Psychodynamic Therapists in Estes Park, CO
Dr. Kenneth McDonald Psyd
Verified Verified
Estes Park, CO 80517
A lot of us have a hard time asking for help. Fear, shame, or needing to be self-sufficient are feelings that can get in the way of recognizing when we need help--and reaching out and asking for it. My approach to therapy creates a safe place where sensitive, painful or scary feelings can be openly explored without judgment. We form a partnership to figure out what is going on and how to move forward. I'm actively engaged in our work--it's a partnership, after all--to help you overcome problem behaviors and develop better ways of coping. I am a Clinician with over 10 years experience in Colorado and California.
A lot of us have a hard time asking for help. Fear, shame, or needing to be self-sufficient are feelings that can get in the way of recognizing when we need help--and reaching out and asking for it. My approach to therapy creates a safe place where sensitive, painful or scary feelings can be openly explored without judgment. We form a partnership to figure out what is going on and how to move forward. I'm actively engaged in our work--it's a partnership, after all--to help you overcome problem behaviors and develop better ways of coping. I am a Clinician with over 10 years experience in Colorado and California.
Online Therapists
Laura Landrum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, LAC
Verified Verified
Breckenridge, CO 80424
Laura uses a blend of psychodynamic and person-centered approaches paired with evidence-based interventions including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), internal family systems (IFS), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), play therapy, and somatic processing to help clients identify patterns and achieve change in their lives.
As a social worker, Laura believes that relationships are at the core of our well-being and works to make the therapeutic relationship central, characterized by empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness. Laura helps clients achieve change through gaining insight into unconscious processes, resolving unresolved conflicts, and developing healthier ways of coping with emotions and relationships. Laura works to provide a supportive environment that allows clients to explore solutions and integrate their experiences by facilitating self-exploration, self-acceptance, and personal growth.
Laura uses a blend of psychodynamic and person-centered approaches paired with evidence-based interventions including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), internal family systems (IFS), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), play therapy, and somatic processing to help clients identify patterns and achieve change in their lives.
As a social worker, Laura believes that relationships are at the core of our well-being and works to make the therapeutic relationship central, characterized by empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness. Laura helps clients achieve change through gaining insight into unconscious processes, resolving unresolved conflicts, and developing healthier ways of coping with emotions and relationships. Laura works to provide a supportive environment that allows clients to explore solutions and integrate their experiences by facilitating self-exploration, self-acceptance, and personal growth.
Jessica K. Slatus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80304
I have advanced training in the treatment of eating disorders and body image problems using an integrated approach of psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and dialectical behavioral therapies.
There are few things in life that we are able to do without the help of another person. Emotional pain can feel insurmountable when you are struggling with it on your own. You do not have to be alone with these overwhelming feelings.
I am a licensed clinical social worker and have experience working with adults, adolescents, children and families. I have a particular interest in working with adults and adolescents struggling with eating disorders, self-image, anxiety, mood disorders, abuse and/or relational problems. I also work with children and families around issues of trauma, school problems, and communication difficulties.
I have advanced training in the treatment of eating disorders and body image problems using an integrated approach of psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and dialectical behavioral therapies.
There are few things in life that we are able to do without the help of another person. Emotional pain can feel insurmountable when you are struggling with it on your own. You do not have to be alone with these overwhelming feelings.
I am a licensed clinical social worker and have experience working with adults, adolescents, children and families. I have a particular interest in working with adults and adolescents struggling with eating disorders, self-image, anxiety, mood disorders, abuse and/or relational problems. I also work with children and families around issues of trauma, school problems, and communication difficulties.
Alyssa Syrdal
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Centennial, CO 80112
I offer a unique person-centered approach to working with children, adolescents and their families utilizing many different techniques including EMDR, mindfulness, play therapy, psychodynamic and gestalt.
Hi, I am Alyssa Syrdal and I am the owner and primary clinician at Juniper Therapy. I specialize in working with children, adolescents and their families. My background is in early childhood development and working with children with special needs and their families. Alongside my work with children with special needs I studied and gained great understanding and experience in working with those struggling or in recovery for an eating disorder, disordered eating, or body image concerns. In recent years I have done extensive work with children and their families regarding trauma processing, behaviors and other emotional disturbances.
I offer a unique person-centered approach to working with children, adolescents and their families utilizing many different techniques including EMDR, mindfulness, play therapy, psychodynamic and gestalt.
Hi, I am Alyssa Syrdal and I am the owner and primary clinician at Juniper Therapy. I specialize in working with children, adolescents and their families. My background is in early childhood development and working with children with special needs and their families. Alongside my work with children with special needs I studied and gained great understanding and experience in working with those struggling or in recovery for an eating disorder, disordered eating, or body image concerns. In recent years I have done extensive work with children and their families regarding trauma processing, behaviors and other emotional disturbances.
Jessica J Studer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fort Collins, CO 80525
Waitlist for new clients
Jessica Studer is a licensed clinical social worker who earned her MSW at Smith College School for Social Work. She is trained in psychodynamic, EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitation Reprocessing) and IFS (Internal Family Systems) approaches. She has over a decade or experience in the mental health field working with a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, PTSD, complex trauma, bipolar disorder, ADHD and life transitions. Her passion and expertise is helping people better understand how they are in relationship with others, healing from past traumas and navigating unjust systems.
Jessica Studer is a licensed clinical social worker who earned her MSW at Smith College School for Social Work. She is trained in psychodynamic, EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitation Reprocessing) and IFS (Internal Family Systems) approaches. She has over a decade or experience in the mental health field working with a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, PTSD, complex trauma, bipolar disorder, ADHD and life transitions. Her passion and expertise is helping people better understand how they are in relationship with others, healing from past traumas and navigating unjust systems.
Jennifer Gibson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Englewood, CO 80111 (Online Only)
My treatment process is psychodynamic.
I am a mother of two with an extensive background in treatment of adults suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and life stressors. My practice is well suited for those who need to have therapy appointments during their work day or at a time when children are in school. I understand the demands of balancing professional life and self care. I see our work together as a collaboration and a partnership. Respect and openness are essential pieces that we need to offer to each other. We will work as a team to identify areas that you seek to improve, formulate goals and ways that you can be empowered to meet these goals.
My treatment process is psychodynamic.
I am a mother of two with an extensive background in treatment of adults suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and life stressors. My practice is well suited for those who need to have therapy appointments during their work day or at a time when children are in school. I understand the demands of balancing professional life and self care. I see our work together as a collaboration and a partnership. Respect and openness are essential pieces that we need to offer to each other. We will work as a team to identify areas that you seek to improve, formulate goals and ways that you can be empowered to meet these goals.
Richard Malcolm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80202
I have undertaken extensive postgraduate training and supervision in psychodynamic, attachment, mindfulness-based and experiential therapies.
I am an AEDP and Emotionally-Focused therapist working with individual adults on transforming challenges with mood, relationships and trauma into flourishing. While we will have specific goals for therapy, ultimately my hope is that you feel more alive, authentic, connected, resilient and self-accepting. We start by building a safe and trusting environment within which vulnerabilities, difficult experiences and unhelpful patterns can emerge and new experiments in thinking, feeling and relating can be attempted. This takes courage, and it can feel risky to speak the truth, to embrace disowned feelings, even just to receive support.
I have undertaken extensive postgraduate training and supervision in psychodynamic, attachment, mindfulness-based and experiential therapies.
I am an AEDP and Emotionally-Focused therapist working with individual adults on transforming challenges with mood, relationships and trauma into flourishing. While we will have specific goals for therapy, ultimately my hope is that you feel more alive, authentic, connected, resilient and self-accepting. We start by building a safe and trusting environment within which vulnerabilities, difficult experiences and unhelpful patterns can emerge and new experiments in thinking, feeling and relating can be attempted. This takes courage, and it can feel risky to speak the truth, to embrace disowned feelings, even just to receive support.
Veronica Lemberger
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80301
I offer in-person and/or on-line psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy. My approach aims to resolve longstanding patterns that keep clients from embodying their potential, preventing their ability to meet novelty flexibly, to be in relationships, to parent effectively, or to look creatively towards a future. Sometimes our psychological, spiritual, physiologic, relational and creative resources are depleted or undeveloped. My intention is to help access these resources, whether my clients are looking for supportive psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, or wanting to take a deeper look inside with psychoanalysis.
I offer in-person and/or on-line psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy. My approach aims to resolve longstanding patterns that keep clients from embodying their potential, preventing their ability to meet novelty flexibly, to be in relationships, to parent effectively, or to look creatively towards a future. Sometimes our psychological, spiritual, physiologic, relational and creative resources are depleted or undeveloped. My intention is to help access these resources, whether my clients are looking for supportive psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, or wanting to take a deeper look inside with psychoanalysis.
Blake Higgins
MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80301
Hello, I'm Blake, a therapist based in Boulder who enjoys helping people find more freedom in their lives. I use somatic, psychodynamic, and mindfulness-based modalities to help process challenging emotions and discover new ways of being in the world. My approach to therapy is embodied, trauma-informed, and deeply respectful of the whole person who is sitting in front of me. I have specialized and ongoing training in the Neuro-Affective Relational Model (NARM), a therapeutic technique that focuses on addressing attachment, relational, and developmental trauma (C-PTSD).
Hello, I'm Blake, a therapist based in Boulder who enjoys helping people find more freedom in their lives. I use somatic, psychodynamic, and mindfulness-based modalities to help process challenging emotions and discover new ways of being in the world. My approach to therapy is embodied, trauma-informed, and deeply respectful of the whole person who is sitting in front of me. I have specialized and ongoing training in the Neuro-Affective Relational Model (NARM), a therapeutic technique that focuses on addressing attachment, relational, and developmental trauma (C-PTSD).
Liz Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lafayette, CO 80026 (Online Only)
I use a relational, psychodynamic, and strengths-based approach.
Hello! I work with adolescents and young adults (ages 10-22) who are struggling with self-esteem issues, anxiety, depression, or substance use. I also work with clients who are exploring their individual identity as part of the LGBTQ+ community, or just trying to figure out their interests and goals. Adolescence and young adulthood can be a tricky time! I take pride in offering a warm, safe, non-judgmental environment for every individual and recognize that building a consistent, strong rapport will be the most valuable component of a therapeutic relationship.
I use a relational, psychodynamic, and strengths-based approach.
Hello! I work with adolescents and young adults (ages 10-22) who are struggling with self-esteem issues, anxiety, depression, or substance use. I also work with clients who are exploring their individual identity as part of the LGBTQ+ community, or just trying to figure out their interests and goals. Adolescence and young adulthood can be a tricky time! I take pride in offering a warm, safe, non-judgmental environment for every individual and recognize that building a consistent, strong rapport will be the most valuable component of a therapeutic relationship.
Alicia Martel
Licensed Social Worker , LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
Getting in touch with your emotional self can feel overwhelming and scary. As your therapist, I will create a safe and supportive space for you to engage deeper with your thoughts and emotions. I believe that we are all experts in our lives, and with the right support and tools, we have the power to make changes to create a meaningful and enriching life. It is crucial to acknowledge the significant role that social, cultural, and environmental factors play in our overall health and ability to cope with stress. My approach combines elements of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Getting in touch with your emotional self can feel overwhelming and scary. As your therapist, I will create a safe and supportive space for you to engage deeper with your thoughts and emotions. I believe that we are all experts in our lives, and with the right support and tools, we have the power to make changes to create a meaningful and enriching life. It is crucial to acknowledge the significant role that social, cultural, and environmental factors play in our overall health and ability to cope with stress. My approach combines elements of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Gregory Sims
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Littleton, CO 80120
As a therapist, I specialize in diverse approaches like cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, & humanistic therapy.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
As a therapist, I specialize in diverse approaches like cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, & humanistic therapy.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
Rose Hedreen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Boulder, CO 80301
I weave body-based trauma and nervous system work with psychodynamic, Jungian, and attachment disciplines, catering and molding the use of these different modalities to each client.
I believe that we all have an innate capacity to heal and simply need the right support and environment to begin that process. I’m here to hold a safe and compassionate container within which you can explore your psycho-somatic-emotional world, grow in self-compassion, and reconnect with the parts of you that are needing the most care. I believe the body holds answers to our deepest questions. My work is rooted in Somatic Experiencing and I support clients in nervous system regulation in order to grow their capacity to hold life’s complexities. Honoring and supporting clients’ choice and agency is foundational to my practice.
I weave body-based trauma and nervous system work with psychodynamic, Jungian, and attachment disciplines, catering and molding the use of these different modalities to each client.
I believe that we all have an innate capacity to heal and simply need the right support and environment to begin that process. I’m here to hold a safe and compassionate container within which you can explore your psycho-somatic-emotional world, grow in self-compassion, and reconnect with the parts of you that are needing the most care. I believe the body holds answers to our deepest questions. My work is rooted in Somatic Experiencing and I support clients in nervous system regulation in order to grow their capacity to hold life’s complexities. Honoring and supporting clients’ choice and agency is foundational to my practice.
Blake Engelman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Loveland, CO 80538
I have experience in various settings and use multiple modalities including: mindfulness, CBT, psychodynamic, narrative, interpersonal, and EMDR to help you explore and find solutions as you move toward a more integrated and whole version of yourself.
Hello and welcome! My goal in therapy is to help you navigate the challenges you have in life through understanding your past experiences, relational wounds, and current situation. You are the true expert on yourself, and even so, sometimes life is difficult. During these times you can feel stuck and at a loss for how to make meaningful change. I'm here to serve as a guide, helping you explore your past and present with empathy, humor, curiosity, and ever increasing self-compassion.
I have experience in various settings and use multiple modalities including: mindfulness, CBT, psychodynamic, narrative, interpersonal, and EMDR to help you explore and find solutions as you move toward a more integrated and whole version of yourself.
Hello and welcome! My goal in therapy is to help you navigate the challenges you have in life through understanding your past experiences, relational wounds, and current situation. You are the true expert on yourself, and even so, sometimes life is difficult. During these times you can feel stuck and at a loss for how to make meaningful change. I'm here to serve as a guide, helping you explore your past and present with empathy, humor, curiosity, and ever increasing self-compassion.
Matt Meurer-Lynn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD(c), LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
Waitlist for new clients
The question I see on the face of almost every new client I meet is: Where do I even begin?! You likely have a complicated story to tell and need someone to help you untangle it, but WOW does that feel daunting. The foundation of my practice is relationally psychodynamic, which is a fancy way of saying I want to help you understand the patterns in your life, help bring to the surface unconscious motivations that have led to self-defeating behaviors, and help you understand how your relationships have affected how you experience trust, safety, and connection. I use humor and metaphor, and value building a strong therapeutic alliance.
The question I see on the face of almost every new client I meet is: Where do I even begin?! You likely have a complicated story to tell and need someone to help you untangle it, but WOW does that feel daunting. The foundation of my practice is relationally psychodynamic, which is a fancy way of saying I want to help you understand the patterns in your life, help bring to the surface unconscious motivations that have led to self-defeating behaviors, and help you understand how your relationships have affected how you experience trust, safety, and connection. I use humor and metaphor, and value building a strong therapeutic alliance.
Somer Lundborg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222
I use various modalities in therapy including EMDR, IFS, psychodynamic, and somatic.
I currently have 2 openings for private pay clients. Do you feel dissatisfied with life, directionless, or unsure how to feel happier? Maybe you find yourself stuck in the same old patterns - replaying the same painful memories, worries, and negative self-talk. I can help! I help clients with mental health issues, trauma, relationships, and life transitions. My clients have told me I make therapy feel comfortable and they actually look forward to therapy. I am easy-going, caring, and non-judgmental. I will be your biggest cheerleader and coconspirator so you can live according to your values and build a life worth living.
I use various modalities in therapy including EMDR, IFS, psychodynamic, and somatic.
I currently have 2 openings for private pay clients. Do you feel dissatisfied with life, directionless, or unsure how to feel happier? Maybe you find yourself stuck in the same old patterns - replaying the same painful memories, worries, and negative self-talk. I can help! I help clients with mental health issues, trauma, relationships, and life transitions. My clients have told me I make therapy feel comfortable and they actually look forward to therapy. I am easy-going, caring, and non-judgmental. I will be your biggest cheerleader and coconspirator so you can live according to your values and build a life worth living.
Elizabeth Grace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Littleton, CO 80120
As a therapist, I specialize in diverse approaches like cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, & humanistic therapy.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
As a therapist, I specialize in diverse approaches like cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, & humanistic therapy.
My ideal client seeks self-exploration & understanding, facing issues like anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties. They need a supportive space for personal growth, aiming to gain insight, develop coping strategies, improve communication, & foster healthy relationships. They aspire to enhance mental well-being, achieve a better life quality, & unlock their full potential.
Meghan Mulcrone, LCSW, Mountain Pass Therapy PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boulder, CO 80304 (Online Only)
I utilize DBT, EMDR, psychodynamic therapy, motivational interviewing, and use trauma informed, strengths-based, and solution-focused approaches.
During our session, you will be welcomed with genuine compassion, a sense of humor, and a supportive non-judgmental environment. We will work together to discover your strengths, and overcome obstacles and barriers that are standing in your way. Whether you are going through a transition, burdened with anxiety, depression, trauma, family, relationship, work conflict, or parenting stressors, I understand what it feels like to struggle and I use creative individualized methods to help you navigate through tough times and foster your own resilience and help you thrive.
I utilize DBT, EMDR, psychodynamic therapy, motivational interviewing, and use trauma informed, strengths-based, and solution-focused approaches.
During our session, you will be welcomed with genuine compassion, a sense of humor, and a supportive non-judgmental environment. We will work together to discover your strengths, and overcome obstacles and barriers that are standing in your way. Whether you are going through a transition, burdened with anxiety, depression, trauma, family, relationship, work conflict, or parenting stressors, I understand what it feels like to struggle and I use creative individualized methods to help you navigate through tough times and foster your own resilience and help you thrive.
Jen Jackson
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CSW, ACD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246
Interventions used are drawn from a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy/dialectical behavioral therapy, rational emotive therapy, acceptive and commitment therapy, and psychodynamic theory.
Jen Jackson is a dually licensed clinician with over 10 years of experience in various areas in mental health settings and populations. As a licensed clinical social worker and licensed addictions counselor, Jen realizes the value of a judgment free therapeutic relationship. She draws from a variety of evidence based practices and believes in customizing the treatment for her clients through a trauma informed lens. Jen’s areas of interest include severe and persistent mental illness, affective disorders, autism spectrum disorders with co-occurring mental health diagnoses, trauma related disorders and substance use disorders.
Interventions used are drawn from a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy/dialectical behavioral therapy, rational emotive therapy, acceptive and commitment therapy, and psychodynamic theory.
Jen Jackson is a dually licensed clinician with over 10 years of experience in various areas in mental health settings and populations. As a licensed clinical social worker and licensed addictions counselor, Jen realizes the value of a judgment free therapeutic relationship. She draws from a variety of evidence based practices and believes in customizing the treatment for her clients through a trauma informed lens. Jen’s areas of interest include severe and persistent mental illness, affective disorders, autism spectrum disorders with co-occurring mental health diagnoses, trauma related disorders and substance use disorders.
Sara Bryan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80201 (Online Only)
I use interventions such as cbt, psychodynamic theory, person centered, and strengths based.
Let's be real, living in the world we live in is a challenge right now. Constant changes and stressors, most out of our control. Generational gaps causing rifts in families, work, and online. Navigating our world is difficult, yet you don't have to carry that weight alone. Maybe it's time to face the past so you can learn how to manage the future. Or do you want to better yourself and don't know where to start? Perhaps you're facing big changes in relationships or at work that are overwhelming. Whatever the challenges, let's face them together.
I use interventions such as cbt, psychodynamic theory, person centered, and strengths based.
Let's be real, living in the world we live in is a challenge right now. Constant changes and stressors, most out of our control. Generational gaps causing rifts in families, work, and online. Navigating our world is difficult, yet you don't have to carry that weight alone. Maybe it's time to face the past so you can learn how to manage the future. Or do you want to better yourself and don't know where to start? Perhaps you're facing big changes in relationships or at work that are overwhelming. Whatever the challenges, let's face them together.
See more therapy options for Estes Park
Psychodynamic Therapists
Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?
Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.
How long does psychodynamic therapy last?
Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.
Does psychodynamic therapy work?
Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.
What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?
Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.