Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Wing Shall Lem, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Francisco, CA
Wing Shall Lem
Pre-Licensed Professional, D Min, M Div, Trainee
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94127
Not accepting new clients
Rev. Wing Lem has counseled couples and individuals for 30 years as an ordained pastor. Wing is currently attending Western Seminary for his Masters Degree in Marriage and Family Counseling and is a MFT Trainee. Wing is excited to help men and women who are "stuck" in their relationships whether you are single, married, part of a growing family or single again. Wing can help you feel less anxious and gain mastery in art of communication, which is vital to having successful relationships. He enjoys working with individuals and couples like you who desire to enrich, strengthen, and increase joy in your lives.
Rev. Wing Lem has counseled couples and individuals for 30 years as an ordained pastor. Wing is currently attending Western Seminary for his Masters Degree in Marriage and Family Counseling and is a MFT Trainee. Wing is excited to help men and women who are "stuck" in their relationships whether you are single, married, part of a growing family or single again. Wing can help you feel less anxious and gain mastery in art of communication, which is vital to having successful relationships. He enjoys working with individuals and couples like you who desire to enrich, strengthen, and increase joy in your lives.
(415) 841-2629 x233 View (415) 841-2629 x233
Photo of Kristina Holloway, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Kristina Holloway
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
We all experience challenges in life. At times, these can seem beyond our ability to handle. I would like to offer you my support. I welcome individuals and couples of all ages, backgrounds, and orientations into the therapeutic journey.
We all experience challenges in life. At times, these can seem beyond our ability to handle. I would like to offer you my support. I welcome individuals and couples of all ages, backgrounds, and orientations into the therapeutic journey.
(925) 492-7266 View (925) 492-7266
Photo of Lizbeth Hernandez, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lizbeth Hernandez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Lizbeth Hernandez. I have extensive experience working in mental health. I am passionate about the work that I do. The first phase of therapy is building a therapeutic alliance. I believe that without trust and transparency, my clients will not make the progress they need. I have over 20 years of experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and other areas that impair daily functioning.
Hello, my name is Lizbeth Hernandez. I have extensive experience working in mental health. I am passionate about the work that I do. The first phase of therapy is building a therapeutic alliance. I believe that without trust and transparency, my clients will not make the progress they need. I have over 20 years of experience working with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and other areas that impair daily functioning.
(415) 949-2545 View (415) 949-2545
Photo of Helen Liang, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Helen Liang
Counselor, MA, LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
I offer a safe, nonjudgmental space to help you process and navigate life’s ups and downs. You don’t have to do this on your own. I want to help you orient and understand what’s happening, then equip you with tools to manage better on your own. We can’t control what happens in life but we can try and help strengthen your ability to ride the wave.
I offer a safe, nonjudgmental space to help you process and navigate life’s ups and downs. You don’t have to do this on your own. I want to help you orient and understand what’s happening, then equip you with tools to manage better on your own. We can’t control what happens in life but we can try and help strengthen your ability to ride the wave.
(415) 484-0186 View (415) 484-0186
Photo of Andrea Chilton, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Andrea Chilton, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
If you are seeking real change in your life, I am here to help. I provide a relationship that facilitates your healing, growth and evolution. Whether you know it or not, you arrive with all the resources you need to heal and thrive deep within you. It's my job to help you access those resources. While working through your challenges, we find and activate your strengths. We tend your hurt places, build your resilience, and expand your capacity. I honor your individuality, tailoring my approach to meet you where you are now while helping you stretch toward where you're going.
If you are seeking real change in your life, I am here to help. I provide a relationship that facilitates your healing, growth and evolution. Whether you know it or not, you arrive with all the resources you need to heal and thrive deep within you. It's my job to help you access those resources. While working through your challenges, we find and activate your strengths. We tend your hurt places, build your resilience, and expand your capacity. I honor your individuality, tailoring my approach to meet you where you are now while helping you stretch toward where you're going.
(415) 689-7059 View (415) 689-7059
Photo of Jessica Garibaldi, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Jessica Garibaldi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
Dr. Garibaldi is a psychologist with expertise in mood disorders, life stressors, and substance abuse. She specializes in treating a variety of disorders, such as depression, anxiety, trauma, and addiction. Dr. Garibaldi utilizes an integrative approach, incorporating evidence-based treatments; such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Additionally, she has experience working from a relational, attachment focused model. She tailors her approach to best fit the presenting needs of each patient.
Dr. Garibaldi is a psychologist with expertise in mood disorders, life stressors, and substance abuse. She specializes in treating a variety of disorders, such as depression, anxiety, trauma, and addiction. Dr. Garibaldi utilizes an integrative approach, incorporating evidence-based treatments; such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Additionally, she has experience working from a relational, attachment focused model. She tailors her approach to best fit the presenting needs of each patient.
(628) 232-9185 View (628) 232-9185
Photo of Dan Keady, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dan Keady
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
The key to a happy and satisfying life is good relationships. My specialty is helping individuals and couples work through relationship issues. Improving our ability to communicate and work through stressful situations means a better chance of building a good job, loving relationships, and a sense of stability. As a counselor, my role is to help you connect with your strengths and to find balance, meaning, and satisfaction in your life. Helping others on this path is deeply rewarding to me.
The key to a happy and satisfying life is good relationships. My specialty is helping individuals and couples work through relationship issues. Improving our ability to communicate and work through stressful situations means a better chance of building a good job, loving relationships, and a sense of stability. As a counselor, my role is to help you connect with your strengths and to find balance, meaning, and satisfaction in your life. Helping others on this path is deeply rewarding to me.
(628) 244-8535 View (628) 244-8535
Photo of Marina Counseling Center, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Marina Counseling Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
At times we all need help sorting out life's complexities. At the Marina Counseling Center we offer professional, skilled, affordable, psychotherapy to address the challanges that life can bring. The Marina Counseling Center is a non-profit community counseling center and training institute in the heart of San Francisco's Marina district. We provide counseling to adults, couples, and families on fees adjusted to client needs. These fees range from $35 and up, based on ability to pay.
At times we all need help sorting out life's complexities. At the Marina Counseling Center we offer professional, skilled, affordable, psychotherapy to address the challanges that life can bring. The Marina Counseling Center is a non-profit community counseling center and training institute in the heart of San Francisco's Marina district. We provide counseling to adults, couples, and families on fees adjusted to client needs. These fees range from $35 and up, based on ability to pay.
(415) 969-2090 View (415) 969-2090
Photo of Victoria Meraz, Psy.D., Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Victoria Meraz, Psy.D.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94131  (Online Only)
Welcome to my practice. I am a licensed clinical psychologist with a doctoral degree from California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University in SF. I have experience helping clients address a range of concerns including, adjusting to life transitions, questioning and exploring identity , relationship issues, aging, grief/loss, work-life balance, and more.
Welcome to my practice. I am a licensed clinical psychologist with a doctoral degree from California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University in SF. I have experience helping clients address a range of concerns including, adjusting to life transitions, questioning and exploring identity , relationship issues, aging, grief/loss, work-life balance, and more.
(415) 968-0070 View (415) 968-0070
Photo of Ngozi Ojukwu, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ngozi Ojukwu
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself struggling to find the motivation to work but terrified of losing your job? You might have a nice, pretty cushy gig that pays you well, but you find yourself in an existential crisis wondering: Is this it? Does anything I do matter? And when you consider switching things up, the options feel nonexistent or terrifying... You feel grateful for what you have, but still want different...more. There is more to life than work. There is life outside work that you can feel excited and fulfilled by. I can help. Reach out if you'd like to feel more free within your own life.
Do you find yourself struggling to find the motivation to work but terrified of losing your job? You might have a nice, pretty cushy gig that pays you well, but you find yourself in an existential crisis wondering: Is this it? Does anything I do matter? And when you consider switching things up, the options feel nonexistent or terrifying... You feel grateful for what you have, but still want different...more. There is more to life than work. There is life outside work that you can feel excited and fulfilled by. I can help. Reach out if you'd like to feel more free within your own life.
(628) 227-5529 View (628) 227-5529
Photo of Sylvia Khromina, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Sylvia Khromina
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
I love helping adults who are ready to make a change and want to address: trauma, relationship difficulties, issues with food and body image, chronic stress, anxiety, panic, or depression through building tangible tools and mindfulness-based skills. I welcome clients of diverse backgrounds and seek to provide respectful and culturally sensitive services to all. As an immigrant myself, I have a special appreciation for the experience of first and second generation immigrants. My approach draws from mindfulness, body-oriented interventions, parts work, evidence-based modalities, advances in neuroscience, and attachment research.
I love helping adults who are ready to make a change and want to address: trauma, relationship difficulties, issues with food and body image, chronic stress, anxiety, panic, or depression through building tangible tools and mindfulness-based skills. I welcome clients of diverse backgrounds and seek to provide respectful and culturally sensitive services to all. As an immigrant myself, I have a special appreciation for the experience of first and second generation immigrants. My approach draws from mindfulness, body-oriented interventions, parts work, evidence-based modalities, advances in neuroscience, and attachment research.
(415) 463-1536 View (415) 463-1536
Photo of John Robert Montopoli, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
John Robert Montopoli
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94109
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I work almost exclusively with adults overcoming struggles with anxiety and depression. People often experience depression and/or anxiety when they are dissatisfied with important relationships in their personal and professional lives. I have particular interest in helping clients develop skills to overcome shyness and social anxiety issues which can interfere with having the kind of relationships that give special meaning to one's life. I am also the co-founder of the National Social Anxiety Center.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I work almost exclusively with adults overcoming struggles with anxiety and depression. People often experience depression and/or anxiety when they are dissatisfied with important relationships in their personal and professional lives. I have particular interest in helping clients develop skills to overcome shyness and social anxiety issues which can interfere with having the kind of relationships that give special meaning to one's life. I am also the co-founder of the National Social Anxiety Center.
(415) 689-4131 View (415) 689-4131
Photo of Steven Reidbord in San Francisco, CA
Steven Reidbord
MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
Dynamic or "insight oriented" therapy is best for emotional issues that are subtle and hard to pin down. While straightforward symptoms like low mood or all-day anxiety often respond faster to CBT therapy and/or medication, what about a pattern of failed romantic relationships? Self-defeating attitudes? Self-sabotaging behaviors? Feeling stuck? If it isn't clear what the problem is, you've come to the right place. In flexible, interactive sessions, we'll explore your thoughts and feelings to help you live more genuinely and fully. Plain English and gentle humor help smooth the way.
Dynamic or "insight oriented" therapy is best for emotional issues that are subtle and hard to pin down. While straightforward symptoms like low mood or all-day anxiety often respond faster to CBT therapy and/or medication, what about a pattern of failed romantic relationships? Self-defeating attitudes? Self-sabotaging behaviors? Feeling stuck? If it isn't clear what the problem is, you've come to the right place. In flexible, interactive sessions, we'll explore your thoughts and feelings to help you live more genuinely and fully. Plain English and gentle humor help smooth the way.
(415) 474-7600 View (415) 474-7600
Photo of Rebekah Smith, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Rebekah Smith
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
There comes a point for many of us when we realize that we don’t want to face our problems alone. We are human after all, and a part of what defines that humanity is our need for each other. Maybe it’s difficult for you to acknowledge this desire. You may be afraid to let people in and get close. You might tend to give more than you get back. Sometimes you might not even know what is that you're needing. Maybe you find yourself stuck in the same patterns you thought you had broken. You might feel self-critical. You may be marginalized and feel unseen and unheard. Feelings of hopelessness, grief, and anxiety might overwhelm you.
There comes a point for many of us when we realize that we don’t want to face our problems alone. We are human after all, and a part of what defines that humanity is our need for each other. Maybe it’s difficult for you to acknowledge this desire. You may be afraid to let people in and get close. You might tend to give more than you get back. Sometimes you might not even know what is that you're needing. Maybe you find yourself stuck in the same patterns you thought you had broken. You might feel self-critical. You may be marginalized and feel unseen and unheard. Feelings of hopelessness, grief, and anxiety might overwhelm you.
(628) 238-5844 View (628) 238-5844
Photo of Susan Diane Utter, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Susan Diane Utter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94112  (Online Only)
Today many people are wondering what in the world is happening out there. People seem to be separating into two very different camps; and have lost the ability to consider point of view except for their own. Families are divided, friendships ended, as we hang on to the diminishing picture of how things used to be. There is no returning to how it used to be, everything is changing. Helpers such as myself can offer a space of no judgement to explore how to navigate these times. One of my favorite sayings is "just when you think it's falling apart, it's really falling together." Does this resonate with you? If so, I may be your helper.
Today many people are wondering what in the world is happening out there. People seem to be separating into two very different camps; and have lost the ability to consider point of view except for their own. Families are divided, friendships ended, as we hang on to the diminishing picture of how things used to be. There is no returning to how it used to be, everything is changing. Helpers such as myself can offer a space of no judgement to explore how to navigate these times. One of my favorite sayings is "just when you think it's falling apart, it's really falling together." Does this resonate with you? If so, I may be your helper.
(805) 395-4318 View (805) 395-4318
Photo of Bev Jewell Aasect Certified Sex Therapist, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Bev Jewell Aasect Certified Sex Therapist
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94111  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing: relationship issues, feeling overwhelmed, or stuck? Perhaps you are in a Neuro-Diverse relationship (you're wired differently) and stuggle to understand each other and get your needs met? Do you want to learn better commuication and problem-solving skills? Maybe you want a more fulfilling sex life - solo, or with your partner. There are many things that affect us and our sexuality over time - stress, age, life events, hormone changes... I can help you navigate these areas to find the answers you're looking for and get you to a better place!
Are you experiencing: relationship issues, feeling overwhelmed, or stuck? Perhaps you are in a Neuro-Diverse relationship (you're wired differently) and stuggle to understand each other and get your needs met? Do you want to learn better commuication and problem-solving skills? Maybe you want a more fulfilling sex life - solo, or with your partner. There are many things that affect us and our sexuality over time - stress, age, life events, hormone changes... I can help you navigate these areas to find the answers you're looking for and get you to a better place!
(442) 254-0043 View (442) 254-0043
Photo of Dr. Helge Osterhold, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Helge Osterhold
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
I'm an integrative psychotherapist working with individuals and couples. My approach is engaged and caring, providing a safe and supportive environment, where you can reflect and develop new ways of handling challenges you are facing. The focus of my practice is twofold: relationship issues and life transitions (e.g. themes like change in relationship, career changes, relocation, pregnancy, child birth and parenting, facing illness, trauma and loss as well as seeking more meaning and fulfillment in life). I have a particular expertise in working with people who immigrated to the US or have diverse cultural backgrounds.
I'm an integrative psychotherapist working with individuals and couples. My approach is engaged and caring, providing a safe and supportive environment, where you can reflect and develop new ways of handling challenges you are facing. The focus of my practice is twofold: relationship issues and life transitions (e.g. themes like change in relationship, career changes, relocation, pregnancy, child birth and parenting, facing illness, trauma and loss as well as seeking more meaning and fulfillment in life). I have a particular expertise in working with people who immigrated to the US or have diverse cultural backgrounds.
(650) 450-8918 View (650) 450-8918
Photo of Lili Liew, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Lili Liew
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) with more than 10 years of experience counseling individuals, couples, and families. My specialty is treating individuals suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, and interpersonal relationship issues due to trauma.
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) with more than 10 years of experience counseling individuals, couples, and families. My specialty is treating individuals suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma, PTSD, and interpersonal relationship issues due to trauma.
(415) 634-0949 View (415) 634-0949
Photo of Farhad Ghodsi MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Farhad Ghodsi MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing some roadblocks that are preventing you from getting where you want to be in life whether it be in your work, school, or relationships with others? When you’re feeling overwhelmed therapy can make the difference between feeling stuck and moving forward. I am a licensed marriage and family therapist located in San Francisco, specializing in psychotherapy for adult individuals. I’ve had the privilege of working within various multidisciplinary teams providing psychotherapy for over a decade.
Are you experiencing some roadblocks that are preventing you from getting where you want to be in life whether it be in your work, school, or relationships with others? When you’re feeling overwhelmed therapy can make the difference between feeling stuck and moving forward. I am a licensed marriage and family therapist located in San Francisco, specializing in psychotherapy for adult individuals. I’ve had the privilege of working within various multidisciplinary teams providing psychotherapy for over a decade.
(415) 996-1861 View (415) 996-1861
Photo of H. Michael Brown, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
H. Michael Brown
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
You don’t have to suffer without hope…or help. Whether you’re feeling depressed and anxious, worried and preoccupied, or blocked creatively, psychotherapy can help you to feel better. I work with both individuals and couples. With more than 20 years experience in helping people overcome their obstacles, I can help you to identify what’s in need of adjustment and provide tools to make those changes. Call or visit my website for more information. My initial consultation is free.
You don’t have to suffer without hope…or help. Whether you’re feeling depressed and anxious, worried and preoccupied, or blocked creatively, psychotherapy can help you to feel better. I work with both individuals and couples. With more than 20 years experience in helping people overcome their obstacles, I can help you to identify what’s in need of adjustment and provide tools to make those changes. Call or visit my website for more information. My initial consultation is free.
(415) 669-4331 View (415) 669-4331

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.