Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Ali Gunsberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ali Gunsberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
One of the most difficult aspects of being a parent is seeing your child in pain and feeling like there is nothing that you can do to help. Whether they feel the pain of depression, anxiety, loss, trauma, divorce or social and academic pressure, my expertise is in helping children connect with their inner strength and confidence. I support families in developing the communication skills necessary to allow children to grow and move forward in healthy ways. I believe all children are unique, and my goal is to help bring out the best in your child.
One of the most difficult aspects of being a parent is seeing your child in pain and feeling like there is nothing that you can do to help. Whether they feel the pain of depression, anxiety, loss, trauma, divorce or social and academic pressure, my expertise is in helping children connect with their inner strength and confidence. I support families in developing the communication skills necessary to allow children to grow and move forward in healthy ways. I believe all children are unique, and my goal is to help bring out the best in your child.
(415) 295-4664 View (415) 295-4664
Photo of Minerva Romano Correa, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Minerva Romano Correa
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
It is not uncommon for someone to find themselves in a state of emotional reaction, due to negative childhood experiences, life challenges, trauma or constant relationship problems. This is not only an emotional response, but a physical and spiritual one as well. I am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). A very effective and helpful therapy that cuts talk time in half, and focuses on releasing present and past emotional distress. I also use the latest mindfulness techniques, among others, to provide you with a personalizad and comprehensive treatment. Avoid the commute and try Online therapy!
It is not uncommon for someone to find themselves in a state of emotional reaction, due to negative childhood experiences, life challenges, trauma or constant relationship problems. This is not only an emotional response, but a physical and spiritual one as well. I am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). A very effective and helpful therapy that cuts talk time in half, and focuses on releasing present and past emotional distress. I also use the latest mindfulness techniques, among others, to provide you with a personalizad and comprehensive treatment. Avoid the commute and try Online therapy!
(415) 234-5486 View (415) 234-5486
Photo of Page Nelson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Page Nelson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123  (Online Only)
I am passionate about working with children, teens, families, and couples. I believe therapy should be accessible for everyone and use a sliding scale model based on income to find a fee that works for you. I am trained in EMDR and am a certified Somatic Experiencing Practitioner. I interweave these modalities, along with exercises from IFS, DBT, psychodynamic therapy, and Gestalt therapy, to help you work through issues relating to attachment in relationships, depression, traumatic experiences, anxiety, complex PTSD, grief, addictive patterns, codependency, and LGBTQ+ issues.
I am passionate about working with children, teens, families, and couples. I believe therapy should be accessible for everyone and use a sliding scale model based on income to find a fee that works for you. I am trained in EMDR and am a certified Somatic Experiencing Practitioner. I interweave these modalities, along with exercises from IFS, DBT, psychodynamic therapy, and Gestalt therapy, to help you work through issues relating to attachment in relationships, depression, traumatic experiences, anxiety, complex PTSD, grief, addictive patterns, codependency, and LGBTQ+ issues.
(415) 980-6019 View (415) 980-6019
Photo of Holly N Kirth, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Holly N Kirth
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, ME
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to cope with life’s difficulties? Are you feeling out of control? Hopeless? Whether this is a recent experience or a life long issue, I am here to help. I believe every person has the innate ability and power within themselves to manage life’s challenges and improve yourselves—you just don’t always know how to access it. I will assist you and challenge you into accessing your tools, utilizing your innate strengths, and finding new insights into yourself.
Are you struggling to cope with life’s difficulties? Are you feeling out of control? Hopeless? Whether this is a recent experience or a life long issue, I am here to help. I believe every person has the innate ability and power within themselves to manage life’s challenges and improve yourselves—you just don’t always know how to access it. I will assist you and challenge you into accessing your tools, utilizing your innate strengths, and finding new insights into yourself.
(949) 468-5731 View (949) 468-5731
Photo of Juei-Chen 'lanny' Chao, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Juei-Chen 'lanny' Chao
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Mindfulness in Psychotherapy and Counseling. Are you dealing with anxiety, stress, depression, or relationship issues? Do you feel overwhelmed or helpless with these issues? You don't need to struggle alone. With Mindfulness-based Therapy, you will have an opportunity to develop your awareness and inner strength to cope with your challenges. I am anti-racist, cross-culturally sensitive, and committed to providing a safe, nonjudgemental, and compassionate space where you can be well supported on your healing journey.
Mindfulness in Psychotherapy and Counseling. Are you dealing with anxiety, stress, depression, or relationship issues? Do you feel overwhelmed or helpless with these issues? You don't need to struggle alone. With Mindfulness-based Therapy, you will have an opportunity to develop your awareness and inner strength to cope with your challenges. I am anti-racist, cross-culturally sensitive, and committed to providing a safe, nonjudgemental, and compassionate space where you can be well supported on your healing journey.
(628) 237-3861 View (628) 237-3861
Photo of Sadie Robertson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Sadie Robertson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
If you are here, you may have experienced something painful, scary, frustrating, confusing or sad. Maybe you feel a general sense of dissatisfaction, or you are seeking to change your behavior or the quality of your relationships. Regardless of why you are here, I am glad you’re seeking a partner to help you process your emotions, and make sense of your experiences. In therapy, I will help you build awareness of your thoughts and feelings so that you can understand your needs and express yourself authentically. You deserve to have meaningful and fulfilling relationships and live a life aligned with your true nature.
If you are here, you may have experienced something painful, scary, frustrating, confusing or sad. Maybe you feel a general sense of dissatisfaction, or you are seeking to change your behavior or the quality of your relationships. Regardless of why you are here, I am glad you’re seeking a partner to help you process your emotions, and make sense of your experiences. In therapy, I will help you build awareness of your thoughts and feelings so that you can understand your needs and express yourself authentically. You deserve to have meaningful and fulfilling relationships and live a life aligned with your true nature.
(415) 909-3542 View (415) 909-3542
Photo of David Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
David Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
I am David Joel Miller, licensed in California as a Marriage And Family Therapist 45390 and as a Professional Clinical Counselor. I work with clients to overcome the problems of living and create the best life possible regardless of the circumstances they find themselves in. I emphasize overcoming anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, achieving work-life balance, and eventually dealing with the challenges of aging.
I am David Joel Miller, licensed in California as a Marriage And Family Therapist 45390 and as a Professional Clinical Counselor. I work with clients to overcome the problems of living and create the best life possible regardless of the circumstances they find themselves in. I emphasize overcoming anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, achieving work-life balance, and eventually dealing with the challenges of aging.
(415) 915-7178 View (415) 915-7178
Photo of Meredith Holmes, Psychological Associate in San Francisco, CA
Meredith Holmes
Psychological Associate, MSW, MSCP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated and compassionate mental health professional with over 6 years of experience as a psychotherapist and over 16 years of experience as a social worker. I support and empower clients who have a range of concerns including adjusting to life transitions, relationship challenges, exploring various aspects of identity (i.e., race, sexuality, gender), trauma, grief and loss, navigating the world as a neurodivergent person, and more. When appropriate, I utilize humor in the therapy room, and I also welcome exploring creative ways of healing through avenues such as art, music, and play.
I am a dedicated and compassionate mental health professional with over 6 years of experience as a psychotherapist and over 16 years of experience as a social worker. I support and empower clients who have a range of concerns including adjusting to life transitions, relationship challenges, exploring various aspects of identity (i.e., race, sexuality, gender), trauma, grief and loss, navigating the world as a neurodivergent person, and more. When appropriate, I utilize humor in the therapy room, and I also welcome exploring creative ways of healing through avenues such as art, music, and play.
(415) 874-0759 View (415) 874-0759
Photo of Cynthia Nakoski, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Cynthia Nakoski
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
Dr. Cynthia (Cyndi) Nakoski, Psy.D., is a licensed psychologist whose passion is assisting people with healing from traumatic/stressful experiences. Whether it be a sudden health crisis, a traumatic event, the loss of a loved one, or any other traumatic/stressful experience that causes life to unravel, Dr. Nakoski's vast experience with trauma work has solidified her understanding that finding healthy ways to cope and strengthen is possible. Dr. Nakoski specializes in the treatment of chronic pain, health challenges, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and co-occurring addiction issues.
Dr. Cynthia (Cyndi) Nakoski, Psy.D., is a licensed psychologist whose passion is assisting people with healing from traumatic/stressful experiences. Whether it be a sudden health crisis, a traumatic event, the loss of a loved one, or any other traumatic/stressful experience that causes life to unravel, Dr. Nakoski's vast experience with trauma work has solidified her understanding that finding healthy ways to cope and strengthen is possible. Dr. Nakoski specializes in the treatment of chronic pain, health challenges, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and co-occurring addiction issues.
(415) 818-9791 View (415) 818-9791
Photo of Frances Verrinder, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Frances Verrinder
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94146  (Online Only)
Feeling anxious, depressed, stuck in your life? I offer individual therapy to help you identify your strengths, work through your unresolved issues and find greater pleasure and success in everyday life. If you are struggling with romantic relationships, I can assist you in developing romantic intelligence skills. Dealing with communication problems and conflict in your relationship? I offer Psycho-biological Attachment Couples Therapy to expand your loving connection and build trust and safety.
Feeling anxious, depressed, stuck in your life? I offer individual therapy to help you identify your strengths, work through your unresolved issues and find greater pleasure and success in everyday life. If you are struggling with romantic relationships, I can assist you in developing romantic intelligence skills. Dealing with communication problems and conflict in your relationship? I offer Psycho-biological Attachment Couples Therapy to expand your loving connection and build trust and safety.
(415) 689-9150 View (415) 689-9150
Photo of Don Dressel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Don Dressel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with finding or maintaining inner peace in specific areas of your life or, in life in general? Do you experience unhappiness or dissatisfaction with your life? Therapy may help you identify the blocks in your life that keep you from living and experiencing life as you desire. Left unchecked and unexamined, negative dynamics rooted in our past and/or fears & anxiety about the future may progress with greater consequence and/or disillusionment about life. I strive to understand your experience(s) in order to form a genuine connection and to identify meaningful solutions that honor you and your highest life aspirations.
Do you struggle with finding or maintaining inner peace in specific areas of your life or, in life in general? Do you experience unhappiness or dissatisfaction with your life? Therapy may help you identify the blocks in your life that keep you from living and experiencing life as you desire. Left unchecked and unexamined, negative dynamics rooted in our past and/or fears & anxiety about the future may progress with greater consequence and/or disillusionment about life. I strive to understand your experience(s) in order to form a genuine connection and to identify meaningful solutions that honor you and your highest life aspirations.
(415) 942-8940 View (415) 942-8940
Photo of Genevieve Walker, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Genevieve Walker
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117
Welcome. Perhaps you are seeking out therapy to help manage a crisis or maybe you finally have enough stability in your life to work on deeper issues? As a psychotherapist, I meet my clients where they are and offer the support most suited for their needs. In my practice, I work with everything from artistic blocks, anxiety, depression and relationship issues to severe trauma, grief, addiction and existential unrest.
Welcome. Perhaps you are seeking out therapy to help manage a crisis or maybe you finally have enough stability in your life to work on deeper issues? As a psychotherapist, I meet my clients where they are and offer the support most suited for their needs. In my practice, I work with everything from artistic blocks, anxiety, depression and relationship issues to severe trauma, grief, addiction and existential unrest.
(415) 942-2640 View (415) 942-2640
Photo of Dahlia Lavery, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dahlia Lavery
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94122
Therapy is a place where you can slow down and experience feeling welcomed and celebrated exactly as you are. I’m passionate about working with folks who are exhausted from the “grass is always greener” mentality and are ready to deepen into a process of self exploration and healing. In a world where productivity is often valued above connection, creativity and authentic self-expression, you may find yourself feeling depleted and lonely with a yearning for something more.
Therapy is a place where you can slow down and experience feeling welcomed and celebrated exactly as you are. I’m passionate about working with folks who are exhausted from the “grass is always greener” mentality and are ready to deepen into a process of self exploration and healing. In a world where productivity is often valued above connection, creativity and authentic self-expression, you may find yourself feeling depleted and lonely with a yearning for something more.
(415) 322-8632 View (415) 322-8632
Photo of Cera Mae Arthur-Carmody, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Cera Mae Arthur-Carmody
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Feeling stuck? Struggling to navigate transitions and change? Want to set healthy boundaries in your relationships? I'm here to support you in your journey ahead! I specialize in supporting teens, young adults, and adults navigate change, embrace new beginnings, and build healthier relationships. Let's partner together to explore how your unique gifts can guide you towards a life aligned with your values!
Feeling stuck? Struggling to navigate transitions and change? Want to set healthy boundaries in your relationships? I'm here to support you in your journey ahead! I specialize in supporting teens, young adults, and adults navigate change, embrace new beginnings, and build healthier relationships. Let's partner together to explore how your unique gifts can guide you towards a life aligned with your values!
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Photo of Karen Marie Forsthoff, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Karen Marie Forsthoff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MAMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94116  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck and unhappy? Are you struggling in your work or family life? Do you want more from your relationships? If so, it might be time to reach out to a professional for help. Taking care of your mental health is a sign of self-compassion. It's the beginning of the healing process. Whether you choose to engage in Individual, Couple, or Family Therapy together we can find a way to restore a sense of hope and well-being. Please contact me for more information on how therapy can help you reach your goals.
Are you feeling stuck and unhappy? Are you struggling in your work or family life? Do you want more from your relationships? If so, it might be time to reach out to a professional for help. Taking care of your mental health is a sign of self-compassion. It's the beginning of the healing process. Whether you choose to engage in Individual, Couple, or Family Therapy together we can find a way to restore a sense of hope and well-being. Please contact me for more information on how therapy can help you reach your goals.
(628) 257-8065 View (628) 257-8065
Photo of Juliet Baxter, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Juliet Baxter
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94109  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with anxiety and people pleasing tendencies that affect your ability to function and your relationships? Do you feel paralyzed by the fear of doing the "wrong" thing. Do you wonder if navigating decisions could be easier? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious and overwhelmed by having to manage their careers, relationships, and general life obstacles.
Do you struggle with anxiety and people pleasing tendencies that affect your ability to function and your relationships? Do you feel paralyzed by the fear of doing the "wrong" thing. Do you wonder if navigating decisions could be easier? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious and overwhelmed by having to manage their careers, relationships, and general life obstacles.
(628) 237-4464 View (628) 237-4464
Photo of Pamela Camino, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Pamela Camino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I am a licensed psychotherapist with more than 15 years of experience providing therapy to teenagers, young adults, and adults with a variety of emotional and behavioral issues. Areas of particular interest include: life transitions, relationship issues, divorce/separation, birth, parenting, aging, career transitions, and grief and loss.
I am a licensed psychotherapist with more than 15 years of experience providing therapy to teenagers, young adults, and adults with a variety of emotional and behavioral issues. Areas of particular interest include: life transitions, relationship issues, divorce/separation, birth, parenting, aging, career transitions, and grief and loss.
(209) 457-5958 View (209) 457-5958
Photo of Dr. Wonbin Jung, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Wonbin Jung
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94108  (Online Only)
As a queer Asian therapist, I know too well how difficult it is to find a therapist who understands your experience. I am here to make the process a bit easier for you. You may be experiencing emotional difficulties regarding your queer, racial, and other intersectional identities or feeling disconnected from your partner(s) because of an endless cycle of misunderstanding each other in your romantic relationships. I can help you find your more authentic voice in your relationship with your sense of self and with your loved ones.
As a queer Asian therapist, I know too well how difficult it is to find a therapist who understands your experience. I am here to make the process a bit easier for you. You may be experiencing emotional difficulties regarding your queer, racial, and other intersectional identities or feeling disconnected from your partner(s) because of an endless cycle of misunderstanding each other in your romantic relationships. I can help you find your more authentic voice in your relationship with your sense of self and with your loved ones.
(206) 208-2672 View (206) 208-2672
Photo of Jake Sims, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Jake Sims
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Depression. Anxiety. Relationship struggles. Low self-esteem. These are common issues that people face when it comes to mental health challenges, which are enough to make life difficult. Chances are your relationships, and most importantly your relationship with yourself, have been greatly impacted by these factors. There's this sense that something has to change, but you might not know where to begin. Together we embark on this journey of uncovering just how you got here and discovering where you want to go.
Depression. Anxiety. Relationship struggles. Low self-esteem. These are common issues that people face when it comes to mental health challenges, which are enough to make life difficult. Chances are your relationships, and most importantly your relationship with yourself, have been greatly impacted by these factors. There's this sense that something has to change, but you might not know where to begin. Together we embark on this journey of uncovering just how you got here and discovering where you want to go.
(415) 903-2585 View (415) 903-2585
Photo of Larry O'Connor, Marriage and Family Therapist, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Larry O'Connor, Marriage and Family Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
Choosing a therapist that is a good fit and you can see working with deserves consideration. It’s important the therapist is someone you can trust, who gets you, and has professional experience with what you need, and conveys a sense of confidence and commitment to helping you. I try to get to know every client I work with, understand who they are, what their lives are like. I look for your individual strengths, unique capabilities, positive qualities, and help you recognize and build upon these to improve your current circumstances.
Choosing a therapist that is a good fit and you can see working with deserves consideration. It’s important the therapist is someone you can trust, who gets you, and has professional experience with what you need, and conveys a sense of confidence and commitment to helping you. I try to get to know every client I work with, understand who they are, what their lives are like. I look for your individual strengths, unique capabilities, positive qualities, and help you recognize and build upon these to improve your current circumstances.
(415) 225-3032 View (415) 225-3032

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.