Therapists in Tustin, CA

Photo of Christine Monroe, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tustin, CA
Christine Monroe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
Sometimes it helps to talk about life's struggles and pain with someone who listens and understands. Sometimes we have become distant from the people most important to us and need help repairing relationships. Sometimes the people we needed to care for us have hurt us and we need help healing. Sometimes we have done things we regret and need help moving forward. Everyone desires to be known and accepted, but sometimes things happen to cause us to withdraw and give up on connecting with others. I would like to help you find healing, hope, and connection in your life.
Sometimes it helps to talk about life's struggles and pain with someone who listens and understands. Sometimes we have become distant from the people most important to us and need help repairing relationships. Sometimes the people we needed to care for us have hurt us and we need help healing. Sometimes we have done things we regret and need help moving forward. Everyone desires to be known and accepted, but sometimes things happen to cause us to withdraw and give up on connecting with others. I would like to help you find healing, hope, and connection in your life.
(657) 237-2429 View (657) 237-2429
Photo of Chloe A Cox, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tustin, CA
Chloe A Cox
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
If you’ve landed here, you're probably feeling overwhelmed. You may be realizing the perfectionism that once helped you succeed is now your worst enemy. Maybe you're a college student feeling crushed under the pressure to achieve. Or a new mom wracked with guilt and anxiety. You might be stuck in the vicious cycle of disordered eating, or noticing eating disorder recovery is a really tough thing to do alone. Stress, anxiety, and depression can make you feel like there is no way out. I connect deeply with my clients in their 20s, women struggling to live up to their own impossible standards - because that used to be me!
If you’ve landed here, you're probably feeling overwhelmed. You may be realizing the perfectionism that once helped you succeed is now your worst enemy. Maybe you're a college student feeling crushed under the pressure to achieve. Or a new mom wracked with guilt and anxiety. You might be stuck in the vicious cycle of disordered eating, or noticing eating disorder recovery is a really tough thing to do alone. Stress, anxiety, and depression can make you feel like there is no way out. I connect deeply with my clients in their 20s, women struggling to live up to their own impossible standards - because that used to be me!
(949) 313-2687 View (949) 313-2687
Photo of Raysean Ford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tustin, CA
Raysean Ford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Hi! My name is Raysean Ford, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in California. I provide therapeutic services via teletherapy to adults. I specialize in anxiety, depression, PTSD, anger management, conflict resolution, and LGBTQ+ Identity issues. My style and approach could be a good fit for individuals who may be dealing with symptoms that include: Anxiety, Grief, Stress, Anger, Low- Self-esteem, and Peer and Family Conflicts. I collaborate with clients to help them identify their symptoms, identify the source of their symptoms, and learn healthy ways to cope and build skills to feel better about themselves.
Hi! My name is Raysean Ford, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in California. I provide therapeutic services via teletherapy to adults. I specialize in anxiety, depression, PTSD, anger management, conflict resolution, and LGBTQ+ Identity issues. My style and approach could be a good fit for individuals who may be dealing with symptoms that include: Anxiety, Grief, Stress, Anger, Low- Self-esteem, and Peer and Family Conflicts. I collaborate with clients to help them identify their symptoms, identify the source of their symptoms, and learn healthy ways to cope and build skills to feel better about themselves.
(714) 786-1058 View (714) 786-1058
Photo of Connections Mental Health in Tustin, CA
Connections Mental Health
Not Verified Not Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
At Connections, our mission is to provide safe, individualized care for our clients to find healing and lasting recovery from mental health adversity. We are a compassion-first treatment center specializing in treating the person–not just their symptoms. Our clients receive the highest quality of individualized care, as we only see up to 6 patients at a time in our small, home-like treatment center. We understand first-hand what it’s like to experience the journey of mental health recovery and are passionate about prioritizing the safety and comfort of you or your loved one during their time here.
At Connections, our mission is to provide safe, individualized care for our clients to find healing and lasting recovery from mental health adversity. We are a compassion-first treatment center specializing in treating the person–not just their symptoms. Our clients receive the highest quality of individualized care, as we only see up to 6 patients at a time in our small, home-like treatment center. We understand first-hand what it’s like to experience the journey of mental health recovery and are passionate about prioritizing the safety and comfort of you or your loved one during their time here.
(714) 786-6972 View (714) 786-6972
Photo of Kim Marie Simmons, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tustin, CA
Kim Marie Simmons
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LAADC
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Happiness is something we find along the way, not something we get at the end of the rainbow. When the pain of staying the same outweighs the fear of change then change will occur. Sometimes we feel powerless and our lives become unmanageable so its important to find support and guidance to help create a life you don't need to escape from. Identifying negative thoughts and patterns and replacing them with healthy alternatives which lead to a deeper, richer and fuller life and lasting recovery. I have over 14 years of experience in the field of chemical dependency, drug addiction and substance abuse.
Happiness is something we find along the way, not something we get at the end of the rainbow. When the pain of staying the same outweighs the fear of change then change will occur. Sometimes we feel powerless and our lives become unmanageable so its important to find support and guidance to help create a life you don't need to escape from. Identifying negative thoughts and patterns and replacing them with healthy alternatives which lead to a deeper, richer and fuller life and lasting recovery. I have over 14 years of experience in the field of chemical dependency, drug addiction and substance abuse.
(949) 877-7748 View (949) 877-7748
Photo of Aubrey Redinger, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Tustin, CA
Aubrey Redinger
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Hi. Welcome. I'm happy to create and share a safe place with you. If you are feeling the weight of anxiety, depression, pregnancy, motherhood, let me share the load. If you want a healthy long lasting relationship, let me give you resources and start those conversations. If you want to explore the value and uniqueness that you have, let me help unearth that with you. If you want to strengthen your voice, let me help you exercise it. Whatever you have to bring, I am here for it.
Hi. Welcome. I'm happy to create and share a safe place with you. If you are feeling the weight of anxiety, depression, pregnancy, motherhood, let me share the load. If you want a healthy long lasting relationship, let me give you resources and start those conversations. If you want to explore the value and uniqueness that you have, let me help unearth that with you. If you want to strengthen your voice, let me help you exercise it. Whatever you have to bring, I am here for it.
(714) 706-1252 View (714) 706-1252
Photo of Alison Gracia, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tustin, CA
Alison Gracia
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
I believe life can be hard at times and it takes courage to seek help and make changes. I have a very open and empathetic approach to therapy and look forward to hearing each client's story as well as see their strength in overcoming whatever might be present in their life. I have experience working with trauma as well as with childhood disorders, relationship difficulties, and family therapy. I understand how difficult it can be to parent, juggle life's stressors as well as our relationships.
I believe life can be hard at times and it takes courage to seek help and make changes. I have a very open and empathetic approach to therapy and look forward to hearing each client's story as well as see their strength in overcoming whatever might be present in their life. I have experience working with trauma as well as with childhood disorders, relationship difficulties, and family therapy. I understand how difficult it can be to parent, juggle life's stressors as well as our relationships.
(714) 881-4071 View (714) 881-4071
Photo of Nicole Anderson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tustin, CA
Nicole Anderson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Making the decision to come to therapy may very well be one of the bravest and most vulnerable choices you can make for yourself. As a licensed marriage and family therapist my goal is to help you discover your full potential and lead the life you imagined for yourself. Although it may seem easier, ignoring those painful or "off" pieces of yourself is likely impacting your life in ways you might not even be aware of. This is the first step in working towards living life cofidently and authentically.
Making the decision to come to therapy may very well be one of the bravest and most vulnerable choices you can make for yourself. As a licensed marriage and family therapist my goal is to help you discover your full potential and lead the life you imagined for yourself. Although it may seem easier, ignoring those painful or "off" pieces of yourself is likely impacting your life in ways you might not even be aware of. This is the first step in working towards living life cofidently and authentically.
(714) 710-8049 View (714) 710-8049
Photo of Jane Pearl Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tustin, CA
Jane Pearl Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Have you reached a point in your life where life seems unmanageable? Overwhelmed with worry and stress. Feeling burnt out and noticing a shift in your attitude. Personal, relational, family, financial, and work problems typically arise. You have a choice in how you cope and therapy will be the best investment for you. As a team, we can work on identifying the problems and find ways to live to your highest potential. Learning effective tools to create a sense of empowerment and confidence.
Have you reached a point in your life where life seems unmanageable? Overwhelmed with worry and stress. Feeling burnt out and noticing a shift in your attitude. Personal, relational, family, financial, and work problems typically arise. You have a choice in how you cope and therapy will be the best investment for you. As a team, we can work on identifying the problems and find ways to live to your highest potential. Learning effective tools to create a sense of empowerment and confidence.
(949) 990-5691 View (949) 990-5691
Photo of Eila Alvarez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Tustin, CA
Eila Alvarez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Hi! I have a variety of experience working with different ages, couples, and families. Some areas we focus on are managing depression and/or anxiety and developing healthier communication skills. My goal with clients is to help guide them into a more balanced experience on this journey of life while also empowering them to recognize the strengths that were already within them. Lastly, I'm also bilingual so I provide therapy in English and in Spanish!
Hi! I have a variety of experience working with different ages, couples, and families. Some areas we focus on are managing depression and/or anxiety and developing healthier communication skills. My goal with clients is to help guide them into a more balanced experience on this journey of life while also empowering them to recognize the strengths that were already within them. Lastly, I'm also bilingual so I provide therapy in English and in Spanish!
(714) 823-8054 View (714) 823-8054
Photo of Jennifer Mitchell, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Tustin, CA
Jennifer Mitchell
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
Therapy is for everyone. Your thoughts will determine your perspective, feelings and reactions. Understanding ways to shift your own thinking to create change can be transformational. Taking the time to reflect and process in an environment without judgement offers healing. It is a powerful thing to feel heard and understood.
Therapy is for everyone. Your thoughts will determine your perspective, feelings and reactions. Understanding ways to shift your own thinking to create change can be transformational. Taking the time to reflect and process in an environment without judgement offers healing. It is a powerful thing to feel heard and understood.
(949) 979-7417 View (949) 979-7417
Photo of Glenn G. Stevenson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tustin, CA
Glenn G. Stevenson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in helping people resolve anxiety and depression and improve their relationships. I emphasize work with your sense of self, self-esteem, and self-confidence. If you're confused, would like life to work better, want more confidence, or would like to feel more comfortable, I can help. We can apply therapy inwardly toward being more solid and secure in yourself or outwardly toward becoming empowered in your relationships with others. Once feeling better, I sometimes even help people find the work that they love. I have helped hundreds of people be more satisfied with themselves and their lives.
I specialize in helping people resolve anxiety and depression and improve their relationships. I emphasize work with your sense of self, self-esteem, and self-confidence. If you're confused, would like life to work better, want more confidence, or would like to feel more comfortable, I can help. We can apply therapy inwardly toward being more solid and secure in yourself or outwardly toward becoming empowered in your relationships with others. Once feeling better, I sometimes even help people find the work that they love. I have helped hundreds of people be more satisfied with themselves and their lives.
(714) 468-9963 View (714) 468-9963
Photo of Allison Huynh, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Tustin, CA
Allison Huynh
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
Even the most resilient, creative, and high achieving people face moments which bring them to their knees. They may feel blindsided by the loss of a meaningful relationship, a traumatic event, burnout, or a medical diagnosis forcing them to evaluate the trajectory of their lives. They lack energy for self-care, loved ones, work, school, or activities which once brought joy. They stumble through a fog of emotional numbness, find themselves crying when no one is around, or feel flooded with anxious thoughts. They desire revitalization within themselves and their significant relationships.
Even the most resilient, creative, and high achieving people face moments which bring them to their knees. They may feel blindsided by the loss of a meaningful relationship, a traumatic event, burnout, or a medical diagnosis forcing them to evaluate the trajectory of their lives. They lack energy for self-care, loved ones, work, school, or activities which once brought joy. They stumble through a fog of emotional numbness, find themselves crying when no one is around, or feel flooded with anxious thoughts. They desire revitalization within themselves and their significant relationships.
(657) 571-4077 View (657) 571-4077
Photo of Rachel Benson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tustin, CA
Rachel Benson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Do you often feel anxious, depressed, or "stuck" and want to feel happier and more fulfilled, but are unsure how? Perhaps your relationships are suffering, or you are underperforming at work. Maybe you just had a major life change, like a new baby or a divorce, and you need help adjusting to your new life. Perhaps you suffered a loss or another traumatic experience currently, or in your past, that you haven't yet worked through. This is where I come in. I create a judgement-free, safe space to work on these issues and help you move past them.
Do you often feel anxious, depressed, or "stuck" and want to feel happier and more fulfilled, but are unsure how? Perhaps your relationships are suffering, or you are underperforming at work. Maybe you just had a major life change, like a new baby or a divorce, and you need help adjusting to your new life. Perhaps you suffered a loss or another traumatic experience currently, or in your past, that you haven't yet worked through. This is where I come in. I create a judgement-free, safe space to work on these issues and help you move past them.
(714) 930-2536 View (714) 930-2536
Photo of Denise Mechelle Owens, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Tustin, CA
Denise Mechelle Owens
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
My passion is to work with the inner child. I work with anxiety, depression, grief, anger management, parenting and trauma as an EMDR trained therapist. I will facilitate emotional awareness and growth by a set of coping tools and treatment plan unique to your individual needs.
My passion is to work with the inner child. I work with anxiety, depression, grief, anger management, parenting and trauma as an EMDR trained therapist. I will facilitate emotional awareness and growth by a set of coping tools and treatment plan unique to your individual needs.
(714) 867-1181 View (714) 867-1181
Photo of Lorianne Twill, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tustin, CA
Lorianne Twill
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
Ready to thrive instead of just survive? Life is ever-changing, and sometimes we get bogged down by relationships or circumstances that leave us feeling hollow or worn out. I understand the yearning to have life feel open and easy despite feeling day-to-day like you're spinning your wheels in the same place. I can help. I provide a safe space to help you explore your life and relationships in a way that allows you to build insight and develop a better perspective of whatever life has thrown your way.
Ready to thrive instead of just survive? Life is ever-changing, and sometimes we get bogged down by relationships or circumstances that leave us feeling hollow or worn out. I understand the yearning to have life feel open and easy despite feeling day-to-day like you're spinning your wheels in the same place. I can help. I provide a safe space to help you explore your life and relationships in a way that allows you to build insight and develop a better perspective of whatever life has thrown your way.
(657) 208-9850 View (657) 208-9850
Photo of Abir Ayesh, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Tustin, CA
Abir Ayesh
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
I specialize in working with a wide range of individuals, couples, children, and adults, addressing various challenges such as maladaptive communication, relationship issues, anxiety, significant sadness, depression, trauma, and domestic violence. If you’re struggling to cope with any of these situations, I can help you navigate your feelings and offer a path forward. My approach includes helping clients work through conflict resolution and improving overall well-being.
I specialize in working with a wide range of individuals, couples, children, and adults, addressing various challenges such as maladaptive communication, relationship issues, anxiety, significant sadness, depression, trauma, and domestic violence. If you’re struggling to cope with any of these situations, I can help you navigate your feelings and offer a path forward. My approach includes helping clients work through conflict resolution and improving overall well-being.
(949) 991-6091 View (949) 991-6091
Lisa Jan Friedman
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, MBA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780  (Online Only)
I offer a safe environment where clients feel they are heard. I offer a non-judgemental space for clients to develop self-agency and control over their lives. Clients who are anxious, depressed, and with low self esteem can develop goals and steps to reduce anxiety and depression.
I offer a safe environment where clients feel they are heard. I offer a non-judgemental space for clients to develop self-agency and control over their lives. Clients who are anxious, depressed, and with low self esteem can develop goals and steps to reduce anxiety and depression.
(714) 706-1611 View (714) 706-1611
Photo of Leslie M Cox, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tustin, CA
Leslie M Cox
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, EMDR, EAC
Verified Verified
Tustin, CA 92780
Waitlist for new clients
I treat anxiety, depression, chronic pain, medical trauma and sexual trauma using EMDR. EMDR is a transformative therapy technique that shifts how one’s body and brain respond to stress and distress. You may be struggling with mental health symptoms that have lasted for months or even years. It takes you away from your work and family. You may have spent a lot of time and money on treatment or struggled to find effective treatment. EMDR is different than other types of therapy because healing and relief happens more swiftly.
I treat anxiety, depression, chronic pain, medical trauma and sexual trauma using EMDR. EMDR is a transformative therapy technique that shifts how one’s body and brain respond to stress and distress. You may be struggling with mental health symptoms that have lasted for months or even years. It takes you away from your work and family. You may have spent a lot of time and money on treatment or struggled to find effective treatment. EMDR is different than other types of therapy because healing and relief happens more swiftly.
(657) 999-5798 View (657) 999-5798
Photo of Michael Smith Sex Therapy & Sex Addiction, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tustin, CA
Michael Smith Sex Therapy & Sex Addiction
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, CST
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tustin, CA 92780
I have focused my education, training and experience in three areas: Sex Therapy, Sex & Porn Addiction Treatment and Infidelity Counseling. My specialty is providing treatment for a wide range of sexual problems, most kinds of addictions/compulsive behaviors and counseling related to couples infidelity issues. I'm an AASECT Certified Sex Therapist and Sex Addiction Specialist. I have helped hundreds of people attain a healthy, satisfying sex life and to stop their destructive, out-of-control sex & porn behaviors. Call me to discuss your particular concerns. Please visit my website to learn more: http://www.orangecountysextherapy.com
I have focused my education, training and experience in three areas: Sex Therapy, Sex & Porn Addiction Treatment and Infidelity Counseling. My specialty is providing treatment for a wide range of sexual problems, most kinds of addictions/compulsive behaviors and counseling related to couples infidelity issues. I'm an AASECT Certified Sex Therapist and Sex Addiction Specialist. I have helped hundreds of people attain a healthy, satisfying sex life and to stop their destructive, out-of-control sex & porn behaviors. Call me to discuss your particular concerns. Please visit my website to learn more: http://www.orangecountysextherapy.com
(949) 338-9525 View (949) 338-9525

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tustin, CA

400+

Average cost per session

$156

Therapists in Tustin, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
67% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Cigna and Evernorth
57% Aetna
51% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Tustin, CA see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tustin?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.