Online Therapists in Fort Collins, CO

Photo of Abby Polly-Almanza, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Abby Polly-Almanza
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Fort Collins, CO 80525
Does it feel like no matter how hard you try, past wounds or relationship struggles still weigh you down? Burnt out by the weight of your daily responsibilities, feeling pressure to be everything to everyone, and paralyzed by anxiety about what life will throw at you next. Battling ever present shame or numbness. Facing constant arguments, a lack of intimacy, or feeling emotionally distant from your partner. You might not even remember when things felt different. But one thing is certain: you’re ready for relief. Ready to feel connected and understood. Ready to feel like yourself again—joyful and confident in your next steps.
Does it feel like no matter how hard you try, past wounds or relationship struggles still weigh you down? Burnt out by the weight of your daily responsibilities, feeling pressure to be everything to everyone, and paralyzed by anxiety about what life will throw at you next. Battling ever present shame or numbness. Facing constant arguments, a lack of intimacy, or feeling emotionally distant from your partner. You might not even remember when things felt different. But one thing is certain: you’re ready for relief. Ready to feel connected and understood. Ready to feel like yourself again—joyful and confident in your next steps.
(970) 614-3568 View (970) 614-3568
Photo of Gretchen Kontz, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC
Gretchen Kontz
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
Welcome. I am glad you are here. At times, we may find ourselves facing challenges that seem insurmountable or grappling with emotions that feel overwhelming, and it takes courage to seek help. My intention is to provide empathetic and accepting support, creating a space that feels gentle, safe and encouraging. Here, you can expect an environment where mutual respect and curiosity thrive. Together we will work to uncover the insights and tools to empower you to overcome obstacles and make meaningful changes.
Welcome. I am glad you are here. At times, we may find ourselves facing challenges that seem insurmountable or grappling with emotions that feel overwhelming, and it takes courage to seek help. My intention is to provide empathetic and accepting support, creating a space that feels gentle, safe and encouraging. Here, you can expect an environment where mutual respect and curiosity thrive. Together we will work to uncover the insights and tools to empower you to overcome obstacles and make meaningful changes.
(970) 236-7710 View (970) 236-7710
Photo of Mackenzie Dunn, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CAIP
Mackenzie Dunn
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, CAIP
5 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
I provide therapy sessions both online and in-person
“I keep telling myself to breathe, but even my mind won’t slow down.” “It feels like I’m standing in the middle of a storm that no one else can see.” Anxiety can take hold in ways that make peace feel out of reach—racing thoughts, constant worry, and a restlessness that never seems to ease. You might find yourself lying awake at night, replaying the day, or feeling uneasy in situations that once felt comfortable. Over time, this tension can spill into every area of your life, feeding depression, resurfacing old pain, or straining your most important relationships. Even when you try to push forward, the exhaustion can feel relentless
I provide therapy sessions both online and in-person
“I keep telling myself to breathe, but even my mind won’t slow down.” “It feels like I’m standing in the middle of a storm that no one else can see.” Anxiety can take hold in ways that make peace feel out of reach—racing thoughts, constant worry, and a restlessness that never seems to ease. You might find yourself lying awake at night, replaying the day, or feeling uneasy in situations that once felt comfortable. Over time, this tension can spill into every area of your life, feeding depression, resurfacing old pain, or straining your most important relationships. Even when you try to push forward, the exhaustion can feel relentless
(970) 594-8651 View (970) 594-8651
Photo of Christi Piker, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR
Christi Piker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR
1 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80524
Being a human is hard (period) and, life doesn't have to feel like a constant struggle. I am passionate about emboldening others to a live life of authenticity , empowerment, embodiment, and self-acceptance. In order to reclaim a sense of ease and cultivate (dare I say) joy, we will gently unpack experiences and circumstances that have caused you suffering and move towards better days. That being said,
Being a human is hard (period) and, life doesn't have to feel like a constant struggle. I am passionate about emboldening others to a live life of authenticity , empowerment, embodiment, and self-acceptance. In order to reclaim a sense of ease and cultivate (dare I say) joy, we will gently unpack experiences and circumstances that have caused you suffering and move towards better days. That being said,
(970) 323-2471 View (970) 323-2471
Photo of Mischelle Zielke, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Mischelle Zielke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
5 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
I am available in-person or via telehealth Monday-Friday 8am to 2pm.
Thinking about starting the counseling process? Or, maybe starting back up again? I am here to assist you in your journey and meet you where you are at! I see clients within the whole lifespan starting at age six and continuing through late stages of adulthood. I enjoy helping individuals through life transitions including understanding management skills of diagnosis including anxiety, ADHD, acute stress, and depression. Additionally, I enjoy helping individuals gain awareness of and gain skills with family of origin issues, parenting, religious exploration-transitions, grief and loss, and expression of individual needs.
I am available in-person or via telehealth Monday-Friday 8am to 2pm.
Thinking about starting the counseling process? Or, maybe starting back up again? I am here to assist you in your journey and meet you where you are at! I see clients within the whole lifespan starting at age six and continuing through late stages of adulthood. I enjoy helping individuals through life transitions including understanding management skills of diagnosis including anxiety, ADHD, acute stress, and depression. Additionally, I enjoy helping individuals gain awareness of and gain skills with family of origin issues, parenting, religious exploration-transitions, grief and loss, and expression of individual needs.
(970) 633-1591 View (970) 633-1591
Photo of Chris Lamar, Counselor, MA, LPC
Chris Lamar
Counselor, MA, LPC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Life's challenges can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to face them alone. I provide a supportive and nonjudgmental space where you can gain clarity, process emotions, and develop practical tools to thrive. My approach is compassionate, insightful, and grounded in evidence-based strategies, all delivered with warmth and a sense of humor to make the process more approachable. Together, we’ll uncover the root of your struggles and create a personalized path to healing and growth.
Life's challenges can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to face them alone. I provide a supportive and nonjudgmental space where you can gain clarity, process emotions, and develop practical tools to thrive. My approach is compassionate, insightful, and grounded in evidence-based strategies, all delivered with warmth and a sense of humor to make the process more approachable. Together, we’ll uncover the root of your struggles and create a personalized path to healing and growth.
(720) 619-5641 View (720) 619-5641
Photo of Sadie Lewis, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LMT, MA, LPCC
Sadie Lewis
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LMT, MA, LPCC
Online Only
I offer online counseling for adults that blends somatic and talk therapy approaches.
As a counselor with Root & Rise Collective, I support adults who are navigating seasons of transition, loss, or identity shifts that can leave them feeling unsteady. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling disconnected—from themselves, their bodies, or their sense of direction—and are longing for clarity, healing, and a way to feel more at home in their own skin. Whether it’s moving through grief, exploring identity, or adjusting to a major life change, my goal is to provide a space where your story is heard and honored, and where you can rediscover what feels authentic and sustainable for you.
I offer online counseling for adults that blends somatic and talk therapy approaches.
As a counselor with Root & Rise Collective, I support adults who are navigating seasons of transition, loss, or identity shifts that can leave them feeling unsteady. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling disconnected—from themselves, their bodies, or their sense of direction—and are longing for clarity, healing, and a way to feel more at home in their own skin. Whether it’s moving through grief, exploring identity, or adjusting to a major life change, my goal is to provide a space where your story is heard and honored, and where you can rediscover what feels authentic and sustainable for you.
(970) 514-8350 View (970) 514-8350
Photo of Ann-Marie Bowman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDRII, OSW-C
Ann-Marie Bowman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDRII, OSW-C
Online Only
My work is dedicated to helping people develop healthy and satisfying lives and relationships. Though it can be difficult to make the decision to begin psychotherapy, I have found that those who have sought my help have achieved valuable results. I offer confidential psychotherapy for individuals, couples and families. I have an expertise of working with clients dealing with issues of depression, anxiety and trauma, along with learning to cope with relationship issues and managing through difficult life transitions. I am committed to helping you receive the services best suited for you.
My work is dedicated to helping people develop healthy and satisfying lives and relationships. Though it can be difficult to make the decision to begin psychotherapy, I have found that those who have sought my help have achieved valuable results. I offer confidential psychotherapy for individuals, couples and families. I have an expertise of working with clients dealing with issues of depression, anxiety and trauma, along with learning to cope with relationship issues and managing through difficult life transitions. I am committed to helping you receive the services best suited for you.
(503) 758-7478 View (503) 758-7478
Photo of Maxfield Martinez, Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW
Maxfield Martinez
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSW
4 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
I offer sessions both online and in-person, with flexible scheduling.
Are you feeling emotionally drained or overwhelmed? Maybe you’re navigating the aftermath of something painful, feeling disconnected in your relationships, or like you just don’t fit in.
I offer sessions both online and in-person, with flexible scheduling.
Are you feeling emotionally drained or overwhelmed? Maybe you’re navigating the aftermath of something painful, feeling disconnected in your relationships, or like you just don’t fit in.
(970) 650-5857 View (970) 650-5857
Photo of Shelby Zimmerman, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Shelby Zimmerman
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
2 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80526
At Cultivate and Connect Counseling, I offer therapy sessions in-person or online via video.
As an individual, couples, and group therapist at Cultivate & Connect Counseling, I'm here to help you explore what's holding you back and find practical, compassionate ways forward. I work collaboratively with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, and relationship challenges. My approach is warm, nonjudgmental, and grounded in evidence-based practices tailored to your unique needs. Therapy isn’t about fixing you—it’s about reconnecting you to your own inner resources, building safety, and gently processing what’s been too heavy to carry alone.
At Cultivate and Connect Counseling, I offer therapy sessions in-person or online via video.
As an individual, couples, and group therapist at Cultivate & Connect Counseling, I'm here to help you explore what's holding you back and find practical, compassionate ways forward. I work collaboratively with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, and relationship challenges. My approach is warm, nonjudgmental, and grounded in evidence-based practices tailored to your unique needs. Therapy isn’t about fixing you—it’s about reconnecting you to your own inner resources, building safety, and gently processing what’s been too heavy to carry alone.
(970) 514-6325 View (970) 514-6325
Photo of Kelly Shea, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Kelly Shea
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Fort Collins, CO 80525
I am available on Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays for therapy and can meet you in person in Fort Collins or via video telehealth call.
Hi there! I am glad you’re here! Congratulations on taking the courageous step toward finding a therapist that is the best fit for you.  As a therapist, my goal is to provide a nurturing, compassionate, non-judgemental space where you feel understood, even if we haven’t walked the same paths in life. I offer a warm, collaborative and consistent presence that supports you in building upon your inner strengths as you navigate the challenges that come with being human.
I am available on Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays for therapy and can meet you in person in Fort Collins or via video telehealth call.
Hi there! I am glad you’re here! Congratulations on taking the courageous step toward finding a therapist that is the best fit for you.  As a therapist, my goal is to provide a nurturing, compassionate, non-judgemental space where you feel understood, even if we haven’t walked the same paths in life. I offer a warm, collaborative and consistent presence that supports you in building upon your inner strengths as you navigate the challenges that come with being human.
(970) 572-4613 View (970) 572-4613
Photo of Sarah Klein, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR-BC, EMDR, IFS
Sarah Klein
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR-BC, EMDR, IFS
7 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80526
I offer therapy sessions in-person and through telehealth.
You may be living with the invisible weight of past trauma—memories of childhood abuse, sexual assault, or other painful experiences that have left you feeling disconnected, anxious, or unsure how to truly heal. You might find yourself moving through life on autopilot, feeling numb or detached, or struggling to trust yourself and others. Beneath the hurt, there’s a part of you that longs to feel whole again, to live with more ease in your body, and to reconnect with the parts of life that bring you meaning and joy. Healing is possible, and support is here when you’re ready to begin your journey.
I offer therapy sessions in-person and through telehealth.
You may be living with the invisible weight of past trauma—memories of childhood abuse, sexual assault, or other painful experiences that have left you feeling disconnected, anxious, or unsure how to truly heal. You might find yourself moving through life on autopilot, feeling numb or detached, or struggling to trust yourself and others. Beneath the hurt, there’s a part of you that longs to feel whole again, to live with more ease in your body, and to reconnect with the parts of life that bring you meaning and joy. Healing is possible, and support is here when you’re ready to begin your journey.
(970) 366-3036 View (970) 366-3036
Photo of Ann Purves, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC, NCC
Ann Purves
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
If you're feeling lost in your relationships, overwhelmed by a harsh Inner Critic, stuck in patterns that no longer serve you—or maybe just plain exhausted by trying to hold it all together—I see you. Whether you're navigating the chaos of early adulthood, facing a midlife shift, or living with the weight of complex trauma, you don’t have to do it alone. I work with people who are incredibly hard on themselves, wrestle with perfectionism, people-pleasing, and over-functioning in relationships, and quietly wondering, “Why am I like this?” If that sounds familiar, you're in the right place.
If you're feeling lost in your relationships, overwhelmed by a harsh Inner Critic, stuck in patterns that no longer serve you—or maybe just plain exhausted by trying to hold it all together—I see you. Whether you're navigating the chaos of early adulthood, facing a midlife shift, or living with the weight of complex trauma, you don’t have to do it alone. I work with people who are incredibly hard on themselves, wrestle with perfectionism, people-pleasing, and over-functioning in relationships, and quietly wondering, “Why am I like this?” If that sounds familiar, you're in the right place.
(970) 315-7607 View (970) 315-7607
Photo of Erin Frei, Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC, LPCAT, MA
Erin Frei
Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC, LPCAT, MA
4 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80528
With over 20 years of experience, I offer art therapy and counseling to teens and adults, including families and couples. I’m especially drawn to working with fellow counselors, first responders, women, and couples navigating life transitions. I work with clients who are feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or ready for change and are seeking greater clarity and relief. My approach is collaborative and trauma-informed, incorporating EMDR and Art Therapy. No art experience is needed—creative expression can offer a gentle, meaningful way to process emotions, explore personal stories, and support healing and growth.
With over 20 years of experience, I offer art therapy and counseling to teens and adults, including families and couples. I’m especially drawn to working with fellow counselors, first responders, women, and couples navigating life transitions. I work with clients who are feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or ready for change and are seeking greater clarity and relief. My approach is collaborative and trauma-informed, incorporating EMDR and Art Therapy. No art experience is needed—creative expression can offer a gentle, meaningful way to process emotions, explore personal stories, and support healing and growth.
(970) 575-5019 View (970) 575-5019
Photo of Morgan Bridger, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR-II
Morgan Bridger
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, EMDR-II
Fort Collins, CO 80525
Waitlist for new clients
With the right therapist, you will feel truly seen and safe. I love helping clients release the shame, traumas, and limiting beliefs keeping you stuck. With effective tools such as Internal Family Systems, EMDR, and Mindfulness, we enable healing on the deepest levels and help bring you home to a more loving relationship with your body and your self. These evidence-based techniques add a creative, experiential element to traditional talk-therapy and build self-compassion and empowerment. I'm also a certified mental health and nutrition specialist, able to help enhance your well-being through safe and simple dietary practices.
With the right therapist, you will feel truly seen and safe. I love helping clients release the shame, traumas, and limiting beliefs keeping you stuck. With effective tools such as Internal Family Systems, EMDR, and Mindfulness, we enable healing on the deepest levels and help bring you home to a more loving relationship with your body and your self. These evidence-based techniques add a creative, experiential element to traditional talk-therapy and build self-compassion and empowerment. I'm also a certified mental health and nutrition specialist, able to help enhance your well-being through safe and simple dietary practices.
(970) 440-2106 View (970) 440-2106
Photo of Sarah O'Keefe, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Sarah O'Keefe
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
3 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
Telehealth now provides a flexible and convenient way of getting support and healing in your own space.
People often experience a complicated relationship to their body after trauma, as well as the experience their body has navigating the world. Through EMDR, IFS, and SP, I work to help clients overcome sexual trauma, body shame, & anxiety, and being critical of oppressive systems that got them there, while helping them build a compassionate relationship to themselves and their body along the way. My work includes a trauma-informed, feminist, weight inclusive, queer affirming, & social justice-informed approach to help you build a compassionate relationship to all parts of you.
Telehealth now provides a flexible and convenient way of getting support and healing in your own space.
People often experience a complicated relationship to their body after trauma, as well as the experience their body has navigating the world. Through EMDR, IFS, and SP, I work to help clients overcome sexual trauma, body shame, & anxiety, and being critical of oppressive systems that got them there, while helping them build a compassionate relationship to themselves and their body along the way. My work includes a trauma-informed, feminist, weight inclusive, queer affirming, & social justice-informed approach to help you build a compassionate relationship to all parts of you.
(970) 713-9312 View (970) 713-9312
Photo of Lauren Levine, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC
Lauren Levine
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC
Fort Collins, CO 80525
Lauren will be accepting new clients in April for virtual, hybrid, or in person services at Ellie Mental Health in Longmont.
Lauren mainly utilizes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectic Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and play therapy to assist clients. Lauren also pulls from Internal Family Systems (IFS), Polyvagal Theory, and Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) when appropriate.
Lauren will be accepting new clients in April for virtual, hybrid, or in person services at Ellie Mental Health in Longmont.
Lauren mainly utilizes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectic Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and play therapy to assist clients. Lauren also pulls from Internal Family Systems (IFS), Polyvagal Theory, and Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) when appropriate.
(970) 680-0224 View (970) 680-0224
Photo of Kimberly Shalenko, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LCPC
Kimberly Shalenko
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LCPC
1 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
I offer both in-person and online therapy sessions.
I am committed to empowering individuals to overcome challenges, build resilience, and achieve personal growth. My work as a Licensed Professional Counselor has been grounded in evidence-based practices and a client-centered approach that respects the unique experiences of each person I serve.
I offer both in-person and online therapy sessions.
I am committed to empowering individuals to overcome challenges, build resilience, and achieve personal growth. My work as a Licensed Professional Counselor has been grounded in evidence-based practices and a client-centered approach that respects the unique experiences of each person I serve.
(970) 465-2623 View (970) 465-2623
Photo of Taylor Hernandez, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC
Taylor Hernandez
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I offer therapy sessions via telehealth for residents of Colorado.
I am passionate about supporting adults who are committed to exploring how their lived experiences have shaped their relationships. I believe that our social connections profoundly influence who we are and how we engage with the world. As social beings, we have an innate need to feel loved and understood, but trauma can make these connections feel unsafe, leading to painful patterns in relationships and a deep sense of disconnection. In my work, I emphasize social healing, safety, and trust.
I offer therapy sessions via telehealth for residents of Colorado.
I am passionate about supporting adults who are committed to exploring how their lived experiences have shaped their relationships. I believe that our social connections profoundly influence who we are and how we engage with the world. As social beings, we have an innate need to feel loved and understood, but trauma can make these connections feel unsafe, leading to painful patterns in relationships and a deep sense of disconnection. In my work, I emphasize social healing, safety, and trust.
(970) 410-3052 View (970) 410-3052
Photo of Adrian Freeman, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Adrian Freeman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I offer virtual therapy through SonderMind, bringing care right to your home.
Looking for a guide to help you identify and redirect your subconscious beliefs? Experiencing anxiety, negative self-talk, or excessive worrying? My therapeutic practice is body-centered and based on Buddhist Psychology. In our sessions, you’re encouraged to notice the subtle thoughts and sensations that come up for you in the present moment. Through mindfulness and self-inquiry, you’ll realize your ability to be open-hearted toward your present experience. We’ll cultivate the strength to respond to life rather than falling into habitual reactions over and over.
I offer virtual therapy through SonderMind, bringing care right to your home.
Looking for a guide to help you identify and redirect your subconscious beliefs? Experiencing anxiety, negative self-talk, or excessive worrying? My therapeutic practice is body-centered and based on Buddhist Psychology. In our sessions, you’re encouraged to notice the subtle thoughts and sensations that come up for you in the present moment. Through mindfulness and self-inquiry, you’ll realize your ability to be open-hearted toward your present experience. We’ll cultivate the strength to respond to life rather than falling into habitual reactions over and over.
(720) 594-3262 View (720) 594-3262

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FAQ - About Telehealth Therapy
Is online therapy as effective as in-person?
Numerous studies suggest that online therapy can be as effective as in-person therapy. However, further research is needed to determine if online therapy provides the same benefits across all client populations. Individuals with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, or those who may benefit from in-person check-ins, like those with eating disorders, may not experience the same level of benefit from online therapy. Nonetheless, the success of online therapy, much like in-person therapy, often hinges on the quality of the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client rather than the specific modality of therapy used.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of therapy conducted online?
One of the main advantages of online therapy is its convenience for both clients and therapists. It also allows clients who require specialized therapy to access a wider range of professionals than they could with only in-person sessions. Additionally, online therapy may be a more affordable option in some cases and often offers the same insurance benefits as in-person therapy. However, online therapy may not be suitable for everyone, especially those who value face-to-face interaction with a therapist. Therapists may find it more challenging to assess clients accurately in an online setting due to reduced nonverbal cues on camera. There is also the increased risk that disruptions caused by external factors, such as technology malfunctions, can hinder the therapy session. For these reasons, many therapists offer a "hybrid" therapeutic approach, alternating between seeing clients in-person and online.

Is online therapy suitable for children and adolescents?
Just like with adults, the accessibility and convenience of online therapy can greatly benefit children and adolescents. In fact, children and adolescents may be more accustomed to navigating online platforms than older adults, making online sessions feel more natural for them. Teens might also be interested in using additional online tools, such as therapist-recommended apps, as an adjunct to online therapy sessions. Apps for developing CBT skills, practicing mindfulness exercises, or tracking thoughts and moods can be helpful for teens receiving therapy. However, it's important to note that not all therapeutic modalities are well-suited to online therapy, especially those used with younger children. For example, play therapy, which helps younger children express their emotions, often requires in-person sessions to be fully effective.

Can I receive prescriptions and medication management with online therapy?
The ability for psychiatrists to prescribe medications through online therapy varies based on the medication and the states where the medical professional and client are located. While many prescribing regulations were relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic, some states still enforce rules, especially concerning controlled substances, which may mandate an in-person visit before prescribing. Generally, however, medical professionals can prescribe non-controlled substances through online therapy sessions just as they do during in-person sessions.