Therapists in Hartford, CT

View neighborhoods in Hartford
Photo of Olga N Mikhailova, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Olga N Mikhailova
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06102  (Online Only)
Starting therapy is not easy. But neither is living the life of disappointments and regrets. If you feel you are in a dead end, if your job is boring and ungratifying and the relationships are toxic or lack depth and zest, if you struggle with finding your place in this world or even question whether life is worth living, perhaps it is time to examine your life choices and remove the blocks that hold you from finding meaning, happiness, and purpose. I practice psychotherapy that is informed by the traditions of psychoanalysis and look at each individual in the context of this person's unique experiences and unique life story.
Starting therapy is not easy. But neither is living the life of disappointments and regrets. If you feel you are in a dead end, if your job is boring and ungratifying and the relationships are toxic or lack depth and zest, if you struggle with finding your place in this world or even question whether life is worth living, perhaps it is time to examine your life choices and remove the blocks that hold you from finding meaning, happiness, and purpose. I practice psychotherapy that is informed by the traditions of psychoanalysis and look at each individual in the context of this person's unique experiences and unique life story.
(860) 499-4054 View (860) 499-4054
Photo of JDR Neuropsychological Services , Psychologist in Hartford, CT
JDR Neuropsychological Services
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06103  (Online Only)
My name is Jasmen D. Rice, PsyD and I am a Clinical Neuropsychologist. I specialize in the evaluation of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative conditions that more commonly affect older adults. These conditions include, but are not limited to, dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease, vascular disease, and Lewy bodies. Sometimes, changes in memory and thinking can occur for other reasons, such as depression or anxiety, the effects of medication, chronic pain, or other medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or normal pressure hydrocephalus.
My name is Jasmen D. Rice, PsyD and I am a Clinical Neuropsychologist. I specialize in the evaluation of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative conditions that more commonly affect older adults. These conditions include, but are not limited to, dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease, vascular disease, and Lewy bodies. Sometimes, changes in memory and thinking can occur for other reasons, such as depression or anxiety, the effects of medication, chronic pain, or other medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or normal pressure hydrocephalus.
(860) 775-6159 View (860) 775-6159
Photo of Phoenix Wellness Solutions, Licensed Professional Counselor in Hartford, CT
Phoenix Wellness Solutions
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06114
Growth & success begins with healing. Are you or your loved one struggling with feelings of stress, depression, or anxiety? Are you struggling with past traumas? Are you feeling lonely, disconnected, or lacking in potential? If you are ready to build trust and work on your goals to self empowerment, confidence, & success, contact us today. Our skilled & dynamic therapists are eager to support you.
Growth & success begins with healing. Are you or your loved one struggling with feelings of stress, depression, or anxiety? Are you struggling with past traumas? Are you feeling lonely, disconnected, or lacking in potential? If you are ready to build trust and work on your goals to self empowerment, confidence, & success, contact us today. Our skilled & dynamic therapists are eager to support you.
(860) 854-7520 View (860) 854-7520
Photo of Jane Garcia, Licensed Professional Counselor in Hartford, CT
Jane Garcia
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hartford, CT 06105  (Online Only)
3/28/24: Telehealth only. Six hr time difference ahead of EST, with weekday morning and Sunday hours. I am a board-certified art therapist and licensed professional counselor with 17 years of clinical experience. I specialize in early childhood mental health and work with all ages. I trust in the wisdom of clients' abilities to explore their own themes, symbols, and stories. Because we all develop our senses of self and safety within the context of early relationships, family/relationship-based work is essential. I am trauma and polyvagal theory-informed. My approach is flexible, solution-focused, and non-judgmental.
3/28/24: Telehealth only. Six hr time difference ahead of EST, with weekday morning and Sunday hours. I am a board-certified art therapist and licensed professional counselor with 17 years of clinical experience. I specialize in early childhood mental health and work with all ages. I trust in the wisdom of clients' abilities to explore their own themes, symbols, and stories. Because we all develop our senses of self and safety within the context of early relationships, family/relationship-based work is essential. I am trauma and polyvagal theory-informed. My approach is flexible, solution-focused, and non-judgmental.
(860) 724-2373 View (860) 724-2373
Photo of Urban Wellness Center LLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Urban Wellness Center LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hartford, CT 06106
Allow me to help guide you through your wellness journey. Together we will uncover your best you!
Allow me to help guide you through your wellness journey. Together we will uncover your best you!
(860) 397-6619 View (860) 397-6619
Photo of Mariposa Counseling LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Mariposa Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hartford, CT 06106
I’m currently accepting new clients ages 12 and up! Hello my name is Yessica McLean and I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of CT. In my practice, Mariposa Counseling LLC, I offer individual and family therapy to children, young adults and adults who are experiencing some challenges in their life and looking to create positive change.
I’m currently accepting new clients ages 12 and up! Hello my name is Yessica McLean and I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the State of CT. In my practice, Mariposa Counseling LLC, I offer individual and family therapy to children, young adults and adults who are experiencing some challenges in their life and looking to create positive change.
(203) 529-4710 View (203) 529-4710
Photo of SMPsychotherapyandcounselingservices , Professional Counselor Associate in Hartford, CT
SMPsychotherapyandcounselingservices
Professional Counselor Associate, LPCA
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06106
Is substance use casting a shadow over your family dynamic? Are you a parent struggling to navigate the complexities of the court system? Are you finding it difficult to support your adolescent's challenges in life, or do you have a teen heading down a scary path of gang activity? Perhaps you have tried therapy in the past with someone you felt no compassion or connection with or you weren’t seeing positive results. If you're seeking compassionate support and meaningful change for yourself and your family, don’t wait any longer. SMPsychotherapy is here to guide you through the hard challenges and heal for a better, happier life.
Is substance use casting a shadow over your family dynamic? Are you a parent struggling to navigate the complexities of the court system? Are you finding it difficult to support your adolescent's challenges in life, or do you have a teen heading down a scary path of gang activity? Perhaps you have tried therapy in the past with someone you felt no compassion or connection with or you weren’t seeing positive results. If you're seeking compassionate support and meaningful change for yourself and your family, don’t wait any longer. SMPsychotherapy is here to guide you through the hard challenges and heal for a better, happier life.
(860) 407-6050 View (860) 407-6050
Photo of Suzanne M Howard, Pastoral Counselor in Hartford, CT
Suzanne M Howard
Pastoral Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hartford, CT 06114
Mental Health Coaching- Not to be confused with therapy, mental health coaching does not touch on treating mental illness but mental health issues. We take a holistic approach to people dealing with issues of depression, anxiety, anger, lack of motivation etc and help then rediscover their sense of purpose and meaning to their life. We work hard to help you change your life, by changing the way you operate on a deeper level. More than just examining your behaviors, habits and goals, we will delve into your deep rooted beliefs and your connection to them.
Mental Health Coaching- Not to be confused with therapy, mental health coaching does not touch on treating mental illness but mental health issues. We take a holistic approach to people dealing with issues of depression, anxiety, anger, lack of motivation etc and help then rediscover their sense of purpose and meaning to their life. We work hard to help you change your life, by changing the way you operate on a deeper level. More than just examining your behaviors, habits and goals, we will delve into your deep rooted beliefs and your connection to them.
(959) 265-0685 View (959) 265-0685
Photo of The Wellness Factor LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
The Wellness Factor LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hartford, CT 06105
In these challenging times, I know you're probably wondering when life's journey brings you to a crossroad, which path will you choose? You are not alone. I see that today you are searching for a guide to help you along this sometimes uncertain yet wonderful journey. I know it may be a hard decision to make but if you're looking for an experienced, caring guide who will help you restore balance and wellness to your life. I want to hear your unique story and join you on your special journey.
In these challenging times, I know you're probably wondering when life's journey brings you to a crossroad, which path will you choose? You are not alone. I see that today you are searching for a guide to help you along this sometimes uncertain yet wonderful journey. I know it may be a hard decision to make but if you're looking for an experienced, caring guide who will help you restore balance and wellness to your life. I want to hear your unique story and join you on your special journey.
(860) 415-8628 View (860) 415-8628
Photo of Darniel J Mojica, LLC., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Darniel J Mojica, LLC.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06103
Do you experience anxiety and feel depressed? Is it difficult for you to interact with others, you second guess yourself, and become mentally exhausted because you overthink and worry so much? Perhaps you experienced trauma and have difficulty controlling your emotions and you relive past experiences? You become depressed, feel conflicted, and filled with anger. Maybe you are that person that has difficulty sustaining a relationship or have ongoing marital problems because you can't communicate well. What you want is better control of anxiety, have control of your emotions, and establish happy and healthy relationship.
Do you experience anxiety and feel depressed? Is it difficult for you to interact with others, you second guess yourself, and become mentally exhausted because you overthink and worry so much? Perhaps you experienced trauma and have difficulty controlling your emotions and you relive past experiences? You become depressed, feel conflicted, and filled with anger. Maybe you are that person that has difficulty sustaining a relationship or have ongoing marital problems because you can't communicate well. What you want is better control of anxiety, have control of your emotions, and establish happy and healthy relationship.
(860) 854-3849 View (860) 854-3849
Photo of Well Balanced Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Well Balanced Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06106  (Online Only)
The constant chaos and pressures of life leave so many of us struggling with feelings of burnout, stress, anxiety, and more. These experiences are common now more than ever and Well Balanced LLC is here to help you manage them. Together we explore the pain of the past, process the uneasiness of the present, and lay a strong foundation for a more enriching future, a well balanced life.
The constant chaos and pressures of life leave so many of us struggling with feelings of burnout, stress, anxiety, and more. These experiences are common now more than ever and Well Balanced LLC is here to help you manage them. Together we explore the pain of the past, process the uneasiness of the present, and lay a strong foundation for a more enriching future, a well balanced life.
(860) 809-4797 View (860) 809-4797
Photo of Sasha Bentham, Pre-Licensed Professional in Hartford, CT
Sasha Bentham
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hartford, CT 06105
Do you find it hard to cope with life's challenges? We all have areas where we need support. I'm a Master of Social Work student at the University of Saint Joseph. I'm working under a Licensed Clinical Social Worker at Revelation Counseling, LLC. The theoretical approach I use is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. This means I work to change your thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and behaviors. I'm eager to work with adults from all walks of life with a variety of struggles and challenges. I can meet with clients online or in person based on your preference. Please don't hesitate to give me a call or send me a message to schedule a session.
Do you find it hard to cope with life's challenges? We all have areas where we need support. I'm a Master of Social Work student at the University of Saint Joseph. I'm working under a Licensed Clinical Social Worker at Revelation Counseling, LLC. The theoretical approach I use is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. This means I work to change your thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and behaviors. I'm eager to work with adults from all walks of life with a variety of struggles and challenges. I can meet with clients online or in person based on your preference. Please don't hesitate to give me a call or send me a message to schedule a session.
(860) 784-7901 View (860) 784-7901
Photo of Danica R Delgado, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Danica R Delgado
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Hartford, CT 06105
Waitlist for new clients
I hope amid the challenges of life, I can make one thing easier- the process of finding the right fit therapist. At Root to Rise Counseling and Wellness, I partner with clients to decrease points of suffering and increase ability to move through life with ease, not just surviving, but thriving. With over 25 years' experience working in therapy private practice, hospitals and clinics, and trauma programs, my work addresses concerns including trauma, abuse, and PTSD, illness and pain, anxiety, religious trauma, transitions, grief, and relational challenges.
I hope amid the challenges of life, I can make one thing easier- the process of finding the right fit therapist. At Root to Rise Counseling and Wellness, I partner with clients to decrease points of suffering and increase ability to move through life with ease, not just surviving, but thriving. With over 25 years' experience working in therapy private practice, hospitals and clinics, and trauma programs, my work addresses concerns including trauma, abuse, and PTSD, illness and pain, anxiety, religious trauma, transitions, grief, and relational challenges.
(860) 356-3094 View (860) 356-3094
Photo of Ellen Hernandez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Ellen Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06106
Have you ever reached a point in your day when you ask yourself, "how did my life get here?" Identify the path you'd rather be on and create the reality you really want. Learn about the core of who you are. Explore the things that hold you back from living the life you envision for yourself. Together we will explore your life story and I will help you find the way.
Have you ever reached a point in your day when you ask yourself, "how did my life get here?" Identify the path you'd rather be on and create the reality you really want. Learn about the core of who you are. Explore the things that hold you back from living the life you envision for yourself. Together we will explore your life story and I will help you find the way.
(860) 308-1254 View (860) 308-1254
Photo of Heather Damon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Heather Damon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06119  (Online Only)
Perhaps you are having difficulties in your primary relationships, perhaps there are stressors at work, perhaps you face a great choice and several obstacles are hindering your clarity and peace. I have been honored to witness individuals and couples overcome many barriers that initially seemed insurmountable. Based on my experience and the lived experience of those I work with I believe that a full, happy, and peaceful life is within reach for everyone who seeks it.
Perhaps you are having difficulties in your primary relationships, perhaps there are stressors at work, perhaps you face a great choice and several obstacles are hindering your clarity and peace. I have been honored to witness individuals and couples overcome many barriers that initially seemed insurmountable. Based on my experience and the lived experience of those I work with I believe that a full, happy, and peaceful life is within reach for everyone who seeks it.
(860) 467-1360 View (860) 467-1360
Photo of Marisa LaBrecque-Grenier, Licensed Professional Counselor in Hartford, CT
Marisa LaBrecque-Grenier
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06103
Do you struggle to make it through every day? Are mental health issues straining relationships with your loved ones? Have you tried counseling in the past but found yourself bothered by too-bubbly personalities? Do you wish you could find a therapist who can offer real solutions to your mental health concerns? Finding the right therapist for your needs is a daunting task. You want to find ways to manage your mental health.
Do you struggle to make it through every day? Are mental health issues straining relationships with your loved ones? Have you tried counseling in the past but found yourself bothered by too-bubbly personalities? Do you wish you could find a therapist who can offer real solutions to your mental health concerns? Finding the right therapist for your needs is a daunting task. You want to find ways to manage your mental health.
(860) 809-4457 View (860) 809-4457
Photo of Talk Therapy with Omar Green, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Talk Therapy with Omar Green, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06105
Hello, my name is Omar Lorenzo Green, I am a licensed clinical social worker. My worldview has been shaped by my parents that immigrated to the United States and focused on hard work to accomplish life goals. From their parenting to my academic career that lead me through the University of Connecticut School of Social Work, I have realized that the world is bigger than the street I live on, so many things that are known or not that lead to our overall well-being. Empathy, the act of an open mind to understand perspectives of very different people with helping them reach their potential. Empowerment, the act of giving someone
Hello, my name is Omar Lorenzo Green, I am a licensed clinical social worker. My worldview has been shaped by my parents that immigrated to the United States and focused on hard work to accomplish life goals. From their parenting to my academic career that lead me through the University of Connecticut School of Social Work, I have realized that the world is bigger than the street I live on, so many things that are known or not that lead to our overall well-being. Empathy, the act of an open mind to understand perspectives of very different people with helping them reach their potential. Empowerment, the act of giving someone
(959) 265-0377 View (959) 265-0377
Photo of Aliyah Cummings, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Aliyah Cummings
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06106  (Online Only)
I Aliyah Cummings, LMSW, am a highly skilled and compassionate mental health/substance abuse professional with over 8 years of experience in the field. I am apart of the Be Mindful Clinic LLC, I dedicate my career helping others resolve problems, obtain resources, provide support during crises, and facilitate social responses to needs. I specialize in CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and Motivational Interviewing. These therapeutic modalities equip me with a diverse set of tools to address a wide range of mental health issues.
I Aliyah Cummings, LMSW, am a highly skilled and compassionate mental health/substance abuse professional with over 8 years of experience in the field. I am apart of the Be Mindful Clinic LLC, I dedicate my career helping others resolve problems, obtain resources, provide support during crises, and facilitate social responses to needs. I specialize in CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and Motivational Interviewing. These therapeutic modalities equip me with a diverse set of tools to address a wide range of mental health issues.
(860) 809-5258 View (860) 809-5258
Photo of Jennifer M Doherty, Licensed Professional Counselor in Hartford, CT
Jennifer M Doherty
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hartford, CT 06114  (Online Only)
Seeking therapy is brave and a commitment to self. I am a therapist who will join with you working holistically and empathically to address the areas in life where you feel challenged and are desiring change. My approach is strength based and person centered. I bring expertise from over 20 years of dedication to clients on the journey of self-exploration and growth. I bring HOPE when you may be struggling to access it. I draw from the DBT, MI, CBT and EMDR models in my practice. I treat the whole person. Interventions are based on YOUR unique and personal goals.
Seeking therapy is brave and a commitment to self. I am a therapist who will join with you working holistically and empathically to address the areas in life where you feel challenged and are desiring change. My approach is strength based and person centered. I bring expertise from over 20 years of dedication to clients on the journey of self-exploration and growth. I bring HOPE when you may be struggling to access it. I draw from the DBT, MI, CBT and EMDR models in my practice. I treat the whole person. Interventions are based on YOUR unique and personal goals.
(475) 529-2803 View (475) 529-2803
Photo of Christy DeRosa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hartford, CT
Christy DeRosa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hartford, CT 06103  (Online Only)
I have a deep commitment to supporting individuals through life's twists and turns. With over a decade of experience, I specialize in helping clients navigate challenges such as depression, anxiety, and life stressors. My therapy style is a blend of solution-focused work and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. I am passionate about empowering clients to embrace positive change and navigate their journeys with resilience.
I have a deep commitment to supporting individuals through life's twists and turns. With over a decade of experience, I specialize in helping clients navigate challenges such as depression, anxiety, and life stressors. My therapy style is a blend of solution-focused work and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. I am passionate about empowering clients to embrace positive change and navigate their journeys with resilience.
(860) 499-4017 View (860) 499-4017

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Hartford, CT

700+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Hartford, CT who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Cigna and Evernorth
67% Husky | CT BHP
64% Aetna

How Therapists in Hartford, CT see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Hartford?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.