Therapists in San Francisco, CA

View neighborhoods in San Francisco
Photo of Angela Soto, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Angela Soto
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Hi, I’m Angela Carlos a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have a master’s degree in counseling psychology and have been licensed since 2017. I work from a cognitive behavioral modality combined with person centered and solution focused. I believe in assisting clients on their journey to develop better quality of life.
Hi, I’m Angela Carlos a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have a master’s degree in counseling psychology and have been licensed since 2017. I work from a cognitive behavioral modality combined with person centered and solution focused. I believe in assisting clients on their journey to develop better quality of life.
(415) 903-7957 View (415) 903-7957
Photo of Luna Shadzi in San Francisco, CA
Luna Shadzi
AMFT, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Becoming your best self has never been more possible! Together, let’s figure out how to achieve your goals and find your inner truth. In my therapy practice, I draw on my personal experience, struggles, and growth to better empathize with my patients. Therapy helped me overcome traumas and complicated griefs. It helped me find a new meaning in life which is to help others find their way and achieve their goals.
Becoming your best self has never been more possible! Together, let’s figure out how to achieve your goals and find your inner truth. In my therapy practice, I draw on my personal experience, struggles, and growth to better empathize with my patients. Therapy helped me overcome traumas and complicated griefs. It helped me find a new meaning in life which is to help others find their way and achieve their goals.
(571) 517-2918 View (571) 517-2918
Photo of Robert Waska, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Robert Waska
Counselor, LPCC, MFT, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Effective Anxiety Treatment. Psychotherapy can help you resolve the panic, self-doubt, nervousness, and insecurity. Anxiety can cripple your day-to-day happiness, your relationships, your career, and your self-worth. Obsessive thinking, compulsive behaviors, worry patterns, and social anxiety can be managed and mastered. I use research based counseling techniques to create change and lasting relief.
Effective Anxiety Treatment. Psychotherapy can help you resolve the panic, self-doubt, nervousness, and insecurity. Anxiety can cripple your day-to-day happiness, your relationships, your career, and your self-worth. Obsessive thinking, compulsive behaviors, worry patterns, and social anxiety can be managed and mastered. I use research based counseling techniques to create change and lasting relief.
(415) 689-1009 View (415) 689-1009
Photo of Maureen K Fisher, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Maureen K Fisher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
I treat clients whose daily functioning, self image and way of relating to others has been negatively impacted by anxiety, depression, and various external or situational stressors. Compassion and collaboration are crucial in facilitating healing and creating a functional therapeutic rapport that allows for increasingly greater presence of mind. Education and 15 years of clinical experience underscore my belief that people can feel better as they practice more adaptive thinking and behavior in the present.
I treat clients whose daily functioning, self image and way of relating to others has been negatively impacted by anxiety, depression, and various external or situational stressors. Compassion and collaboration are crucial in facilitating healing and creating a functional therapeutic rapport that allows for increasingly greater presence of mind. Education and 15 years of clinical experience underscore my belief that people can feel better as they practice more adaptive thinking and behavior in the present.
(415) 423-1152 View (415) 423-1152
Photo of Scott W. Menasco, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Scott W. Menasco
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
What brings us to ask for help often becomes fuel for transformation. Here, our symptoms are sign-posts letting us know that healing and growth are possible. I support my clients in seeing whatever challenge they bring to therapy as a call to transformation. I specialize in working with adults who want to heal and grow deeply. I have expertise recovery from shame, low self-esteem, codependency and developing self-compassion. The potential of therapy is about growth and fulfillment over the long arc of our lives and I maintain that whatever our current conflicts, they pertain to that.
What brings us to ask for help often becomes fuel for transformation. Here, our symptoms are sign-posts letting us know that healing and growth are possible. I support my clients in seeing whatever challenge they bring to therapy as a call to transformation. I specialize in working with adults who want to heal and grow deeply. I have expertise recovery from shame, low self-esteem, codependency and developing self-compassion. The potential of therapy is about growth and fulfillment over the long arc of our lives and I maintain that whatever our current conflicts, they pertain to that.
(415) 449-7953 View (415) 449-7953
Photo of Emma Farr Rawlings, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Emma Farr Rawlings
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
1976,studies in Jungian, Psychosynthesis & Gestalt. 1983, completed Intensive Psychosynthesis Training with, Diana Whitmore, UK and Piero Ferrucci, Italy. 1977 , Staff Therapist at Diabasis House, San Francisco, a Jungian oriented residential alternative to hospitalization for acutely psychotic young adults,using no medication and offering Spiritual Crisis Intervention & Somatic Psychotherapy(1978-1982).Worked one on one with Autistic children, Buck Foundation Research(1982-1984).1980..., trained with Dr. Ron Alexander Ph.D,originator of the Open Mind Training. Completed Intensive Medical Intuitive Training with Caroline Myss and Norm Shealy M.D.(1995-1997).Diplomate, Comprehensive Energy Psychology,ACEP(2006-present)
1976,studies in Jungian, Psychosynthesis & Gestalt. 1983, completed Intensive Psychosynthesis Training with, Diana Whitmore, UK and Piero Ferrucci, Italy. 1977 , Staff Therapist at Diabasis House, San Francisco, a Jungian oriented residential alternative to hospitalization for acutely psychotic young adults,using no medication and offering Spiritual Crisis Intervention & Somatic Psychotherapy(1978-1982).Worked one on one with Autistic children, Buck Foundation Research(1982-1984).1980..., trained with Dr. Ron Alexander Ph.D,originator of the Open Mind Training. Completed Intensive Medical Intuitive Training with Caroline Myss and Norm Shealy M.D.(1995-1997).Diplomate, Comprehensive Energy Psychology,ACEP(2006-present)
(415) 367-3130 View (415) 367-3130
Photo of Dr. Christina M. Charlotin, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Christina M. Charlotin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94108
In our work together, my intention is to help you break away from the maladaptive thought patterns, emotions, actions, and external circumstances that keep you stuck in an unwanted experience. My goal is to help you create progress towards the life you do want for yourself. I’ll want to understand the changes you’d like to see in yourself. With this in mind, I’ll want to identify the behaviors you’d like to demonstrate, the lasting emotions you’d like to feel, and the outcomes you’d like to see present themselves in your life. With that information, we'll set the overall goals for therapy. Now providing Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.
In our work together, my intention is to help you break away from the maladaptive thought patterns, emotions, actions, and external circumstances that keep you stuck in an unwanted experience. My goal is to help you create progress towards the life you do want for yourself. I’ll want to understand the changes you’d like to see in yourself. With this in mind, I’ll want to identify the behaviors you’d like to demonstrate, the lasting emotions you’d like to feel, and the outcomes you’d like to see present themselves in your life. With that information, we'll set the overall goals for therapy. Now providing Psychedelic Assisted Therapy.
(628) 201-6946 View (628) 201-6946
Photo of Ken Gladstone, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Ken Gladstone
Psychologist
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94103
In my practice, I enjoy meeting with a range of people in terms of age, demographics, and psychological needs. In addition to extensive training, I have many years of experience providing care for those in need here in the Bay Area. I also have specific expertise in the areas of trauma, substance abuse, anxiety, and relationship difficulties. I incorporate the well-researched areas of psychodynamic, family systems, and cognitive-behavioral therapies into my work. As each person is different, I carefully tailor our work to your needs and your goals.
In my practice, I enjoy meeting with a range of people in terms of age, demographics, and psychological needs. In addition to extensive training, I have many years of experience providing care for those in need here in the Bay Area. I also have specific expertise in the areas of trauma, substance abuse, anxiety, and relationship difficulties. I incorporate the well-researched areas of psychodynamic, family systems, and cognitive-behavioral therapies into my work. As each person is different, I carefully tailor our work to your needs and your goals.
(628) 222-4325 View (628) 222-4325
Photo of Andrew Vogl in San Francisco, CA
Andrew Vogl
MA, BCBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I provide coaching and therapy for autism and Asperger's and have been doing so for 30 years. Most of my clients consider themselves autistic or on the autism spectrum. My clients learn to understand autism on a deeper level. I work with my clients on black-and-white thinking, expressing emotions, the need for masking, and understanding the needs of others. My clients learn to prioritize flexibility from a heartfelt standpoint to achieve a better career, relationship, or social life. I also train parents to teach this process to their children. Parents learn to address difficult behaviors and limitations in communication.
I provide coaching and therapy for autism and Asperger's and have been doing so for 30 years. Most of my clients consider themselves autistic or on the autism spectrum. My clients learn to understand autism on a deeper level. I work with my clients on black-and-white thinking, expressing emotions, the need for masking, and understanding the needs of others. My clients learn to prioritize flexibility from a heartfelt standpoint to achieve a better career, relationship, or social life. I also train parents to teach this process to their children. Parents learn to address difficult behaviors and limitations in communication.
(415) 527-5431 View (415) 527-5431
Photo of Skip John D Perkins, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Skip John D Perkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Not accepting new clients
All people struggle, and I believe everyone has the capacity for change/growth hidden within themselves. I'm most successful working with those who are interested in meeting this potential with hope and curiosity. By building a trusting, safe and consistent relationship, together, I believe I can help you unlock or uncover your best potential and use it to meet your own goals.
All people struggle, and I believe everyone has the capacity for change/growth hidden within themselves. I'm most successful working with those who are interested in meeting this potential with hope and curiosity. By building a trusting, safe and consistent relationship, together, I believe I can help you unlock or uncover your best potential and use it to meet your own goals.
(415) 969-5074 View (415) 969-5074
Photo of Dona Herrera, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dona Herrera
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
My name is Dona Herrera, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) located in California. I am a mental health professional who specializes in providing therapy and counseling services to individuals, couples, and families. I am trained to address a wide range of issues, including relationship problems, communication difficulties, and emotional challenges within the context of family and marriage dynamics. I received my degrees in Marriage and Family Therapy from University of Pheonix and a second degree in Mental Health and Wellness in Christian Ministry from Grand Canyon University.
My name is Dona Herrera, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) located in California. I am a mental health professional who specializes in providing therapy and counseling services to individuals, couples, and families. I am trained to address a wide range of issues, including relationship problems, communication difficulties, and emotional challenges within the context of family and marriage dynamics. I received my degrees in Marriage and Family Therapy from University of Pheonix and a second degree in Mental Health and Wellness in Christian Ministry from Grand Canyon University.
(415) 993-5254 View (415) 993-5254
Photo of Elizabeth Geeslin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Elizabeth Geeslin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94122  (Online Only)
I offer a safe and non-judgmental space where all parts of you are welcomed to come forward, and will be met with curiosity and deep reverence. I am drawn to, and inspired by, the power of human resiliency. I believe we all have an innate wellspring of information, experiences, and tools inside of us, to guide us to a deeper sense of ourselves. I am passionate about helping you discover, explore, and connect to all parts of you, in order to live a more full and embodied life.
I offer a safe and non-judgmental space where all parts of you are welcomed to come forward, and will be met with curiosity and deep reverence. I am drawn to, and inspired by, the power of human resiliency. I believe we all have an innate wellspring of information, experiences, and tools inside of us, to guide us to a deeper sense of ourselves. I am passionate about helping you discover, explore, and connect to all parts of you, in order to live a more full and embodied life.
(628) 288-4092 View (628) 288-4092
Photo of Kelsey Urauchi, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kelsey Urauchi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I offer virtual therapy to couples and individuals seeking peace and purpose in their lives and relationships. I believe in everyone's capacity and right to feel well and whole. I strive to build effective, honest, and loving communication strategies so that couples can restore their sense of navigating life together as a powerful alliance.
I offer virtual therapy to couples and individuals seeking peace and purpose in their lives and relationships. I believe in everyone's capacity and right to feel well and whole. I strive to build effective, honest, and loving communication strategies so that couples can restore their sense of navigating life together as a powerful alliance.
(415) 941-3095 View (415) 941-3095
Photo of Kari Floberg, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kari Floberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Therapy can help you locate your internal compass in order to navigate the challenges that life brings. If you are seeking therapy, perhaps some area of your life is out of balance. You may feel conflicted, that you are not finding the connection you want in relationships or not living up to your fullest potential. I can help you make sense of these feelings, cultivate your innate gifts and respectfully let go of old habits so you can live more freely.
Therapy can help you locate your internal compass in order to navigate the challenges that life brings. If you are seeking therapy, perhaps some area of your life is out of balance. You may feel conflicted, that you are not finding the connection you want in relationships or not living up to your fullest potential. I can help you make sense of these feelings, cultivate your innate gifts and respectfully let go of old habits so you can live more freely.
(415) 634-4098 View (415) 634-4098
Photo of Elena Felder, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Elena Felder
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Not accepting new clients
My practice is currently full but I encourage you to go to the Referrals page on my website for a list of EMDR therapists whose work I know and trust. I work with individuals to create a safe place to explore patterns in your relationships and areas where you are stuck in trauma or depression. I offer both brief and long-term therapy with individuals and couples using a variety of techniques and modalities including deep listening, EMDR, hypnotherapy, relaxation training, exploring connections between current struggles and past experiences and increasing body awareness.
My practice is currently full but I encourage you to go to the Referrals page on my website for a list of EMDR therapists whose work I know and trust. I work with individuals to create a safe place to explore patterns in your relationships and areas where you are stuck in trauma or depression. I offer both brief and long-term therapy with individuals and couples using a variety of techniques and modalities including deep listening, EMDR, hypnotherapy, relaxation training, exploring connections between current struggles and past experiences and increasing body awareness.
(510) 907-6651 View (510) 907-6651
Photo of Lucy Colvin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lucy Colvin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling stuck? I use a holistic mind/body approach to therapy to help you loosen those stuck places, and to feel confident and more fully at ease with yourself and others. Sometimes anxiety and worries can become obstacles to achieving your goals, limiting your experience and potential. You can develop tools to use to get these stuck places moving again and to live with less anxiety. We will work together to help you identify triggers and fears and to understand and disentangle from familial patterns to enable you to experience successful meaningful relationships and joy in your life.
Are you feeling stuck? I use a holistic mind/body approach to therapy to help you loosen those stuck places, and to feel confident and more fully at ease with yourself and others. Sometimes anxiety and worries can become obstacles to achieving your goals, limiting your experience and potential. You can develop tools to use to get these stuck places moving again and to live with less anxiety. We will work together to help you identify triggers and fears and to understand and disentangle from familial patterns to enable you to experience successful meaningful relationships and joy in your life.
(650) 918-5910 View (650) 918-5910
Photo of Sabrina Curtis, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Sabrina Curtis
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122  (Online Only)
The core of human suffering lies in the resistance to what is... J. Prendergast
The core of human suffering lies in the resistance to what is... J. Prendergast
(415) 423-2147 View (415) 423-2147
Photo of Matt McKeithan, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Matt McKeithan
Psychologist, PsyD, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating those with various mental disorders and behavioral issues to include: ADHD, PTSD, Anxiety, and Personality Disorders. I utilize detailed Psychological Assessment, and empirically supported treatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Mindfulness. I am certified as a DBT practitioner and a life coach. Lastly, I integrate a holistic mindset into my practice, where emphasis is placed on gut/brain health, sleep quality, lifestyle, and diet.
I specialize in treating those with various mental disorders and behavioral issues to include: ADHD, PTSD, Anxiety, and Personality Disorders. I utilize detailed Psychological Assessment, and empirically supported treatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Mindfulness. I am certified as a DBT practitioner and a life coach. Lastly, I integrate a holistic mindset into my practice, where emphasis is placed on gut/brain health, sleep quality, lifestyle, and diet.
(628) 214-2794 View (628) 214-2794
Photo of Christina Frenzel, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Christina Frenzel
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94158  (Online Only)
I specialize in treating individuals, couples, and families affected by chronic illness (diabetes, autoimmune disorders, medical trauma, chronic pain), neurodivergence (ADHD, autism, anxiety, executive dysfunction, emotional dysregulation), and relationship issues (communication, codependency, social anxiety, dating, narcissistic abuse). I utilize a variety of evidence-based modalities tailored to every client’s unique and individual needs. My style is warm, nurturing, collaborative , and non-judgmental. I hope to support you in growing a deeper sense of awareness, creativity, connection, confidence, and purpose in your life.
I specialize in treating individuals, couples, and families affected by chronic illness (diabetes, autoimmune disorders, medical trauma, chronic pain), neurodivergence (ADHD, autism, anxiety, executive dysfunction, emotional dysregulation), and relationship issues (communication, codependency, social anxiety, dating, narcissistic abuse). I utilize a variety of evidence-based modalities tailored to every client’s unique and individual needs. My style is warm, nurturing, collaborative , and non-judgmental. I hope to support you in growing a deeper sense of awareness, creativity, connection, confidence, and purpose in your life.
(650) 910-5548 View (650) 910-5548
Photo of Wendy Von Wiederhold, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Wendy Von Wiederhold
Psychologist, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Emotions can sometimes be difficult to bear-sadness, worries about yourself and others, fears, painful recurrent interactions and relationships. Working with an understanding professional to explore feelings and expectations about yourself and your relationships can be the key to clarifying troubling emotional states. These feelings can cause recurrent painful states, or push us toward repetitive or self-destructive behaviors. Exploring these feelings in a safe relationship can cause feelings about yourself and others to shift, opening to new ways of thinking and behaving. This allows for greater flexibility, enhanced creativity, a better relationship with yourself, and better connections and relationships.
Emotions can sometimes be difficult to bear-sadness, worries about yourself and others, fears, painful recurrent interactions and relationships. Working with an understanding professional to explore feelings and expectations about yourself and your relationships can be the key to clarifying troubling emotional states. These feelings can cause recurrent painful states, or push us toward repetitive or self-destructive behaviors. Exploring these feelings in a safe relationship can cause feelings about yourself and others to shift, opening to new ways of thinking and behaving. This allows for greater flexibility, enhanced creativity, a better relationship with yourself, and better connections and relationships.
(415) 322-0318 View (415) 322-0318

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.