Therapists in Austin, TX

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Photo of Jamie Wang (Enteave Counseling), Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Jamie Wang (Enteave Counseling)
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78759
I specialize in working with clients experiencing PTSD, Veterans, Individuals with Mood Disorders, Men’s Issues, Stress Management, Life Management Coaching, Ethnic/Cultural Issues, and Anxiety, I bring added value to therapy with unique perspective from lived experience. As an immigrant from Taiwan, I grew up in a rough area of NYC overcoming adversity, trauma, and familial generational trauma to later join the Army as an Infantryman after 9/11 serving for three years including a tour in Iraq. After my time in the Army, I reflected on my own life, searching for a way to give back, and discovered my passion for therapy.
I specialize in working with clients experiencing PTSD, Veterans, Individuals with Mood Disorders, Men’s Issues, Stress Management, Life Management Coaching, Ethnic/Cultural Issues, and Anxiety, I bring added value to therapy with unique perspective from lived experience. As an immigrant from Taiwan, I grew up in a rough area of NYC overcoming adversity, trauma, and familial generational trauma to later join the Army as an Infantryman after 9/11 serving for three years including a tour in Iraq. After my time in the Army, I reflected on my own life, searching for a way to give back, and discovered my passion for therapy.
(737) 345-2412 View (737) 345-2412
Photo of Noah Elias Flores, Licensed Master Social Worker in Austin, TX
Noah Elias Flores
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78731
My focus as a therapist is on healing trauma through the attachment lens. When defining trauma, I like to quote Gabor Mate who states that Trauma is not what happens to you, it is what happens inside you. The traumatic event may have been the abandonment that happened years ago, but the trauma itself is the crippling fear inside when someone we love doesn't respond quickly enough. Unfortunately, we can't change the past, but we Can change the ways it affects our present and our future. I hope to offer you closure by helping you understand the How and Why of your trauma.
My focus as a therapist is on healing trauma through the attachment lens. When defining trauma, I like to quote Gabor Mate who states that Trauma is not what happens to you, it is what happens inside you. The traumatic event may have been the abandonment that happened years ago, but the trauma itself is the crippling fear inside when someone we love doesn't respond quickly enough. Unfortunately, we can't change the past, but we Can change the ways it affects our present and our future. I hope to offer you closure by helping you understand the How and Why of your trauma.
(737) 727-3280 View (737) 727-3280
Photo of Susan Keeler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Susan Keeler
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78704  (Online Only)
Do you feel anxious, stymied in your creativity or self-expression, or baffled by a tendency to do things to feel better that end up actually making you feel worse? It can be so confusing when on the outside things look just fine, yet on the inside you feel empty, sad, or lonely. Do you have a persistent sense that you don't really belong, or that you don't enjoy life the way others seem to do? Are you a 'self-sufficient' person, used to taking care of yourself, but have trouble asking for help? Is it hard to know how you feel or what you might need to do to feel better? If so, please reach out -- I can help!
Do you feel anxious, stymied in your creativity or self-expression, or baffled by a tendency to do things to feel better that end up actually making you feel worse? It can be so confusing when on the outside things look just fine, yet on the inside you feel empty, sad, or lonely. Do you have a persistent sense that you don't really belong, or that you don't enjoy life the way others seem to do? Are you a 'self-sufficient' person, used to taking care of yourself, but have trouble asking for help? Is it hard to know how you feel or what you might need to do to feel better? If so, please reach out -- I can help!
(737) 210-3949 View (737) 210-3949
Photo of Karen M Boeke, Psychologist in Austin, TX
Karen M Boeke
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78746
I have enjoyed working in private practice for 30 years with adolescents and adults. Their issues generally include such things as depression, trauma, anxiety, and relationship conflict or disconnection from loved ones. Sometimes people have been struggling with these things for a very long time. Experience has shown me that using an Internal Family Systems/Attachment-based psychodynamic approach works best for most people, and can lead to deep and lasting transformation in people's lives. At other times I work with people on a more short-term basis, using a more eclectic, skill building approach to our work together.
I have enjoyed working in private practice for 30 years with adolescents and adults. Their issues generally include such things as depression, trauma, anxiety, and relationship conflict or disconnection from loved ones. Sometimes people have been struggling with these things for a very long time. Experience has shown me that using an Internal Family Systems/Attachment-based psychodynamic approach works best for most people, and can lead to deep and lasting transformation in people's lives. At other times I work with people on a more short-term basis, using a more eclectic, skill building approach to our work together.
(512) 468-3649 View (512) 468-3649
Photo of Leslie Friday, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Austin, TX
Leslie Friday
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78759
I work with adults navigating a variety of experiences, but I primarily focus on anxiety, depression, grief, self-worth, and relationship challenges. I help others identify beliefs, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that get in the way of personal, relational, and spiritual growth. I understand that therapy is not one-size-fits-all, so I pull from a variety of techniques & modalities depending on your specific goals and needs. Whatever it is that brings you to counseling, my priority is to provide a safe and comfortable space for you to show up as you are.
I work with adults navigating a variety of experiences, but I primarily focus on anxiety, depression, grief, self-worth, and relationship challenges. I help others identify beliefs, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that get in the way of personal, relational, and spiritual growth. I understand that therapy is not one-size-fits-all, so I pull from a variety of techniques & modalities depending on your specific goals and needs. Whatever it is that brings you to counseling, my priority is to provide a safe and comfortable space for you to show up as you are.
(512) 768-7442 View (512) 768-7442
Photo of Yolanda Lowery, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Yolanda Lowery
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78745
Hello, I'm Yolanda Lowery. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and National Certified Counselor in the state of Texas with over 11 years of experience. My specialties include, but are not limited to, the treatment of anxiety, depression, mood disorder, and ADHD. My theoretical approach in my practice includes cognitive-behavioral therapy and solution-focused. I like to inspire others through their difficult moments, and also to act as a point of reflection to offer continued personal development for my clients.
Hello, I'm Yolanda Lowery. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and National Certified Counselor in the state of Texas with over 11 years of experience. My specialties include, but are not limited to, the treatment of anxiety, depression, mood disorder, and ADHD. My theoretical approach in my practice includes cognitive-behavioral therapy and solution-focused. I like to inspire others through their difficult moments, and also to act as a point of reflection to offer continued personal development for my clients.
(512) 764-1164 View (512) 764-1164
Photo of Polly Robertson (Enteave Counseling), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Polly Robertson (Enteave Counseling)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78759  (Online Only)
Being nervous about starting therapy is natural, which is why I work with each client to establish a relationship of honesty and openness so you can feel comfortable sharing your feelings. There is no magic wand in life but you don’t have to face challenges on your own. Therapy is a journey. I approach each session as a time to learn about you—what motivates you and what ails you. I understand the importance of each individual’s culture so I can fully understand you as a person. Together, we will determine the best possible solutions to address your individual needs.
Being nervous about starting therapy is natural, which is why I work with each client to establish a relationship of honesty and openness so you can feel comfortable sharing your feelings. There is no magic wand in life but you don’t have to face challenges on your own. Therapy is a journey. I approach each session as a time to learn about you—what motivates you and what ails you. I understand the importance of each individual’s culture so I can fully understand you as a person. Together, we will determine the best possible solutions to address your individual needs.
(512) 675-5817 View (512) 675-5817
Photo of Ellen Smithey, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Austin, TX
Ellen Smithey
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, ATR-BC, LPC-A, CCTP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78752  (Online Only)
As therapists, we're accustomed to being the ones who provide support, guidance, and empathy to our clients. But what about when therapists themselves need support? What happens when the ones who are supposed to have all the answers find themselves struggling with their own mental health challenges? Being a therapist for other therapists is a unique and deeply rewarding role, a role that I truly excel in. By creating a safe and nonjudgmental space, I understand the unique challenges therapists face, I normalize help-seeking behavior, and model self-care.
As therapists, we're accustomed to being the ones who provide support, guidance, and empathy to our clients. But what about when therapists themselves need support? What happens when the ones who are supposed to have all the answers find themselves struggling with their own mental health challenges? Being a therapist for other therapists is a unique and deeply rewarding role, a role that I truly excel in. By creating a safe and nonjudgmental space, I understand the unique challenges therapists face, I normalize help-seeking behavior, and model self-care.
(512) 262-9503 View (512) 262-9503
Photo of Velma Metz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Velma Metz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78717  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am not taking new clients at this time. There are lots of different reasons why people seek therapy. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for kids, teens and adults to process different life events. I am a client centered therapist who wants to help you find the best way to navigate your life.
I am not taking new clients at this time. There are lots of different reasons why people seek therapy. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for kids, teens and adults to process different life events. I am a client centered therapist who wants to help you find the best way to navigate your life.
(512) 866-2192 View (512) 866-2192
Photo of Randy Frazier, Psychologist in Austin, TX
Randy Frazier
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78746
Not accepting new clients
Are you stuck in trying to resolve relationship problems? Tired of arguing without resolution? Do you find that the person you fell in love with now feels like your adversary? Trying to work through relationship issues is hard enough, deciding to come to a professional for help may feel even more daunting. I provide a confidential and supportive environment to help you explore issues in your relationship. We will work together to understand more deeply the ways you may be stuck in your relationship with others and to develop coping strategies for improvement.
Are you stuck in trying to resolve relationship problems? Tired of arguing without resolution? Do you find that the person you fell in love with now feels like your adversary? Trying to work through relationship issues is hard enough, deciding to come to a professional for help may feel even more daunting. I provide a confidential and supportive environment to help you explore issues in your relationship. We will work together to understand more deeply the ways you may be stuck in your relationship with others and to develop coping strategies for improvement.
(512) 861-8948 View (512) 861-8948
Photo of Heather Lorraine Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Austin, TX
Heather Lorraine Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFTA, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78736
Hello, I am glad you are here! I hold the belief that anyone can change, sometimes we get stuck and need a little help. Weather you need help with parenting, a listening ear after losing a loved one, or need to get a handle on a mental health disorder I can assist you.
Hello, I am glad you are here! I hold the belief that anyone can change, sometimes we get stuck and need a little help. Weather you need help with parenting, a listening ear after losing a loved one, or need to get a handle on a mental health disorder I can assist you.
(512) 881-7904 View (512) 881-7904
Photo of Alexandra Tueni, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Alexandra Tueni
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78705
I work with children, teens and young adults who struggle with anxiety, OCD, life transitions, identity, and LGBTQ+ issues. Clients often begin therapy with me in search of relief from OCD/anxiety, support managing the transition into college or adulthood, self-acceptance, a space to explore their identity, ways to create more meaningful relationships with others, or parenting support. I also work with parents to provide insight and teach skills that allow them to confidently support and respond to their child/teen struggling with OCD/anxiety. I am certified in and offer PCIT for children 7 and younger with behavioral challenges.
I work with children, teens and young adults who struggle with anxiety, OCD, life transitions, identity, and LGBTQ+ issues. Clients often begin therapy with me in search of relief from OCD/anxiety, support managing the transition into college or adulthood, self-acceptance, a space to explore their identity, ways to create more meaningful relationships with others, or parenting support. I also work with parents to provide insight and teach skills that allow them to confidently support and respond to their child/teen struggling with OCD/anxiety. I am certified in and offer PCIT for children 7 and younger with behavioral challenges.
(737) 250-6661 View (737) 250-6661
Photo of Krystal 'winter' Green, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Krystal 'winter' Green
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78739  (Online Only)
Congratulations on taking the first step towards healing! Counseling can provide you with a supportive, safe environment in which to explore and navigate life’s challenges. I am dedicated to going at your own pace and providing a non-judgmental, nurturing environment along the way. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) specializing in eating disorders, career counseling, severe anxiety disorders, and trauma. My approach encourages conquering fears, pointing out strengths, building self-care into your schedule, practicing mindfulness, regulating emotions, and identifying passions so that you can lead a purposeful life.
Congratulations on taking the first step towards healing! Counseling can provide you with a supportive, safe environment in which to explore and navigate life’s challenges. I am dedicated to going at your own pace and providing a non-judgmental, nurturing environment along the way. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) specializing in eating disorders, career counseling, severe anxiety disorders, and trauma. My approach encourages conquering fears, pointing out strengths, building self-care into your schedule, practicing mindfulness, regulating emotions, and identifying passions so that you can lead a purposeful life.
(512) 817-2544 View (512) 817-2544
Photo of Dr. Amy Nikitenko, Psychologist in Austin, TX
Dr. Amy Nikitenko
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78759
As a clinical psychologist, I believe everyone is doing the best with the skills and resources they have. Sometimes, we need a supportive place to process, gain understanding, develop new skills and strategies to find contentment, hope, and happiness. My goal is to provide a safe, warm and engaging environment for clients to embrace their strengths and identify their needs and wants in creating a more intentional and grounded life.
As a clinical psychologist, I believe everyone is doing the best with the skills and resources they have. Sometimes, we need a supportive place to process, gain understanding, develop new skills and strategies to find contentment, hope, and happiness. My goal is to provide a safe, warm and engaging environment for clients to embrace their strengths and identify their needs and wants in creating a more intentional and grounded life.
(737) 234-8868 View (737) 234-8868
Photo of Peter Lemons, Psychologist in Austin, TX
Peter Lemons
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78745
I provide psychotherapy and psychological and cognitive assessment. As a psychologist, I tailor my therapeutic approach to fit your needs. I value collaboration in our work together, and I strive to establish a framework of compassion and understanding. In therapy, we will work together to focus on the concerns that matter most.
I provide psychotherapy and psychological and cognitive assessment. As a psychologist, I tailor my therapeutic approach to fit your needs. I value collaboration in our work together, and I strive to establish a framework of compassion and understanding. In therapy, we will work together to focus on the concerns that matter most.
(512) 318-2743 View (512) 318-2743
Photo of Annie Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Annie Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78731
Together we can work through depression, anxiety, women's issues, and life transitions. I have specialized training in family and couples issues, parenting/behavior modification, as well as in treating those with acquired brain injuries. I also hold certifications as a Level 1 Gottman Certified Therapist, a Prepare/Enrich Therapist, and a trained EMDR therapist. Premarital coursework available!
Together we can work through depression, anxiety, women's issues, and life transitions. I have specialized training in family and couples issues, parenting/behavior modification, as well as in treating those with acquired brain injuries. I also hold certifications as a Level 1 Gottman Certified Therapist, a Prepare/Enrich Therapist, and a trained EMDR therapist. Premarital coursework available!
(512) 649-0313 View (512) 649-0313
Photo of Ashleigh Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Ashleigh Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78721  (Online Only)
I specialize in helping people who are dealing with depression, anxiety, and problems with interpersonal relationships. My goal with every client is to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. I aim to develop a strong therapeutic relationship built on mutual-respect, empathy, authenticity, and trust. I enjoy helping people realize how their past affects the present and the value of learning to recognize, process and manage their emotions in ways that improve their functioning and quality of life.
I specialize in helping people who are dealing with depression, anxiety, and problems with interpersonal relationships. My goal with every client is to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. I aim to develop a strong therapeutic relationship built on mutual-respect, empathy, authenticity, and trust. I enjoy helping people realize how their past affects the present and the value of learning to recognize, process and manage their emotions in ways that improve their functioning and quality of life.
(512) 942-5536 View (512) 942-5536
Photo of Yara Castillo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Yara Castillo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78705  (Online Only)
I graduated with a BA in Psychology and an MEd in Counseling from the University of Houston. I practice from a client-centered approach, but I like to integrate techniques from many different approaches. I feel like clients come to therapy to feel understood, listened to, and form a connection with another person. I also understand that people have strengths and can be empowered to make their own decisions for themselves.
I graduated with a BA in Psychology and an MEd in Counseling from the University of Houston. I practice from a client-centered approach, but I like to integrate techniques from many different approaches. I feel like clients come to therapy to feel understood, listened to, and form a connection with another person. I also understand that people have strengths and can be empowered to make their own decisions for themselves.
(737) 258-9860 View (737) 258-9860
Photo of Nicollette Violante, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Nicollette Violante
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CLC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78745
As human beings, we are hard-wired for two things: to survive and to connect. I whole-heartedly believe that in order to survive (and thrive!) in life, we need connection. We all want to feel seen, heard, understood, and accepted; these are the basic ingredients in order for us to feel safe in our relationships, and what I strive to bring to you as your therapist. I am equipped to support adults experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, and stress, and parents facing behavioral and relational challenges with children under the age of 7. I also specialize in perinatal mental health and lactation.
As human beings, we are hard-wired for two things: to survive and to connect. I whole-heartedly believe that in order to survive (and thrive!) in life, we need connection. We all want to feel seen, heard, understood, and accepted; these are the basic ingredients in order for us to feel safe in our relationships, and what I strive to bring to you as your therapist. I am equipped to support adults experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, and stress, and parents facing behavioral and relational challenges with children under the age of 7. I also specialize in perinatal mental health and lactation.
(512) 714-3403 View (512) 714-3403
Photo of Nancy Willbern, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Nancy Willbern
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78746  (Online Only)
'Ring the bells that still can ring; forget your perfect offering; there is a crack in everything; it's how the light gets in.' (Leonard Cohen) When clients come in with cracks in their lives, I am committed to pointing towards the light. I love my job. Although I am educated and experienced in classical psychotherapeutic theory and practice, I have a spiritual foundation to my work. I encourage my clients to connect to an inner, Loving Wisdom -- and I am committed to doing the same. It is through that connection that we both are healed.
'Ring the bells that still can ring; forget your perfect offering; there is a crack in everything; it's how the light gets in.' (Leonard Cohen) When clients come in with cracks in their lives, I am committed to pointing towards the light. I love my job. Although I am educated and experienced in classical psychotherapeutic theory and practice, I have a spiritual foundation to my work. I encourage my clients to connect to an inner, Loving Wisdom -- and I am committed to doing the same. It is through that connection that we both are healed.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Austin, TX

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Austin, TX who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
64% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Austin, TX see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Austin?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.