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Photo of David Kaufmann, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
David Kaufmann
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LCAS
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Waitlist for new clients
Life is challenging, sometimes it can feel like we aren’t made for the pace that is asked of us in today’s world. The result can feel like disconnect, overwhelm, or even depression and anxiety. Therapy can help. It is clear to me in my work, and in my own life, that once we start paying attention to our pain, we can do something about it. Having a guide in that process can make it simpler and more effective. Everyone is unique and as individuals what we need can take time to uncover and incorporate into our daily lives.
Life is challenging, sometimes it can feel like we aren’t made for the pace that is asked of us in today’s world. The result can feel like disconnect, overwhelm, or even depression and anxiety. Therapy can help. It is clear to me in my work, and in my own life, that once we start paying attention to our pain, we can do something about it. Having a guide in that process can make it simpler and more effective. Everyone is unique and as individuals what we need can take time to uncover and incorporate into our daily lives.
(828) 332-5594 View (828) 332-5594
Photo of John Magee, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
John Magee
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LCAS
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
I believe that most people have the answers within themselves to work through their own problems - my role is to guide you. I have experience helping people who are struggling with anxiety and depression, or who are numbing out through substance use. My clients are often working through life transitions and other challenging situations, such as relationship issues, grief, or chronic pain. Perhaps you have not been handling your emotions very well. You may even feel hopeless, or unsure how to articulate what you are feeling. Therapy is a collaborative journey to a more healthy state of mind.
I believe that most people have the answers within themselves to work through their own problems - my role is to guide you. I have experience helping people who are struggling with anxiety and depression, or who are numbing out through substance use. My clients are often working through life transitions and other challenging situations, such as relationship issues, grief, or chronic pain. Perhaps you have not been handling your emotions very well. You may even feel hopeless, or unsure how to articulate what you are feeling. Therapy is a collaborative journey to a more healthy state of mind.
(828) 547-4272 View (828) 547-4272
Photo of Jennifer Beeghly, Psychologist in Swannanoa, NC
Jennifer Beeghly
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
I have specialized expertise in providing evidenced-based therapy to treat PTSD, adjustment from military service, relationship dissatisfaction, couple therapy, insomnia, pain, anxiety, somatic concerns, suicidality, and depression.
I am a licensed doctoral level clinical psychologist who provides individual and couple therapy. My approach is individualized based on the specific needs and goals of each client or couple and involves providing warmth and genuineness. My role is to assist you in gaining insight and perspective into the obstacles that are limiting you from living the life that you desire using a supportive and non-judgmental style that will facilitate personal exploration.
I have specialized expertise in providing evidenced-based therapy to treat PTSD, adjustment from military service, relationship dissatisfaction, couple therapy, insomnia, pain, anxiety, somatic concerns, suicidality, and depression.
I am a licensed doctoral level clinical psychologist who provides individual and couple therapy. My approach is individualized based on the specific needs and goals of each client or couple and involves providing warmth and genuineness. My role is to assist you in gaining insight and perspective into the obstacles that are limiting you from living the life that you desire using a supportive and non-judgmental style that will facilitate personal exploration.
(828) 528-3413 View (828) 528-3413
Photo of Sandy Van Horn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Swannanoa, NC
Sandy Van Horn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RYT200, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
I believe growth occurs when we courageously stay along the edges of our comfort zone and gently press into that boundary widening it inch by inch. I believe healing occurs when we fully allow ourselves to feel our pain, to sit with it, to befriend it, and to find out that it has edges and boundaries ... a beginning and an end. If you've been struggling with life - that can be big and small things - we can work together to identify challenges and build your capacity to move in the direction of optimal healing and wellness.
I believe growth occurs when we courageously stay along the edges of our comfort zone and gently press into that boundary widening it inch by inch. I believe healing occurs when we fully allow ourselves to feel our pain, to sit with it, to befriend it, and to find out that it has edges and boundaries ... a beginning and an end. If you've been struggling with life - that can be big and small things - we can work together to identify challenges and build your capacity to move in the direction of optimal healing and wellness.
(828) 268-3363 View (828) 268-3363
Photo of Lisa Lavelle Bowen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
Lisa Lavelle Bowen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28803  (Online Only)
My specialties: anxiety, stress, trauma, depression, illness, grief, relationship or family conflicts, parenting skills, anger management, work conflicts, ADHD or other problematic issues, bipolar disorder or other personality disorders.
My specialties are trauma, anxiety, depression. 21 yrs experience counseling adolescents, adults, couples and families. I do supportive listening, accepting, understanding and compassionate counseling to help problem solve together and cope to focus on healing. Kinds of therapy I do: CBT, DBT, REBT, Art therapy, Play therapy and Christian counseling. Experience: worked with World Trade Center 9/11 survivors, survivors of torture, in a psychiatric hospital, an outpatient clinic, as a clinical supervisor, as a school based therapist, counseled military, their spouses & children at bases in USA, Europe and Japan and private practice.
My specialties: anxiety, stress, trauma, depression, illness, grief, relationship or family conflicts, parenting skills, anger management, work conflicts, ADHD or other problematic issues, bipolar disorder or other personality disorders.
My specialties are trauma, anxiety, depression. 21 yrs experience counseling adolescents, adults, couples and families. I do supportive listening, accepting, understanding and compassionate counseling to help problem solve together and cope to focus on healing. Kinds of therapy I do: CBT, DBT, REBT, Art therapy, Play therapy and Christian counseling. Experience: worked with World Trade Center 9/11 survivors, survivors of torture, in a psychiatric hospital, an outpatient clinic, as a clinical supervisor, as a school based therapist, counseled military, their spouses & children at bases in USA, Europe and Japan and private practice.
(828) 360-8820 View (828) 360-8820
Photo of Lawrence Cull, Psychologist in Swannanoa, NC
Lawrence Cull
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
I have been practicing clinical psychology for nearly 20 years as a licensed psychologist. In that time, I have had the pleasure of working with many people who have struggled with a wide range of challenges including relationship and couple's difficulties, addiction, anxiety, depression, serious health concerns, loss, and trauma. I utilize a number of different perspectives including cognitive-behavioral, emotion focused individual and couples, and dynamic therapies. I am also trained in EMDR, mindfulness, relaxation, stress, and pain management.
I have been practicing clinical psychology for nearly 20 years as a licensed psychologist. In that time, I have had the pleasure of working with many people who have struggled with a wide range of challenges including relationship and couple's difficulties, addiction, anxiety, depression, serious health concerns, loss, and trauma. I utilize a number of different perspectives including cognitive-behavioral, emotion focused individual and couples, and dynamic therapies. I am also trained in EMDR, mindfulness, relaxation, stress, and pain management.
(872) 814-7294 View (872) 814-7294
Photo of Vanessa Guerrero, LCMHC Associate in Swannanoa, NC
Vanessa Guerrero
LCMHC Associate, MA, LCMHC-A, NCC
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28804  (Online Only)
I work primarily with female adolescents and young adults with a history of chronic illness, trauma, perfectionism, depression, anxiety, and/or mood disorders.
Currently Accepting Clients ( Telehealth Only)-My name is Vanessa Guerero and I am a clinical therapist with Winter to Spring Wellness. Prior to being in Asheville for almost a decade, I originally hail from Miami, Fl. I am a proud daughter of Cuban immigrants and a first-generation college student. As a teen I had my own battles with physical and mental wellness, difficulties with acculturation as well as struggled with cultural stigma in regard to mental health care. Through my own work, I have been able to find healing and am now honored to support others who struggle with their own mental wellness and similar issues.
I work primarily with female adolescents and young adults with a history of chronic illness, trauma, perfectionism, depression, anxiety, and/or mood disorders.
Currently Accepting Clients ( Telehealth Only)-My name is Vanessa Guerero and I am a clinical therapist with Winter to Spring Wellness. Prior to being in Asheville for almost a decade, I originally hail from Miami, Fl. I am a proud daughter of Cuban immigrants and a first-generation college student. As a teen I had my own battles with physical and mental wellness, difficulties with acculturation as well as struggled with cultural stigma in regard to mental health care. Through my own work, I have been able to find healing and am now honored to support others who struggle with their own mental wellness and similar issues.
(828) 382-8550 View (828) 382-8550
Photo of Laurie Giannola, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Swannanoa, NC
Laurie Giannola
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801  (Online Only)
In these times of change and uncertainty, many individuals are feeling anxious, overwhelmed, sad, stressed, unmotivated and sometimes, hopeless and helpless. Reaching out for therapy is a brave, first step. I believe that successful therapy is rooted in the positive, working relationships I form with my clients. I offer a skills based approach, centered around exploration and empowerment to create change for positive life outcomes. We focus on specific problems, solutions, skills and reachable goals. I provide much more than traditional talk therapy and help clients achieve better results in life.
In these times of change and uncertainty, many individuals are feeling anxious, overwhelmed, sad, stressed, unmotivated and sometimes, hopeless and helpless. Reaching out for therapy is a brave, first step. I believe that successful therapy is rooted in the positive, working relationships I form with my clients. I offer a skills based approach, centered around exploration and empowerment to create change for positive life outcomes. We focus on specific problems, solutions, skills and reachable goals. I provide much more than traditional talk therapy and help clients achieve better results in life.
(631) 759-8112 View (631) 759-8112
Photo of Mary Monaghan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Swannanoa, NC
Mary Monaghan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS, CCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
Stress, anxiety, uncertainty, and fear can feel overwhelming. You may find yourself turning to drugs or alcohol, harmful eating patterns, self-harm, or fall back on other old habits to cope with your emotions. You may be struggling with anxiety, stress, depression, or fear. Maybe you are in recovery from addiction or an eating disorder, and are having trouble maintaining your progress. You may be navigating your gender and sexual identify. Or perhaps you are concerned that your teenager is dealing with some of these issues. Whatever you are facing, you are not alone! I am here to provide support, guidance, and encouragement.
Stress, anxiety, uncertainty, and fear can feel overwhelming. You may find yourself turning to drugs or alcohol, harmful eating patterns, self-harm, or fall back on other old habits to cope with your emotions. You may be struggling with anxiety, stress, depression, or fear. Maybe you are in recovery from addiction or an eating disorder, and are having trouble maintaining your progress. You may be navigating your gender and sexual identify. Or perhaps you are concerned that your teenager is dealing with some of these issues. Whatever you are facing, you are not alone! I am here to provide support, guidance, and encouragement.
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Photo of Jason McKeown, Marriage & Family Therapist in Swannanoa, NC
Jason McKeown
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CCATPCA
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28803
Hello and welcome! I'm a dedicated Marriage & Family Therapist committed to creating a safe and supportive space for individuals, couples, and families to navigate the challenges life. I work with clients relationally, whether that relationship is with yourself, a partner, or family member, I am here to guide and support your journey. I have helped thousands of families, couples, and individuals find peace, comfort, and happiness in their lives and relationships. I focus on deepening communication, creating new connection, and moving beyond the past events that control our present lives.
Hello and welcome! I'm a dedicated Marriage & Family Therapist committed to creating a safe and supportive space for individuals, couples, and families to navigate the challenges life. I work with clients relationally, whether that relationship is with yourself, a partner, or family member, I am here to guide and support your journey. I have helped thousands of families, couples, and individuals find peace, comfort, and happiness in their lives and relationships. I focus on deepening communication, creating new connection, and moving beyond the past events that control our present lives.
(828) 392-5949 View (828) 392-5949
Photo of Shatara Sheppard, Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
Shatara Sheppard
Counselor, MA, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801  (Online Only)
Are you feeling a sense of misalignment in certain aspects of your life, despite having done significant inner healing work? Do you find yourself stuck and unsure about how to move forward? It's common to experience these feelings, and we are here to provide the support and guidance you need. You deserve a safe, compassionate space to process your feelings and emotions without fear of judgment or backlash. We understand the importance of creating a nurturing environment where you can explore your inner world with honesty and vulnerability. You feel deeply, and this sometimes is a challenge in regulating your emotions effectively.
Are you feeling a sense of misalignment in certain aspects of your life, despite having done significant inner healing work? Do you find yourself stuck and unsure about how to move forward? It's common to experience these feelings, and we are here to provide the support and guidance you need. You deserve a safe, compassionate space to process your feelings and emotions without fear of judgment or backlash. We understand the importance of creating a nurturing environment where you can explore your inner world with honesty and vulnerability. You feel deeply, and this sometimes is a challenge in regulating your emotions effectively.
(704) 981-6538 View (704) 981-6538
Photo of Lauren Britton Counseling, Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
Lauren Britton Counseling
Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28805
Waitlist for new clients
The decision to attend counseling can be a difficult step, and finding the right therapist can feel daunting! I hope the information here will answer some of your questions. My goal as your therapist will be to walk next to you as you identify and move closer to your personal goals. I am passionate about empowering individuals with the skills to manage challenges and move towards an enhanced sense of fulfillment in life. I approach therapy from the belief that you are the ONLY expert on yourself. Together we can help you tap into and trust your internal wisdom.
The decision to attend counseling can be a difficult step, and finding the right therapist can feel daunting! I hope the information here will answer some of your questions. My goal as your therapist will be to walk next to you as you identify and move closer to your personal goals. I am passionate about empowering individuals with the skills to manage challenges and move towards an enhanced sense of fulfillment in life. I approach therapy from the belief that you are the ONLY expert on yourself. Together we can help you tap into and trust your internal wisdom.
(828) 293-4302 View (828) 293-4302
Photo of Full Circle Community Wellness, Licensed Professional Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
Full Circle Community Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MA, PsyD, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28804
Full Circle Counseling and Wellness provides access to high quality, experienced counselors and integrative wellness practitioners who operate in a holistic, community oriented environment. Our counselors have experience with a wide range of emotional and psychological health challenges and seek to make effective treatment strategies affordable and sustainable. We employ the power of relationship for therapeutic benefit and to help foster belonging and connection by surrounding you with resources and support. Whether making art together, weeding gardens, or playing a board game, we hope to provide community oriented opportunities for everyone.
Full Circle Counseling and Wellness provides access to high quality, experienced counselors and integrative wellness practitioners who operate in a holistic, community oriented environment. Our counselors have experience with a wide range of emotional and psychological health challenges and seek to make effective treatment strategies affordable and sustainable. We employ the power of relationship for therapeutic benefit and to help foster belonging and connection by surrounding you with resources and support. Whether making art together, weeding gardens, or playing a board game, we hope to provide community oriented opportunities for everyone.
(828) 483-4232 View (828) 483-4232
Photo of Forsyth Family Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
Forsyth Family Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
Our licensed therapists have extensive training and experience in issues affecting adults, couples, children, adolescents and their families. We specialize in treating a range of conditions including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, attachment, addiction, grief, women/men's issues, ADHD, oppositional/defiance, trauma, post traumatic stress disorder, OCD, and much more. We also offer extensive effective parenting training if your child is oppositional, defiant, and sometimes even aggressive.
Our licensed therapists have extensive training and experience in issues affecting adults, couples, children, adolescents and their families. We specialize in treating a range of conditions including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, attachment, addiction, grief, women/men's issues, ADHD, oppositional/defiance, trauma, post traumatic stress disorder, OCD, and much more. We also offer extensive effective parenting training if your child is oppositional, defiant, and sometimes even aggressive.
(828) 367-1010 View (828) 367-1010
Photo of Anne Jacobe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Swannanoa, NC
Anne Jacobe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801  (Online Only)
Welcome to this page and thank you for visiting.  I see my role as a therapist to be a witness and guide on your journey towards healing and wholeness.  I connect with those who are seeking to find themselves, dealing with a life transition, and seeking a supportive presence from a holistic foundation. I hold the space for change to occur as you move you closer to your goals. I creatively adjust to the unique needs of clients that come and see me.
Welcome to this page and thank you for visiting.  I see my role as a therapist to be a witness and guide on your journey towards healing and wholeness.  I connect with those who are seeking to find themselves, dealing with a life transition, and seeking a supportive presence from a holistic foundation. I hold the space for change to occur as you move you closer to your goals. I creatively adjust to the unique needs of clients that come and see me.
(276) 242-2581 View (276) 242-2581
Photo of Lindsay Okeefe, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
Lindsay Okeefe
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
I work with adults and couples who have a wide range of goals and challenges. I believe connection to oneself, to others, to community and to spirit are fundamental issues that underlie the particular problems people bring to therapy, as well as the solutions that emerge through therapeutic work.
I work with adults and couples who have a wide range of goals and challenges. I believe connection to oneself, to others, to community and to spirit are fundamental issues that underlie the particular problems people bring to therapy, as well as the solutions that emerge through therapeutic work.
(828) 484-0019 View (828) 484-0019
Photo of T.j. Stiers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Swannanoa, NC
T.j. Stiers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801  (Online Only)
The process of therapy is about removing your personal blocks to healing and helping you to remember all that is good, right, and well within you. The path to achieving this can be varied and uniquely personal. I use a variety of methods including traditional psychotherapy and EMDR to assist you in your process. I have helped clients process traumatic memories, cope with grief, and move from anxiety and depression to states of mindful calmness and well being.
The process of therapy is about removing your personal blocks to healing and helping you to remember all that is good, right, and well within you. The path to achieving this can be varied and uniquely personal. I use a variety of methods including traditional psychotherapy and EMDR to assist you in your process. I have helped clients process traumatic memories, cope with grief, and move from anxiety and depression to states of mindful calmness and well being.
(828) 597-0638 View (828) 597-0638
Photo of Stacy M Rush, Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
Stacy M Rush
Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I believe therapy is a way to enrich life and develop connection in a space with compassion and free of judgment. My methods involve treating the whole person, mind, body & spirit. I believe it is important to identify and process emotion, non-verbal communication, somatic expressions and subconscious processes. Memories play a part in how our brains process and store meaning to life. Misinterpreted meaning sometimes becomes internalized and leaves us with unwanted thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. As we work together we process those memories leaving undesired mind/body connections behind.
I believe therapy is a way to enrich life and develop connection in a space with compassion and free of judgment. My methods involve treating the whole person, mind, body & spirit. I believe it is important to identify and process emotion, non-verbal communication, somatic expressions and subconscious processes. Memories play a part in how our brains process and store meaning to life. Misinterpreted meaning sometimes becomes internalized and leaves us with unwanted thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. As we work together we process those memories leaving undesired mind/body connections behind.
(252) 302-2418 View (252) 302-2418
Photo of Paul Freedman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Swannanoa, NC
Paul Freedman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801  (Online Only)
I believe in transformation - yours (and mine), and that the draw towards the good is irresistible. Whatever challenges you face, there’s a way forward. How you see yourself - and those around you - can make all the difference. I want to know your story, how you tell it, and where you hope it will go. You’ll have a partner as you navigate life transitions and circumstances, learn to better manage difficult thoughts and feelings, change patterns that no longer serve you, and improve relationships. As your unfoldment happens (and yes, it's always messy), you’ll have an ally in this incredibly difficult yet doable work.
I believe in transformation - yours (and mine), and that the draw towards the good is irresistible. Whatever challenges you face, there’s a way forward. How you see yourself - and those around you - can make all the difference. I want to know your story, how you tell it, and where you hope it will go. You’ll have a partner as you navigate life transitions and circumstances, learn to better manage difficult thoughts and feelings, change patterns that no longer serve you, and improve relationships. As your unfoldment happens (and yes, it's always messy), you’ll have an ally in this incredibly difficult yet doable work.
(217) 286-1006 View (217) 286-1006
Photo of Kimberly Roe, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Swannanoa, NC
Kimberly Roe
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28803
Welcome! The calming presence of a seasoned therapist can provide much needed respite in an increasingly complex world. At its best, therapy can also help you to get to know yourself better and learn new tools to move forward from a place of self-compassion. I help individuals develop tools to heal from trauma and loss, let go of unhelpful thought and behavior patterns, and identify what they most value at work and in relationships. My deep-seated empathy drives my work with clients, which is informed by my 15 years as a licensed professional counselor and three years as a meditation instructor.
Welcome! The calming presence of a seasoned therapist can provide much needed respite in an increasingly complex world. At its best, therapy can also help you to get to know yourself better and learn new tools to move forward from a place of self-compassion. I help individuals develop tools to heal from trauma and loss, let go of unhelpful thought and behavior patterns, and identify what they most value at work and in relationships. My deep-seated empathy drives my work with clients, which is informed by my 15 years as a licensed professional counselor and three years as a meditation instructor.
(828) 383-8883 View (828) 383-8883

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Chronic Pain Therapists

How does chronic pain therapy work?

Engaging with a psychotherapist to help treat chronic pain does not mean that one’s pain is all in their head. Therapy for chronic-pain patients has been shown to benefit both the mind and the body, targeting physical symptoms and increasing daily functioning. In other words, for many, addressing their emotional health through therapy affects their physical health. A therapist can help a client challenge unhelpful thoughts about pain and develop new ways to respond to it, such as distraction or calming breathing techniques. Studies have found that therapy can be as effective as surgery for certain cases of chronic pain and many doctors recommend trying psychotherapy in advance of considering invasive surgery.

What are the most effective treatment options for chronic pain?

Stress, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, ruminating, lack of activity, and social withdrawal all make chronic pain worse. Addressing these issues, research shows, can help people gain control over their pain symptoms. Therapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, and mindfulness-based stress reduction, along with greater pain-management education, have been found to help people reduce fear and disability.

Are there new treatments for chronic pain?

Many cases of chronic pain, particularly those involving back pain, remain medically unexplained. But there is evidence that changes in the brain or nervous system are caused by previous physical ailments such as tissue damage; in such cases, the brain may continue to send out pain signals despite the physical cause having healed. To aid patients under these circumstances, a recently developed treatment known as pain reprocessing therapy (PRT) is designed to help the brain “unlearn” this response. A PRT practitioner helps individuals to reduce the “threat value” of their ongoing pain signals until they can reappraise them as less threatening and fear-inducing. They also help an individual to develop new emotional regulation skills.

How long does therapy for chronic pain take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from chronic pain, especially as there may be a range of physical and psychological causes for any individual’s discomfort, but most patients should expect to see a therapist for a number of weeks or months, typically spanning at least 12 sessions. Studies of pain reprocessing therapy found that many individuals’ experience of pain lessened in eight sessions over four weeks.