Chronic Pain Therapists in Boston, MA

Photo of Collaborative Health Psychology, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Collaborative Health Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
I am a clinical health psychologist who specializes in treating people coping with anxiety, chronic pain, stress, medical issues, mood disorders, and difficulties adjusting to life changes. I believe that each person is unique, and therefore no one approach is right for everyone. I strive to integrate a variety of techniques and perspectives from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness based therapies, relaxation training, biofeedback, clinical hypnotherapy, and supportive therapy to create a treatment that is tailored to the individual I am working with. For more information please visit my website at collaborativehealthpsychology.com
I am a clinical health psychologist who specializes in treating people coping with anxiety, chronic pain, stress, medical issues, mood disorders, and difficulties adjusting to life changes. I believe that each person is unique, and therefore no one approach is right for everyone. I strive to integrate a variety of techniques and perspectives from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness based therapies, relaxation training, biofeedback, clinical hypnotherapy, and supportive therapy to create a treatment that is tailored to the individual I am working with. For more information please visit my website at collaborativehealthpsychology.com
(617) 444-9055 View (617) 444-9055
Photo of Paragon Mental Health Counseling, Counselor in Boston, MA
Paragon Mental Health Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02111  (Online Only)
My specialties include helping clients presenting with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, physical disability, chronic health issues, chronic pain, and college-aged/ emerging adults coping with difficult life adjustments.
Are you exhausted by the daily struggle of living with depression, anxiety, or self-esteem issues? Does academic stress or entering into adulthood feel like an impossible challenge? Do you live with chronic pain, disability, or health conditions that cause emotional distress or feelings of isolation? Our mission is to excel at facilitating the positive change and healing you've been needing in your life. We achieve this not only with talk-therapy, but also by teaching applicable skills and coping strategies to be used daily as you navigate through adversity and strive for self-growth.
My specialties include helping clients presenting with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, physical disability, chronic health issues, chronic pain, and college-aged/ emerging adults coping with difficult life adjustments.
Are you exhausted by the daily struggle of living with depression, anxiety, or self-esteem issues? Does academic stress or entering into adulthood feel like an impossible challenge? Do you live with chronic pain, disability, or health conditions that cause emotional distress or feelings of isolation? Our mission is to excel at facilitating the positive change and healing you've been needing in your life. We achieve this not only with talk-therapy, but also by teaching applicable skills and coping strategies to be used daily as you navigate through adversity and strive for self-growth.
(339) 220-5568 View (339) 220-5568
Photo of Samantha Meints, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Samantha Meints
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02108  (Online Only)
When we feel stuck, sometimes we need some help to get our lives back on track. I work with clients with a variety of concerns including chronic pain, chronic health conditions, women's health issues, medical trauma, insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Together, we work to minimize stress, pain, and discomfort while maximizing quality of life. I provide both brief and long-term therapy to help clients set and reach goals according to their own personal values.
When we feel stuck, sometimes we need some help to get our lives back on track. I work with clients with a variety of concerns including chronic pain, chronic health conditions, women's health issues, medical trauma, insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Together, we work to minimize stress, pain, and discomfort while maximizing quality of life. I provide both brief and long-term therapy to help clients set and reach goals according to their own personal values.
(978) 541-4360 View (978) 541-4360
Photo of Healing & Wellness Arts, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Healing & Wellness Arts, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LICSW, APHSW-C
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114  (Online Only)
Are there things in your life you know you can work on but you’re not sure where to begin? Uncovering the obstacles keeping us from connecting to our true selves can seem scary and daunting. There are many competing priorities in our lives that can feel overwhelming and can make it difficult to know where to start. Working with a therapist can help. With a focus on chronic pain/serious illness, mood disorders and grief/end-of-life concerns, we can work together to develop a way through the chaos so you can feel more like yourself and get you closer to the person you know yourself to be.
Are there things in your life you know you can work on but you’re not sure where to begin? Uncovering the obstacles keeping us from connecting to our true selves can seem scary and daunting. There are many competing priorities in our lives that can feel overwhelming and can make it difficult to know where to start. Working with a therapist can help. With a focus on chronic pain/serious illness, mood disorders and grief/end-of-life concerns, we can work together to develop a way through the chaos so you can feel more like yourself and get you closer to the person you know yourself to be.
(734) 389-7345 View (734) 389-7345
Photo of Saul Rosenthal, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Saul Rosenthal
Psychologist, PhD, BCB, BCB-HRV, BCN
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02115
I integrate evidence-based biopsychosocial approaches to anxiety, depression, pain, headache and migraine, sleep, stress, Internet addiction and executive function deficits.
As of January 2023, I have very limited availability. I have over 20 years of experience working with a variety of health issues. I focus on optimizing health and healthy decision making, collaborating with clients in a way that's meaningful and long-lasting. Together, we work toward managing medical stress and the emotional challenges that have become barriers to personal growth. Health is an evolving, personal state blending both body and mind. My goal is for my clients to discover how to move toward true health and embrace their potential.
I integrate evidence-based biopsychosocial approaches to anxiety, depression, pain, headache and migraine, sleep, stress, Internet addiction and executive function deficits.
As of January 2023, I have very limited availability. I have over 20 years of experience working with a variety of health issues. I focus on optimizing health and healthy decision making, collaborating with clients in a way that's meaningful and long-lasting. Together, we work toward managing medical stress and the emotional challenges that have become barriers to personal growth. Health is an evolving, personal state blending both body and mind. My goal is for my clients to discover how to move toward true health and embrace their potential.
(617) 648-5924 View (617) 648-5924
Photo of William Jackson Mindfulness Based Therapy, Psychologist in Boston, MA
William Jackson Mindfulness Based Therapy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02119
I specialize in mindfulness based therapies and working with patients with co-morbid anxiety, depression, mood disturbance and other psychological symptoms causing, attributing or resulting from chronic pain or illness.
Where do you want to be in your life? What are the clear and practical steps to get there? How do you find the understanding, compassion and motivation to take those steps? These are the kinds of questions we will address while working together. As a clinical health psychologist and former Buddhist monk I use a collaborative approach focused on developing more personal well-being. I am a husband, father, brother and business owner who values individual perspectives, personal priorities and kindness. I am hard to offend and quick to trust with a healthy sense of humor.
I specialize in mindfulness based therapies and working with patients with co-morbid anxiety, depression, mood disturbance and other psychological symptoms causing, attributing or resulting from chronic pain or illness.
Where do you want to be in your life? What are the clear and practical steps to get there? How do you find the understanding, compassion and motivation to take those steps? These are the kinds of questions we will address while working together. As a clinical health psychologist and former Buddhist monk I use a collaborative approach focused on developing more personal well-being. I am a husband, father, brother and business owner who values individual perspectives, personal priorities and kindness. I am hard to offend and quick to trust with a healthy sense of humor.
(617) 487-4129 View (617) 487-4129
Photo of Elena Crisp, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Elena Crisp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02101  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with those who suffer from chronic pain, helping them to reclaim healing and empowerment.
Welcome. It takes courage to start therapy. As you enter this process of exploring yourself, I can offer expert guidance to help you untangle the messiness of life and move forward with greater authenticity and fulfillment. My approach to therapy focuses on building a trusting and interactive relationship that offers a safe place to explore and uncover truths with clarity. I offer empathy, curiosity, humor and accountability to foster collaboration and hope. I deeply believe in one's resiliency and my goal is always to help my clients more clearly see their innate strengths as the building blocks for change.
I specialize in working with those who suffer from chronic pain, helping them to reclaim healing and empowerment.
Welcome. It takes courage to start therapy. As you enter this process of exploring yourself, I can offer expert guidance to help you untangle the messiness of life and move forward with greater authenticity and fulfillment. My approach to therapy focuses on building a trusting and interactive relationship that offers a safe place to explore and uncover truths with clarity. I offer empathy, curiosity, humor and accountability to foster collaboration and hope. I deeply believe in one's resiliency and my goal is always to help my clients more clearly see their innate strengths as the building blocks for change.
(508) 500-8831 View (508) 500-8831
Photo of Lara Birk in Boston, MA
Lara Birk
PhD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02130  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a certified pain coach trained in Pain Reprocessing Therapy, the Curable curriculum on pain neuroscience, Emotional Awareness & Expression Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Health & Wellness Coaching, and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction. I teach clients evidence-based tools emerging from cutting-edge pain neuroscience so that they can learn to calm their own nervous systems, and subsequently, their own pain. I know firsthand the profound healing power of mindbody medicine: after decades disempowered by pain, I got my life back, only better. I am here to help empower others so they too can reclaim lives of meaning & joy.
I am a certified pain coach trained in Pain Reprocessing Therapy, the Curable curriculum on pain neuroscience, Emotional Awareness & Expression Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Health & Wellness Coaching, and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction. I teach clients evidence-based tools emerging from cutting-edge pain neuroscience so that they can learn to calm their own nervous systems, and subsequently, their own pain. I know firsthand the profound healing power of mindbody medicine: after decades disempowered by pain, I got my life back, only better. I am here to help empower others so they too can reclaim lives of meaning & joy.
(210) 934-4847 View (210) 934-4847
Photo of Jessica Mosey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Jessica Mosey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02215  (Online Only)
My areas of expertise are grief and loss, chronic, serious, and terminal illnesses, chronic pain, cancer and cancer survivorship, and caregiver fatigue.
I currently have an evening time slot open for a new client. I see therapy as guidance for healing, self-development, and an opportunity to feel understood. Through a collaborative, therapeutic approach, I utilize empathy, patience, and a sense of humor, to help clients through unexpected challenges and transitional life phases. I bring a combination of my clinical background and empathy through the use of a strengths based and person centered approach. I strive to provide individualized, compassionate psychotherapy in a safe, welcoming environment.
My areas of expertise are grief and loss, chronic, serious, and terminal illnesses, chronic pain, cancer and cancer survivorship, and caregiver fatigue.
I currently have an evening time slot open for a new client. I see therapy as guidance for healing, self-development, and an opportunity to feel understood. Through a collaborative, therapeutic approach, I utilize empathy, patience, and a sense of humor, to help clients through unexpected challenges and transitional life phases. I bring a combination of my clinical background and empathy through the use of a strengths based and person centered approach. I strive to provide individualized, compassionate psychotherapy in a safe, welcoming environment.
(781) 625-9662 View (781) 625-9662
Photo of Jesse D Kosiba, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Jesse D Kosiba
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02101
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the assessment and treatment of addictions, substance use problems, anxiety and mood disorders, and persistent pain conditions. My therapeutic approach is built on thoughtful collaboration as a foundation for meaningful and lasting change. I believe that therapy is most effective when approached in a supportive and flexible manner and grounded in the most up-to-date evidence-based treatments. In terms of substance use/addictions, I work with clients to carefully identify and work toward their goals regardless of moderation or abstinence.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the assessment and treatment of addictions, substance use problems, anxiety and mood disorders, and persistent pain conditions. My therapeutic approach is built on thoughtful collaboration as a foundation for meaningful and lasting change. I believe that therapy is most effective when approached in a supportive and flexible manner and grounded in the most up-to-date evidence-based treatments. In terms of substance use/addictions, I work with clients to carefully identify and work toward their goals regardless of moderation or abstinence.
(857) 340-5579 View (857) 340-5579
Photo of Dr. Laura A Payne, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Dr. Laura A Payne
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02215
Waitlist for new clients
I use evidence-based treatment approaches for adults struggling with chronic pain, anxiety, depression, and related issues, with a particular focus on women's gynecologic pain. My practice focuses on using cutting edge therapeutic approaches that provide demonstrable results in a relatively short time frame. My approach fosters a collaborative therapeutic relationship, where we work together to reduce fear of pain and physical sensations and modify behaviors to achieve your specified treatment goals.
I use evidence-based treatment approaches for adults struggling with chronic pain, anxiety, depression, and related issues, with a particular focus on women's gynecologic pain. My practice focuses on using cutting edge therapeutic approaches that provide demonstrable results in a relatively short time frame. My approach fosters a collaborative therapeutic relationship, where we work together to reduce fear of pain and physical sensations and modify behaviors to achieve your specified treatment goals.
(857) 626-8535 View (857) 626-8535
Photo of Yvette Mallory, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Yvette Mallory
Psychologist, PsyD, LP, RN
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02101  (Online Only)
I have specialized training in working with chronic pain and insomnia.
As a psychologist and nurse, I bring a unique understanding to therapy with a focus on both biological and psychological factors that impact mood and behavioral patterns. I believe in a collaborative and holistic approach in my work to help each client achieve personal life goals that are generally aimed at improving health and wellness, managing stress, and improving relationships.
I have specialized training in working with chronic pain and insomnia.
As a psychologist and nurse, I bring a unique understanding to therapy with a focus on both biological and psychological factors that impact mood and behavioral patterns. I believe in a collaborative and holistic approach in my work to help each client achieve personal life goals that are generally aimed at improving health and wellness, managing stress, and improving relationships.
(629) 260-4640 View (629) 260-4640
Photo of Diana Arntz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Boston, MA
Diana Arntz
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02123
I specialize in the treatment of stress, anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, chronic pain, and insomnia. I use a warm, strengths-focused, and collaborative style and emphasize integrative, whole person care. I currently have availability for in-person appointments on Mondays and Fridays at Boston Behavioral Medicine in Brookline and also offer telehealth sessions on Wednesdays.
I specialize in the treatment of stress, anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, chronic pain, and insomnia. I use a warm, strengths-focused, and collaborative style and emphasize integrative, whole person care. I currently have availability for in-person appointments on Mondays and Fridays at Boston Behavioral Medicine in Brookline and also offer telehealth sessions on Wednesdays.
(617) 431-4345 View (617) 431-4345
Photo of Latoya Scott, Pre-Licensed Professional in Boston, MA
Latoya Scott
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02215  (Online Only)
If you're experiencing family conflict and stressors, parenting challenges, chronic pain, anxiety, racing thoughts, prolonged sadness and depression, distress due to traumatic experiences, changes in your self beliefs and identity, persistent fearfulness, grief, mood disorders, or you've been trying to gain as much control over your life as possible due to other chronic mental illness, I am here for you!
If you're experiencing family conflict and stressors, parenting challenges, chronic pain, anxiety, racing thoughts, prolonged sadness and depression, distress due to traumatic experiences, changes in your self beliefs and identity, persistent fearfulness, grief, mood disorders, or you've been trying to gain as much control over your life as possible due to other chronic mental illness, I am here for you!
(774) 260-6947 View (774) 260-6947
Photo of Matt Raspanti, Counselor in Boston, MA
Matt Raspanti
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02127  (Online Only)
I work with adults to address issues related to anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, substance use, and chronic pain or illness.
I am currently accepting new clients. Wherever you may be in your journey, I look forward to joining you on your path towards greater mental and emotional well-being. I create a safe and nonjudgmental space to explore your thoughts and feelings, and prioritize that you feel understood. I aim to empower you as we collaborate to view the impact of your life’s stressors from new perspectives, to help you heal, and grow.
I work with adults to address issues related to anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, substance use, and chronic pain or illness.
I am currently accepting new clients. Wherever you may be in your journey, I look forward to joining you on your path towards greater mental and emotional well-being. I create a safe and nonjudgmental space to explore your thoughts and feelings, and prioritize that you feel understood. I aim to empower you as we collaborate to view the impact of your life’s stressors from new perspectives, to help you heal, and grow.
(617) 765-1377 View (617) 765-1377
Photo of Christina Psaros, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Christina Psaros
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02114  (Online Only)
I am especially passionate about women’s health during reproductive transitions and helping women navigate the stress that comes from managing multiple roles, and about working with individuals who are managing chronic illness (e.
I am a clinical psychologist with over 15 years of experience delivering high quality psychotherapy to a variety of populations. I have specialized training in Behavioral Medicine (fellowship at MGH/Harvard Medical School) and have a deep appreciation for the degree to which mental health contributes to overall and physical wellbeing. My approach to psychotherapy is client centered, leverages evidence-based strategies, and is grounded in compassion. As a cognitive-behavioral therapist (CBT), I will work with you to identify your individual goals and the ways in which patterns of thoughts and behaviors may impede those goals.
I am especially passionate about women’s health during reproductive transitions and helping women navigate the stress that comes from managing multiple roles, and about working with individuals who are managing chronic illness (e.
I am a clinical psychologist with over 15 years of experience delivering high quality psychotherapy to a variety of populations. I have specialized training in Behavioral Medicine (fellowship at MGH/Harvard Medical School) and have a deep appreciation for the degree to which mental health contributes to overall and physical wellbeing. My approach to psychotherapy is client centered, leverages evidence-based strategies, and is grounded in compassion. As a cognitive-behavioral therapist (CBT), I will work with you to identify your individual goals and the ways in which patterns of thoughts and behaviors may impede those goals.
(617) 977-5298 View (617) 977-5298
Photo of Rachel Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Rachel Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
Welcome! I commend you for being here. I understand how looking for a therapist is a difficult process. We all encounter life stressors, pain, relationship struggles and setbacks, and it is important to find a therapist we can trust. My top priorities are to make sure my clients feel safe, heard and validated, and that they leave their sessions feeling understood and empowered.
Welcome! I commend you for being here. I understand how looking for a therapist is a difficult process. We all encounter life stressors, pain, relationship struggles and setbacks, and it is important to find a therapist we can trust. My top priorities are to make sure my clients feel safe, heard and validated, and that they leave their sessions feeling understood and empowered.
(617) 744-7897 View (617) 744-7897
Photo of Marina Williams, Counselor in Boston, MA
Marina Williams
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02136  (Online Only)
I provide a warm, judgment-free healing atmosphere for clients that focuses on support and growth. In addition to my training in evidence-based therapies, I also utilize an intuitive counseling approach. I work with clients that are seeking to resolve issues related to childhood trauma, self esteem, depression, anxiety, and bullying. Untreated stress and trauma can manifest in the body as depression and anxiety, but also chronic health issues like back pain, autoimmune disease, headaches, acid reflux, etc... I am an experienced counselor licensed in the states of Massachusetts and Virginia.
I provide a warm, judgment-free healing atmosphere for clients that focuses on support and growth. In addition to my training in evidence-based therapies, I also utilize an intuitive counseling approach. I work with clients that are seeking to resolve issues related to childhood trauma, self esteem, depression, anxiety, and bullying. Untreated stress and trauma can manifest in the body as depression and anxiety, but also chronic health issues like back pain, autoimmune disease, headaches, acid reflux, etc... I am an experienced counselor licensed in the states of Massachusetts and Virginia.
(857) 420-5557 View (857) 420-5557
Photo of Laura Greve, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Laura Greve
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
I am a clinical health psychologist specializing in treating adults with anxiety, depression, chronic illness, stress, medical issues, mood disorders, and difficulties adjusting to life changes. I specialize in high achieving students and professionals or those in high-pressure careers. I integrate various techniques and perspectives from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based therapies, relaxation training, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and supportive therapy to create a tailored treatment for each individual. For more information please visit my website at bostonhealthpsych.com.
I am a clinical health psychologist specializing in treating adults with anxiety, depression, chronic illness, stress, medical issues, mood disorders, and difficulties adjusting to life changes. I specialize in high achieving students and professionals or those in high-pressure careers. I integrate various techniques and perspectives from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based therapies, relaxation training, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and supportive therapy to create a tailored treatment for each individual. For more information please visit my website at bostonhealthpsych.com.
(617) 674-1106 View (617) 674-1106
Photo of Jennifer M Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Jennifer M Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
I am not accept new clients at this time. I work to create a space without judgment where clients can learn, heal and grow. I work with people living with life transitions, trauma, grief/life losses and chronic illness/burns with compassion, while acknowledging the unique experience of each person. Every client I meet comes with their own set of gifts, challenges, supports and dreams. No one tells the same story as another...and I welcome the distinctiveness of each client. Entering therapy can be a scary process. I take great pride in my ability to create a safe space to partner and explored with each client uniquely.
I am not accept new clients at this time. I work to create a space without judgment where clients can learn, heal and grow. I work with people living with life transitions, trauma, grief/life losses and chronic illness/burns with compassion, while acknowledging the unique experience of each person. Every client I meet comes with their own set of gifts, challenges, supports and dreams. No one tells the same story as another...and I welcome the distinctiveness of each client. Entering therapy can be a scary process. I take great pride in my ability to create a safe space to partner and explored with each client uniquely.
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Chronic Pain Therapists

How does chronic pain therapy work?

Engaging with a psychotherapist to help treat chronic pain does not mean that one’s pain is all in their head. Therapy for chronic-pain patients has been shown to benefit both the mind and the body, targeting physical symptoms and increasing daily functioning. In other words, for many, addressing their emotional health through therapy affects their physical health. A therapist can help a client challenge unhelpful thoughts about pain and develop new ways to respond to it, such as distraction or calming breathing techniques. Studies have found that therapy can be as effective as surgery for certain cases of chronic pain and many doctors recommend trying psychotherapy in advance of considering invasive surgery.

What are the most effective treatment options for chronic pain?

Stress, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, ruminating, lack of activity, and social withdrawal all make chronic pain worse. Addressing these issues, research shows, can help people gain control over their pain symptoms. Therapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, and mindfulness-based stress reduction, along with greater pain-management education, have been found to help people reduce fear and disability.

Are there new treatments for chronic pain?

Many cases of chronic pain, particularly those involving back pain, remain medically unexplained. But there is evidence that changes in the brain or nervous system are caused by previous physical ailments such as tissue damage; in such cases, the brain may continue to send out pain signals despite the physical cause having healed. To aid patients under these circumstances, a recently developed treatment known as pain reprocessing therapy (PRT) is designed to help the brain “unlearn” this response. A PRT practitioner helps individuals to reduce the “threat value” of their ongoing pain signals until they can reappraise them as less threatening and fear-inducing. They also help an individual to develop new emotional regulation skills.

How long does therapy for chronic pain take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from chronic pain, especially as there may be a range of physical and psychological causes for any individual’s discomfort, but most patients should expect to see a therapist for a number of weeks or months, typically spanning at least 12 sessions. Studies of pain reprocessing therapy found that many individuals’ experience of pain lessened in eight sessions over four weeks.