and overcome these challenges. Whether you're struggling with depression, anxiety, or confidence, it is important that you know you don't have to be alone in this journey. Our team of therapists have the experience to help you achieve your goals, overcome these struggles, and live a more fulfilling and meaningful life. We understand no two individuals are the same. Each therapist will tailor your goals and therapy session to meet your own individual needs. We will work together to understand the root cause of your struggles and address those issues with long-lasting strategies, helping you get closer to the life you've always wanted. If you're ready to work towards the life you've always wanted. We are ready when you are. Don't hesitate contact us today and lets get to work.
(210) 361-5512 View (210) 361-5512
Photo of Ashley Klasing, LPC Intern in San Antonio, TX
Ashley Klasing
LPC Intern, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78213
Do you find that you are comparing yourself to others on social media? It sucks to feel like you have to change who you are in order to match the images you see online. It's difficult when we have to deal with negative feelings, and all the criticism we give ourselves about our bodies.
Do you find that you are comparing yourself to others on social media? It sucks to feel like you have to change who you are in order to match the images you see online. It's difficult when we have to deal with negative feelings, and all the criticism we give ourselves about our bodies.
(210) 880-9140 View (210) 880-9140
Photo of Amber Pilkington, Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Amber Pilkington
Counselor, MPsy, LPC-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78229  (Online Only)
We are created for connection! Unfortunately, there is no shortage of forces that make connections with others and ourselves a challenge. This can lead to changes in mood, distress in relationships, and an overall feeling that something is not right. If you are here, I already know one thing about you: you are aware there is a problem, and you are courageous enough to reach out for help. I've been there. I hope that I can be here for you as a partner in creating change for yourself & your relationships.
We are created for connection! Unfortunately, there is no shortage of forces that make connections with others and ourselves a challenge. This can lead to changes in mood, distress in relationships, and an overall feeling that something is not right. If you are here, I already know one thing about you: you are aware there is a problem, and you are courageous enough to reach out for help. I've been there. I hope that I can be here for you as a partner in creating change for yourself & your relationships.
(210) 405-6560 View (210) 405-6560
Photo of Mary Jennifer Pearson, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Mary Jennifer Pearson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78209
Have you ever found yourself at a crossroad where you are attempting to better yourself and receive push back or criticism for those around you? Have you ever felt crazy for trying something new yet yearn for a better future for yourself and family? If you are in need of a boost of confidence and support through this process; I am here to help. My whole heart harmonizes with those who have pushed back with their faith, or had to escape outright and are attempting to acclimate in a world that does not feel embracing.
Have you ever found yourself at a crossroad where you are attempting to better yourself and receive push back or criticism for those around you? Have you ever felt crazy for trying something new yet yearn for a better future for yourself and family? If you are in need of a boost of confidence and support through this process; I am here to help. My whole heart harmonizes with those who have pushed back with their faith, or had to escape outright and are attempting to acclimate in a world that does not feel embracing.
(512) 714-3403 View (512) 714-3403

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Antonio, TX

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in San Antonio, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
70% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
78% BlueCross and BlueShield
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Antonio, TX see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Antonio?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.