Therapists in Cambridge, MA

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Photo of Kerry Pinnisi, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Kerry Pinnisi
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
Feb 2024: I am not currently accepting new clients. I will update this status when I have openings.
Feb 2024: I am not currently accepting new clients. I will update this status when I have openings.
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Photo of Amy Mitchell, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Amy Mitchell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
Waitlist for new clients
My approach to therapy is flexible and collaborative as I work with clients to develop a greater understanding of themselves, their relationships, and the patterns that are contributing to their dissatisfaction or distress. I think it is important to provide people with tools to improve self-care, decrease stress, and feel more in control as they work toward the positive changes they would like to see in their lives. I am experienced in working with difficulties related to college and graduate-student life, life transitions, peer and family relationships, grief, and eating issues.
My approach to therapy is flexible and collaborative as I work with clients to develop a greater understanding of themselves, their relationships, and the patterns that are contributing to their dissatisfaction or distress. I think it is important to provide people with tools to improve self-care, decrease stress, and feel more in control as they work toward the positive changes they would like to see in their lives. I am experienced in working with difficulties related to college and graduate-student life, life transitions, peer and family relationships, grief, and eating issues.
(617) 299-7485 View (617) 299-7485
Photo of Susan Stahl, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Susan Stahl
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
I am a licensed behavioral psychologist with over 20 years of experience specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, eating disorders, impulsivity, and Borderline Personality Disorder. I have advanced training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Through a relational approach that is both eclectic and skill based, a key goal of our therapy will be to provide symptom relief and improved quality of life.
I am a licensed behavioral psychologist with over 20 years of experience specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, eating disorders, impulsivity, and Borderline Personality Disorder. I have advanced training in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Through a relational approach that is both eclectic and skill based, a key goal of our therapy will be to provide symptom relief and improved quality of life.
(617) 300-0478 View (617) 300-0478
Photo of Charla Ruby Malamed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Charla Ruby Malamed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Psychological suffering exists on different levels and manifests in different ways, in psyche, body, interpersonally, socially, both consciously and unconsciously. Thankfully, there are many ways to address psychological struggle, ranging from the exploration of non-conscious intra-psychic and interpersonal dynamics underlying "symptoms" to the exploration of ways that we are alienated from community and meaningful action in community. My work is social justice-informed and incorporates an understanding of how larger socio-political systems impact our lives. Facilitating empowerment is key in my work.
Psychological suffering exists on different levels and manifests in different ways, in psyche, body, interpersonally, socially, both consciously and unconsciously. Thankfully, there are many ways to address psychological struggle, ranging from the exploration of non-conscious intra-psychic and interpersonal dynamics underlying "symptoms" to the exploration of ways that we are alienated from community and meaningful action in community. My work is social justice-informed and incorporates an understanding of how larger socio-political systems impact our lives. Facilitating empowerment is key in my work.
(857) 392-4425 View (857) 392-4425
Photo of Matthew Ryan Kelsey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Matthew Ryan Kelsey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Life in our world today can be a complex journey, often filled with challenges that leave us feeling adrift and overwhelmed. If you or your child is someone who is struggling to navigate the intricate web of work/school, family, and relationships, I am here to help. Many individuals find themselves feeling stuck, dwelling on the past, or consumed by worries about the future, making it difficult to remain present and truly engage with and take control of their lives. I meet clients exactly where they are at, offering empathy and understanding, and working collaboratively to promote integration, well-being, and positive change.
Life in our world today can be a complex journey, often filled with challenges that leave us feeling adrift and overwhelmed. If you or your child is someone who is struggling to navigate the intricate web of work/school, family, and relationships, I am here to help. Many individuals find themselves feeling stuck, dwelling on the past, or consumed by worries about the future, making it difficult to remain present and truly engage with and take control of their lives. I meet clients exactly where they are at, offering empathy and understanding, and working collaboratively to promote integration, well-being, and positive change.
(857) 205-0446 View (857) 205-0446
Photo of Maxim Arbuzov, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Maxim Arbuzov
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
If you are navigating life, with continuous roadblocks, resulting from depression, anxiety, fear, anger and/or trauma, you are not alone. If you have relationship, marital, or premarital issues, you came to the right place. My specialty is working with men who are on a path to have great relationships and overcoming adjustments in life that come with every stage and decision we make. Clients come to me to have healthy relationships, strong communication, and more intimacy in their lives.
If you are navigating life, with continuous roadblocks, resulting from depression, anxiety, fear, anger and/or trauma, you are not alone. If you have relationship, marital, or premarital issues, you came to the right place. My specialty is working with men who are on a path to have great relationships and overcoming adjustments in life that come with every stage and decision we make. Clients come to me to have healthy relationships, strong communication, and more intimacy in their lives.
(413) 613-4858 View (413) 613-4858
Photo of Lashanta Petroski-Ackley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Lashanta Petroski-Ackley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
Not accepting new clients
Therapy should be tailored to address the specific needs of each client. Having trained in a variety of practices and methods, I work together with my clients, to determine which approach works best for them to address their ADHD, anxiety, depression or relationship challenges. I work with adults & couples of all ages, including college-aged and older adults. I specialize in treating mood and anxiety disorders, major life transitions (e.g., career, college), relational /familial concerns and trauma /PTSD. I also have specialized training in working with Couples, and individuals struggling with anger management issues.
Therapy should be tailored to address the specific needs of each client. Having trained in a variety of practices and methods, I work together with my clients, to determine which approach works best for them to address their ADHD, anxiety, depression or relationship challenges. I work with adults & couples of all ages, including college-aged and older adults. I specialize in treating mood and anxiety disorders, major life transitions (e.g., career, college), relational /familial concerns and trauma /PTSD. I also have specialized training in working with Couples, and individuals struggling with anger management issues.
(508) 593-4096 x6675 View (508) 593-4096 x6675
Photo of Ari Pehkonen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Ari Pehkonen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02140
I warmly welcome individuals of all identities, genders, and backgrounds without prejudice. I work hard to offer a welcoming space in which you can feel safe to speak freely. I specialize in working with transgender, gender-diverse, queer, and gay folks, and I have specialized training from CHA/Harvard Medical School where I also train and supervise fellow therapists on the unique issues of the LGBTQ+ community.
I warmly welcome individuals of all identities, genders, and backgrounds without prejudice. I work hard to offer a welcoming space in which you can feel safe to speak freely. I specialize in working with transgender, gender-diverse, queer, and gay folks, and I have specialized training from CHA/Harvard Medical School where I also train and supervise fellow therapists on the unique issues of the LGBTQ+ community.
(508) 876-3542 View (508) 876-3542
Photo of Bridget E Glenshaw, Mental Health Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Bridget E Glenshaw
Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
I specialize in supporting those who are experiencing the unique, profound grief related to pregnancy loss (miscarriage, still birth, termination due to fetal anomaly, and early infant death). Additionally, I work with children in families who are impacted by perinatal loss through play therapy, and by helping parents to create a developmentally appropriate narrative for them.
I specialize in supporting those who are experiencing the unique, profound grief related to pregnancy loss (miscarriage, still birth, termination due to fetal anomaly, and early infant death). Additionally, I work with children in families who are impacted by perinatal loss through play therapy, and by helping parents to create a developmentally appropriate narrative for them.
(617) 917-3956 View (617) 917-3956
Photo of Elizabeth Anderson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Elizabeth Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
Psychotherapy helps people face what is difficult in their lives. Beyond providing relief and support, growth in therapy leads to increased agency and purpose, more satisfying relationships, and to greater spontaneity and flexibility. I see people with complex histories who present with anxiety, depression, and relationship problems. I am engaged, committed and practical in my approach to helping people. I continue to train in experiential dynamic therapy models, which help clients access emotions and outgrow longstanding and broken coping strategies. These models include AEDP (Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy), IFS (Internal Family Systems), EFT (Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples) and ISTDP (Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy).
Psychotherapy helps people face what is difficult in their lives. Beyond providing relief and support, growth in therapy leads to increased agency and purpose, more satisfying relationships, and to greater spontaneity and flexibility. I see people with complex histories who present with anxiety, depression, and relationship problems. I am engaged, committed and practical in my approach to helping people. I continue to train in experiential dynamic therapy models, which help clients access emotions and outgrow longstanding and broken coping strategies. These models include AEDP (Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy), IFS (Internal Family Systems), EFT (Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples) and ISTDP (Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy).
(617) 446-3193 View (617) 446-3193
Photo of Christina Fields, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Christina Fields
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CYT-200
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Hello and thank you for visiting my page! I know how hard this first step can be, seeking and asking for help. I have a passion for working with anyone struggling with life transitions, and specialize partnering with females/female-identifying individuals who are managing complex family dynamics, peer relationships, addictions, trauma, or simply the challenges of growth. I strive to provide a judgement-free space for processing life's struggles and questions, while gently guiding and challenging, as needed.
Hello and thank you for visiting my page! I know how hard this first step can be, seeking and asking for help. I have a passion for working with anyone struggling with life transitions, and specialize partnering with females/female-identifying individuals who are managing complex family dynamics, peer relationships, addictions, trauma, or simply the challenges of growth. I strive to provide a judgement-free space for processing life's struggles and questions, while gently guiding and challenging, as needed.
(617) 882-7530 View (617) 882-7530
Photo of Ryan Aylward, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Ryan Aylward
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
I work with adults across the lifespan struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship problems, family issues, work and school challenges. I am trained in Internal Family Systems therapy and draw from psychodynamic and attachment theory, Buddhist psychology and mindfulness, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
I work with adults across the lifespan struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship problems, family issues, work and school challenges. I am trained in Internal Family Systems therapy and draw from psychodynamic and attachment theory, Buddhist psychology and mindfulness, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
(857) 290-4454 x1 View (857) 290-4454 x1
Photo of Elizabeth Miraglia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Elizabeth Miraglia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
As a therapist, I believe our past experiences inform our present: they shape who we are, how we act, what we value, and how we relate to others. However, I also believe they do not determine our future. This idea serves as the foundation of our work together. My approach involves helping you identify your values, utilize the strengths you already possess, and develop your vision for a life worth living. I assist in examining how our interpersonal relationships can establish and reinforce maladaptive coping, and work with you to replace what no longer serves you with a fresh perspective and new skills.
As a therapist, I believe our past experiences inform our present: they shape who we are, how we act, what we value, and how we relate to others. However, I also believe they do not determine our future. This idea serves as the foundation of our work together. My approach involves helping you identify your values, utilize the strengths you already possess, and develop your vision for a life worth living. I assist in examining how our interpersonal relationships can establish and reinforce maladaptive coping, and work with you to replace what no longer serves you with a fresh perspective and new skills.
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Photo of Cylie Wieck, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cambridge, MA
Cylie Wieck
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Cylie Wieck is a Masters Level Mental Health Therapist. Cylie believes the therapeutic relationship is the foundation for change, and enjoys bringing empathy, empowerment and authenticity to the space. She emphasizes the importance of understanding her clients for who they are - their values, their goals, their struggles and their strengths. Cylie understands beginning your journey to prioritize mental health can be intimidating, and strives to create an inclusive environment where clients feel heard and safe to explore through challenges, wins, and understanding ourselves more deeply.
Cylie Wieck is a Masters Level Mental Health Therapist. Cylie believes the therapeutic relationship is the foundation for change, and enjoys bringing empathy, empowerment and authenticity to the space. She emphasizes the importance of understanding her clients for who they are - their values, their goals, their struggles and their strengths. Cylie understands beginning your journey to prioritize mental health can be intimidating, and strives to create an inclusive environment where clients feel heard and safe to explore through challenges, wins, and understanding ourselves more deeply.
(617) 676-2349 View (617) 676-2349
Photo of Kat DiFillippo Montague, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Kat DiFillippo Montague
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, BFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck in your life and unsure of how to move forward? Maybe you’re burned out. Maybe you’re struggling in the isolation of traumatic memories. I am a holistic trauma-informed psychotherapist that is dedicated to treating your entire self. Together we will explore and unpack your deep emotional pains while becoming curious of their root cause. My hope is that we can develop a collaborative bond that feels impactful and reliable. You've already been through so much, I hope that you are able to feel a sense of pride in taking on this challenge.
Are you feeling stuck in your life and unsure of how to move forward? Maybe you’re burned out. Maybe you’re struggling in the isolation of traumatic memories. I am a holistic trauma-informed psychotherapist that is dedicated to treating your entire self. Together we will explore and unpack your deep emotional pains while becoming curious of their root cause. My hope is that we can develop a collaborative bond that feels impactful and reliable. You've already been through so much, I hope that you are able to feel a sense of pride in taking on this challenge.
(617) 299-8232 View (617) 299-8232
Photo of Mack Sushchyk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Mack Sushchyk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
Not accepting new clients
What is it like to be you? My approach lies in creating a meaningful and authentic relationship with my client where there is security and openness to fully explore areas of difficulty, pain, joy, and growth. Together, we can address concerns surrounding anxiety and mood, coping strategies, identity and self-worth, disconnection, and transition/loss that may be impacting wellbeing. I aim to help others cultivate a greater understanding of and compassion for themselves, increase the ability to make choices and try new ways of being, and make changes that reflect core values and aspirations.
What is it like to be you? My approach lies in creating a meaningful and authentic relationship with my client where there is security and openness to fully explore areas of difficulty, pain, joy, and growth. Together, we can address concerns surrounding anxiety and mood, coping strategies, identity and self-worth, disconnection, and transition/loss that may be impacting wellbeing. I aim to help others cultivate a greater understanding of and compassion for themselves, increase the ability to make choices and try new ways of being, and make changes that reflect core values and aspirations.
(415) 962-3876 View (415) 962-3876
Photo of Natasha Bavolar, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Natasha Bavolar
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
Natasha Bavolar is a Licensed Professional Counselor who specializes in working with athletes and young adults on topics of identity development, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, suicidality, intimate and familial relationships, and disordered eating. Natasha completed her Master of Science (MS) in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Johns Hopkins University. Natasha has 10 years of experience in the mental health field, working with a variety of ages and presentations in multiple settings, from inpatient to after-school programming.
Natasha Bavolar is a Licensed Professional Counselor who specializes in working with athletes and young adults on topics of identity development, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, suicidality, intimate and familial relationships, and disordered eating. Natasha completed her Master of Science (MS) in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Johns Hopkins University. Natasha has 10 years of experience in the mental health field, working with a variety of ages and presentations in multiple settings, from inpatient to after-school programming.
(617) 675-5827 View (617) 675-5827
Photo of Kristin Semmelmeyer, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Kristin Semmelmeyer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
I am an experienced clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience in clinical practice. I have an empathic, non-judgmental style, and work to gently and clearly understand the feelings and experience of the person who is sitting in front of me. The basis for my work is psychodynamic therapy, a form of "talk therapy" in which the roots of present-day issues are identified by exploring earlier experiences that may be related. Through this processing of early experiences, emotional resolution of the experiences can occur. Through this therapeutic process, my patients live progressively happier, more contented lives.
I am an experienced clinical psychologist with over 20 years of experience in clinical practice. I have an empathic, non-judgmental style, and work to gently and clearly understand the feelings and experience of the person who is sitting in front of me. The basis for my work is psychodynamic therapy, a form of "talk therapy" in which the roots of present-day issues are identified by exploring earlier experiences that may be related. Through this processing of early experiences, emotional resolution of the experiences can occur. Through this therapeutic process, my patients live progressively happier, more contented lives.
(617) 410-8771 View (617) 410-8771
Photo of Ester Hernandez, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Ester Hernandez
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02141
My ideal client is someone who struggles with depression, anxiety, grief, lack of confidence, stress, and feeling overwhelmed. If you want to learn coping strategies, identify triggers, learn about symptoms, and find your inner strength, then consider partnering up with me to improve your mental health.
My ideal client is someone who struggles with depression, anxiety, grief, lack of confidence, stress, and feeling overwhelmed. If you want to learn coping strategies, identify triggers, learn about symptoms, and find your inner strength, then consider partnering up with me to improve your mental health.
(857) 703-9650 View (857) 703-9650
Photo of Gaiana Germani, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Gaiana Germani
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
There are times in life when talking to a psychotherapist is the most helpful and practical way to achieve relief from worry, hopelessness, and confusion. I offer a compassionate and down to earth therapeutic approach providing a safe place for you to develop a deeper understanding of yourself, resolve relationship issues and alleviate symptoms that are standing in the way of a more fulfilling and enjoyable life. My focus is on helping my clients feel free, rather than trapped, and more connected with others so that they can achieve what they hope for in life, work, and relationships. My dog “Wylie” accompanies me to work. While h
There are times in life when talking to a psychotherapist is the most helpful and practical way to achieve relief from worry, hopelessness, and confusion. I offer a compassionate and down to earth therapeutic approach providing a safe place for you to develop a deeper understanding of yourself, resolve relationship issues and alleviate symptoms that are standing in the way of a more fulfilling and enjoyable life. My focus is on helping my clients feel free, rather than trapped, and more connected with others so that they can achieve what they hope for in life, work, and relationships. My dog “Wylie” accompanies me to work. While h
(857) 342-3066 View (857) 342-3066

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cambridge, MA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Cambridge, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
64% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
49% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Cambridge, MA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cambridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.