Therapists in Knoxville, TN

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Photo of Brooke Hilemon, LPC Intern in Knoxville, TN
Brooke Hilemon
LPC Intern, BS
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37932
You’ve made it. You have taken the steps to get here. Oftentimes, when we take steps towards change, it can feel overwhelming and scary – but you are not alone. Whether you're facing personal struggles, relationship issues, or navigating the complexities of daily life, counseling can be a valuable addition to your healing process. My desire for counseling sessions is to meet the unique needs and goals of each individual. I strongly believe in a collaborative and strengths-based approach, striving to empower my clients to discover their inner resources and resilience.
You’ve made it. You have taken the steps to get here. Oftentimes, when we take steps towards change, it can feel overwhelming and scary – but you are not alone. Whether you're facing personal struggles, relationship issues, or navigating the complexities of daily life, counseling can be a valuable addition to your healing process. My desire for counseling sessions is to meet the unique needs and goals of each individual. I strongly believe in a collaborative and strengths-based approach, striving to empower my clients to discover their inner resources and resilience.
(865) 800-0881 View (865) 800-0881
Photo of Graham Murray, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Graham Murray
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Graham Murray is an interactive, solution-focused therapist. His therapeutic approach is to listen and provide a safe place for individuals to process their feelings, and attain their goals by developing coping skills. He integrates several therapy methods to offer a specialized service tailored to each individual. Graham employs empathy and support during therapy to provide a space where individuals can better know themselves, magnify their strengths, and attain their personal goals.
Graham Murray is an interactive, solution-focused therapist. His therapeutic approach is to listen and provide a safe place for individuals to process their feelings, and attain their goals by developing coping skills. He integrates several therapy methods to offer a specialized service tailored to each individual. Graham employs empathy and support during therapy to provide a space where individuals can better know themselves, magnify their strengths, and attain their personal goals.
(865) 236-0442 View (865) 236-0442
Photo of Kristina L Hall in Knoxville, TN
Kristina L Hall
MS, CTRS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Hello, Welcome! I am accepting new clients seeking to cope with anxiety, addiction, and depression. I also offer parenting and family counseling.You or your child may need help processing overwhelming core beliefs that bind you to unhealthy behavior or negative thought patterns. I utilize a CBT based program that allows you to rediscover joy, balance and peace. I believe the most important thing I offer is my experience, strength and hope, my humanness. With over 25 years of experience as a therapist, I can help you work through life’s challenges. You are not alone. Please take the next step and schedule an appointment today.
Hello, Welcome! I am accepting new clients seeking to cope with anxiety, addiction, and depression. I also offer parenting and family counseling.You or your child may need help processing overwhelming core beliefs that bind you to unhealthy behavior or negative thought patterns. I utilize a CBT based program that allows you to rediscover joy, balance and peace. I believe the most important thing I offer is my experience, strength and hope, my humanness. With over 25 years of experience as a therapist, I can help you work through life’s challenges. You are not alone. Please take the next step and schedule an appointment today.
(865) 375-8718 View (865) 375-8718
Photo of Kari Riddell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Kari Riddell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37919
I'm Kari Riddell, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and a compassionate therapist specializing in providing support for goal-oriented individuals who are seeking a safe and non-judgmental space to share their experiences and take actionable steps towards positive change. Whether you're a teenager or an adult, I'm here to guide you through life's complexities and help you achieve your personal goals.
I'm Kari Riddell, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and a compassionate therapist specializing in providing support for goal-oriented individuals who are seeking a safe and non-judgmental space to share their experiences and take actionable steps towards positive change. Whether you're a teenager or an adult, I'm here to guide you through life's complexities and help you achieve your personal goals.
(865) 351-6342 View (865) 351-6342
Photo of Nicola Bone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Nicola Bone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37922
Nicola is a licensed clinical social worker who has encouraged individuals in the pursuit of personal growth and healing for more than 20 years. Nicola has worked in a variety of settings including the District Attorney's Office in Atlanta, GA, Loudon County School systems, hospice and private practice. In these arenas, Nicola has learned about the resilience of the human spirit.
Nicola is a licensed clinical social worker who has encouraged individuals in the pursuit of personal growth and healing for more than 20 years. Nicola has worked in a variety of settings including the District Attorney's Office in Atlanta, GA, Loudon County School systems, hospice and private practice. In these arenas, Nicola has learned about the resilience of the human spirit.
(865) 326-3997 View (865) 326-3997
Photo of William Blackerby, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
William Blackerby
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
I have more than 30 years of experience as both a clinical psychologist and a neuropsychologist. As a neuropsychologist I provide assessments and diagnoses for ADHD, Autism, PTSD, Bipolar Disorder, Head Trauma, Dementia, Personality Disorders, and other neurological and emotional diagnoses. As a clinical psychologist, I work with stress/anxiety, depression, ADHD, autism, Bipolar, PTSD, head trauma, dementia and relationship issues and other emotional and behavioral difficulties. I use techniques proven to be helpful and work collaboratively with you to help you improve your life and resolve the issues that brought you to see me.
I have more than 30 years of experience as both a clinical psychologist and a neuropsychologist. As a neuropsychologist I provide assessments and diagnoses for ADHD, Autism, PTSD, Bipolar Disorder, Head Trauma, Dementia, Personality Disorders, and other neurological and emotional diagnoses. As a clinical psychologist, I work with stress/anxiety, depression, ADHD, autism, Bipolar, PTSD, head trauma, dementia and relationship issues and other emotional and behavioral difficulties. I use techniques proven to be helpful and work collaboratively with you to help you improve your life and resolve the issues that brought you to see me.
(865) 205-8992 View (865) 205-8992
Photo of Lauren Wiest Barbian, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Lauren Wiest Barbian
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37920
I help Christian women who feel like life just isn't working out. Maybe you give constantly to others, but your relationships are still not satisfying. You work really hard to make things ok, but hard things keep happening, you aren't sure who you are, and you can't shake a sense of general disappointment with God, other people, and life in general. I'll work with you to overcome those hard things and disappointments in a way that lets you move toward healthy and connected relationships with God and other people.
I help Christian women who feel like life just isn't working out. Maybe you give constantly to others, but your relationships are still not satisfying. You work really hard to make things ok, but hard things keep happening, you aren't sure who you are, and you can't shake a sense of general disappointment with God, other people, and life in general. I'll work with you to overcome those hard things and disappointments in a way that lets you move toward healthy and connected relationships with God and other people.
(865) 234-3376 View (865) 234-3376
Photo of Julius Melvin Jefferies, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Julius Melvin Jefferies
Licensed Professional Counselor, ASDCS, ELD, C-GC, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Julius M. Jefferies is a Clinical Mental Health Therapist serving the Knox County area of Tennessee with specialties in a wide range of individual, couple, and group therapy interventions. His clinical experience in the last 25 years has focused on holistic, solution-focused therapy for both adolescents and adults who are living with autism, crisis, psychological disorder, trauma, and grief.  Julius earned a Masters of Mental Health Counseling from Freed-Hardeman University followed by specialty certifications in Grief Counseling, Autism Disorder Specialist intervention, and as an End of Life Doula.
Julius M. Jefferies is a Clinical Mental Health Therapist serving the Knox County area of Tennessee with specialties in a wide range of individual, couple, and group therapy interventions. His clinical experience in the last 25 years has focused on holistic, solution-focused therapy for both adolescents and adults who are living with autism, crisis, psychological disorder, trauma, and grief.  Julius earned a Masters of Mental Health Counseling from Freed-Hardeman University followed by specialty certifications in Grief Counseling, Autism Disorder Specialist intervention, and as an End of Life Doula.
(731) 327-4781 View (731) 327-4781
Photo of Mark Kryter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Mark Kryter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37934
For over three decades, Mark has partnered with individuals, couples, and families on their journey toward happiness, self-understanding, and personal mastery as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. While Mark draws from a deep and diverse well of experience and training, he approaches therapy primarily through an approach called Psychosocial Therapy which combines a clear vision of his clients’ own experience of themselves and the world around them. By exploring the client’s unique past, current struggles, and external stressors, the stage is set for positive change.
For over three decades, Mark has partnered with individuals, couples, and families on their journey toward happiness, self-understanding, and personal mastery as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. While Mark draws from a deep and diverse well of experience and training, he approaches therapy primarily through an approach called Psychosocial Therapy which combines a clear vision of his clients’ own experience of themselves and the world around them. By exploring the client’s unique past, current struggles, and external stressors, the stage is set for positive change.
(865) 505-8143 View (865) 505-8143
Photo of Margaret Anthony, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Margaret Anthony
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37909
I have worked with adolescents, adults and 65 and up patients for years. Have also worked in juvenile and adult court in the past as well as in intensive outpatient and in mental health at a hospital setting. I attended the University of Tennessee and graduated in 1997 with my Masters in Social Work. I have experience with trauma, depression, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder. I work with Cognitive processing therapy, Cognitive Behavior therapy, Mindfulness, Exposure therapy, and behavioral therapy as well as couple's therapy.
I have worked with adolescents, adults and 65 and up patients for years. Have also worked in juvenile and adult court in the past as well as in intensive outpatient and in mental health at a hospital setting. I attended the University of Tennessee and graduated in 1997 with my Masters in Social Work. I have experience with trauma, depression, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder. I work with Cognitive processing therapy, Cognitive Behavior therapy, Mindfulness, Exposure therapy, and behavioral therapy as well as couple's therapy.
(865) 328-4926 View (865) 328-4926
Photo of Carrie Koehler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Carrie Koehler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37922
Carrie Koehler is a Licensed Professional Counselor, Mental Health Service Provider in Tennessee who has been practicing since 2019. She earned her MS in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Carson-Newman University. Carrie uses a strengths-based, client-centered approach to build a therapeutic relationship based on each client's individualized needs. Originally a band director and then later transitioning to a school-based therapist, Carrie has been working with adolescents in some capacity for more than 10 years.
Carrie Koehler is a Licensed Professional Counselor, Mental Health Service Provider in Tennessee who has been practicing since 2019. She earned her MS in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Carson-Newman University. Carrie uses a strengths-based, client-centered approach to build a therapeutic relationship based on each client's individualized needs. Originally a band director and then later transitioning to a school-based therapist, Carrie has been working with adolescents in some capacity for more than 10 years.
(865) 345-2310 View (865) 345-2310
Photo of Jamie Harvey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Jamie Harvey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37922
I have worked with individuals across the lifespan, in a variety of treatment settings, including residential treatment, in-home, acute hospitalization, school, and outpatient settings for more than ten years. While working with people in a variety of settings, I have developed a passion for helping people navigate the difficult things in life, and to create meaningful change. I understand that each person and situation is unique, and I am willing to work with you to walk through life’s challenges.
I have worked with individuals across the lifespan, in a variety of treatment settings, including residential treatment, in-home, acute hospitalization, school, and outpatient settings for more than ten years. While working with people in a variety of settings, I have developed a passion for helping people navigate the difficult things in life, and to create meaningful change. I understand that each person and situation is unique, and I am willing to work with you to walk through life’s challenges.
(865) 413-8027 View (865) 413-8027
Photo of Jocelyn Ivy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Jocelyn Ivy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, MHSP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Waitlist for new clients
I have always been interested in understanding the world from other people's points of view. I view my job as a therapist is to understand your story and how your worldview informs the way you react to life stressors. My goal is to help you utilize your own strengths and insight to feel calm, centered, and content in a world that often isn't. I enjoy working with adults of all ages and the LGBTQ/alternative lifestyle community.
I have always been interested in understanding the world from other people's points of view. I view my job as a therapist is to understand your story and how your worldview informs the way you react to life stressors. My goal is to help you utilize your own strengths and insight to feel calm, centered, and content in a world that often isn't. I enjoy working with adults of all ages and the LGBTQ/alternative lifestyle community.
(865) 344-2326 View (865) 344-2326
Photo of Irina Diyankova, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Irina Diyankova
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Waitlist for new clients
I DO NOT ACCEPT NEW CLIENTS. Please, continue looking. I cannot respond to the new inquiries. I understand how difficult it is to ask for help and how painful it could be to talk about things that are not working with a stranger. I feel honored every time my client opens up to me. I treat my clients with respect, kindness, and warmth. In my experience, therapeutic relationship is the foundation of the healing process and I work very hard to help my clients feel heard, understood, supported, and safe in my office.
I DO NOT ACCEPT NEW CLIENTS. Please, continue looking. I cannot respond to the new inquiries. I understand how difficult it is to ask for help and how painful it could be to talk about things that are not working with a stranger. I feel honored every time my client opens up to me. I treat my clients with respect, kindness, and warmth. In my experience, therapeutic relationship is the foundation of the healing process and I work very hard to help my clients feel heard, understood, supported, and safe in my office.
(865) 685-5465 View (865) 685-5465
Photo of Stephanie Ann Harness-Gambill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Stephanie Ann Harness-Gambill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Walking with people through some of their most difficult times is an honor and a responsibility that I do not take lightly. I have worked with children, adolescents, families, and adults in my career as a social worker. I am passionate about working with individuals who desire to do their own personal growth work, and families wishing to develop healthier boundaries and communication patterns that honor authenticity, connection, and compassion.
Walking with people through some of their most difficult times is an honor and a responsibility that I do not take lightly. I have worked with children, adolescents, families, and adults in my career as a social worker. I am passionate about working with individuals who desire to do their own personal growth work, and families wishing to develop healthier boundaries and communication patterns that honor authenticity, connection, and compassion.
(865) 213-7341 View (865) 213-7341
Photo of Gray Bryant, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Knoxville, TN
Gray Bryant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37919  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have experience as a therapist in outpatient mental health clinics, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, cancer treatment facilities, substance abuse treatment centers and schools. With 10 years of serving both individuals and family systems, I have addressed a vast array of symptoms related to mental health concerns. I tend to focus on the whole body and its connections. I understand counseling as growth, much in the same way a tree grows. In counseling we honor our roots, noting where we came from while stretching our branches high and reaching for what we wish to become.
I have experience as a therapist in outpatient mental health clinics, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, cancer treatment facilities, substance abuse treatment centers and schools. With 10 years of serving both individuals and family systems, I have addressed a vast array of symptoms related to mental health concerns. I tend to focus on the whole body and its connections. I understand counseling as growth, much in the same way a tree grows. In counseling we honor our roots, noting where we came from while stretching our branches high and reaching for what we wish to become.
(865) 217-0518 View (865) 217-0518
Photo of Jenee Justice Tate, Psychologist in Knoxville, TN
Jenee Justice Tate
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Knoxville, TN 37923
There is no greater pain than watching your child struggle. You've read the blogs, asked your doctor, consulted with friends, but you feel no closer to understanding what is going on or how to help. You need answers and you need a roadmap to stop the suffering and get things back on track. I'm here to guide you through the darkness and uncover what your child needs to achieve their true potential. My unique approach involves identifying your child's strengths in addition to their areas of vulnerability so you know exactly what they need to thrive.
There is no greater pain than watching your child struggle. You've read the blogs, asked your doctor, consulted with friends, but you feel no closer to understanding what is going on or how to help. You need answers and you need a roadmap to stop the suffering and get things back on track. I'm here to guide you through the darkness and uncover what your child needs to achieve their true potential. My unique approach involves identifying your child's strengths in addition to their areas of vulnerability so you know exactly what they need to thrive.
(865) 737-2787 View (865) 737-2787
Photo of Affinity Counseling - Stacy M Hernandez AAIT Cert., Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Affinity Counseling - Stacy M Hernandez AAIT Cert.
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, AAIT-
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Hello! Welcome to my page! I have been in the counseling field for 21 years and I am passionate about working with female adults and adolescents struggling with depression and anxiety. To achieve relieve from anxiety and depression, I utilize a therapeutic approach called Acceptance and Integration Therapy. Being a certified AAIT (Acceptance and Integration) therapist has allowed me to help clients heal, identify goals and quickly relieve psychological suffering. Let's get together and start helping you live a better authentic life!
Hello! Welcome to my page! I have been in the counseling field for 21 years and I am passionate about working with female adults and adolescents struggling with depression and anxiety. To achieve relieve from anxiety and depression, I utilize a therapeutic approach called Acceptance and Integration Therapy. Being a certified AAIT (Acceptance and Integration) therapist has allowed me to help clients heal, identify goals and quickly relieve psychological suffering. Let's get together and start helping you live a better authentic life!
(865) 407-2290 View (865) 407-2290
Photo of Katherine Campbell in Knoxville, TN
Katherine Campbell
NCC, LPC(T)
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37922
Hi, I’m Katherine I’m here to •share space with you, so you feel heard, safe, & able to grow beyond shame, distress, or any other barrier standing in your way. •help you develop the right environment & relationships so you can learn to thrive in your life rather than struggle to survive. •be your ally & advocate along your mental health journey. •enjoy collaborating with you when you find yourself in a season of confusion & desire to renew yourself & discover a new path to health & wellness.
Hi, I’m Katherine I’m here to •share space with you, so you feel heard, safe, & able to grow beyond shame, distress, or any other barrier standing in your way. •help you develop the right environment & relationships so you can learn to thrive in your life rather than struggle to survive. •be your ally & advocate along your mental health journey. •enjoy collaborating with you when you find yourself in a season of confusion & desire to renew yourself & discover a new path to health & wellness.
(865) 419-9293 View (865) 419-9293
Photo of Melissa Rose, Licensed Professional Counselor in Knoxville, TN
Melissa Rose
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, -MHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37923
Waitlist for new clients
As an experienced child and family therapist, I am committed to helping families become happy, healthy, and whole. My area of expertise includes early childhood development, trauma, and childhood mental health. I am experienced in the treatment of a wide range of issues including ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, and behavioral issues. Other issues I commonly work with are emotion dysregulation, school-related difficulties, and parenting challenges.
As an experienced child and family therapist, I am committed to helping families become happy, healthy, and whole. My area of expertise includes early childhood development, trauma, and childhood mental health. I am experienced in the treatment of a wide range of issues including ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, and behavioral issues. Other issues I commonly work with are emotion dysregulation, school-related difficulties, and parenting challenges.
(865) 269-9047 View (865) 269-9047

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Knoxville, TN

700+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Knoxville, TN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
66% Coping Skills
65% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
68% Aetna
68% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Knoxville, TN see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Knoxville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.