Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Melissa Foster, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Melissa Foster
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and an Art Therapist. I help clients create healthier patterns in life and improve relationships. Services available for adults, couples, families and children. My areas of emphasis include abuse, trauma, anxiety, depression, divorce, grief, parenting support, self-esteem, and personal growth. I am also trained in EMDR.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and an Art Therapist. I help clients create healthier patterns in life and improve relationships. Services available for adults, couples, families and children. My areas of emphasis include abuse, trauma, anxiety, depression, divorce, grief, parenting support, self-esteem, and personal growth. I am also trained in EMDR.
(415) 799-9445 View (415) 799-9445
Photo of Ivette Huerta, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ivette Huerta
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
I have been working with the adults, parents, and families for over 20 years. I want to provide helping hands through your journey with the goal of you finding your self-worth and self-awareness. Life causes anxiety and frustrations, but with my guidance you will develop and strengthen yourself into a healthy individual. Through practical individual therapy, a change in your relationship will unfold before your eyes. I believe in creating a safe space for a client and taking time for self-care. I have worked with adults and families who've struggled with depression, anxiety, and trauma.
I have been working with the adults, parents, and families for over 20 years. I want to provide helping hands through your journey with the goal of you finding your self-worth and self-awareness. Life causes anxiety and frustrations, but with my guidance you will develop and strengthen yourself into a healthy individual. Through practical individual therapy, a change in your relationship will unfold before your eyes. I believe in creating a safe space for a client and taking time for self-care. I have worked with adults and families who've struggled with depression, anxiety, and trauma.
(415) 729-2474 View (415) 729-2474
Photo of Lia Akhilanda, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lia Akhilanda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94121  (Online Only)
I see therapy as emotional digestion: pausing life to say what needs to be said, to listen to what needs to stay, and to release what is no longer needed. Therapy, for me, is not just a professional service; it's a commitment to being present, consistent and reliable for my clients. Let's work together to deepen your self-awareness through psychotherapeutic methods, as well as what you uniquely may be interested in considering through contemplative and somatic practices. I'm down-to-earth and want to understand what’s really important to you.
I see therapy as emotional digestion: pausing life to say what needs to be said, to listen to what needs to stay, and to release what is no longer needed. Therapy, for me, is not just a professional service; it's a commitment to being present, consistent and reliable for my clients. Let's work together to deepen your self-awareness through psychotherapeutic methods, as well as what you uniquely may be interested in considering through contemplative and somatic practices. I'm down-to-earth and want to understand what’s really important to you.
(628) 345-4190 View (628) 345-4190
Photo of Catherine Schmidt, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Catherine Schmidt
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94129  (Online Only)
Hi! I want to start by saying that reaching out for additional support is one of the bravest and most rewarding things you can do for yourself. I work hard to create a safe and comfortable place for my clients to learn and grow. Therapy can seem a bit mysterious, and choosing to open up to someone new can feel intimidating, but my goal is to help you make meaningful change in your life. I love what I do and feel grateful that I am able to provide you with science-backed tools, hope and curiosity as we explore patterns together and help guide you towards relief, ease and happiness.
Hi! I want to start by saying that reaching out for additional support is one of the bravest and most rewarding things you can do for yourself. I work hard to create a safe and comfortable place for my clients to learn and grow. Therapy can seem a bit mysterious, and choosing to open up to someone new can feel intimidating, but my goal is to help you make meaningful change in your life. I love what I do and feel grateful that I am able to provide you with science-backed tools, hope and curiosity as we explore patterns together and help guide you towards relief, ease and happiness.
(415) 870-8031 View (415) 870-8031
Photo of Dianne Ey Mani, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dianne Ey Mani
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
I have experience working with clients with anxiety, bipolar disorder, burnout, depression, grief, life transitions, pregnancy, sleep, stress, trauma, women's issues, and maternal mental health.
I have experience working with clients with anxiety, bipolar disorder, burnout, depression, grief, life transitions, pregnancy, sleep, stress, trauma, women's issues, and maternal mental health.
(415) 763-6719 View (415) 763-6719
Photo of Elly Lin, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Elly Lin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
I believe that healing and growth are inherent functions of the psyche. Within the containment of a warm, compassionate and collaborative therapeutic relationship, I encourage and cultivate the emergence of these functions in my clients that can lead to positive change or even profound personal transformation. It is crucial to explore difficult feelings and thoughts in this process. In my experience, while these thoughts and feelings can lead to psychological symptoms when avoided and pushed into the unconscious, they hold great potential for change when experienced, confronted and reflected upon in a safe setting.
I believe that healing and growth are inherent functions of the psyche. Within the containment of a warm, compassionate and collaborative therapeutic relationship, I encourage and cultivate the emergence of these functions in my clients that can lead to positive change or even profound personal transformation. It is crucial to explore difficult feelings and thoughts in this process. In my experience, while these thoughts and feelings can lead to psychological symptoms when avoided and pushed into the unconscious, they hold great potential for change when experienced, confronted and reflected upon in a safe setting.
(415) 868-4849 View (415) 868-4849
Photo of Kirsten S Hagen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kirsten S Hagen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
Our relationships with the people we care for most impact every moment of our day-to-day lives. The more we know ourselves, the better we can show up in our relationships. I help clients understand their interpersonal relationship dynamics, family systems, attachment styles, and, most importantly, their relationship with themselves. I've worked with clients to build confidence by deepening their understanding of emotions, communication styles, and self-love. I've also supported clients in negotiating how past trauma impacts their present lives and integrating those experiences.
Our relationships with the people we care for most impact every moment of our day-to-day lives. The more we know ourselves, the better we can show up in our relationships. I help clients understand their interpersonal relationship dynamics, family systems, attachment styles, and, most importantly, their relationship with themselves. I've worked with clients to build confidence by deepening their understanding of emotions, communication styles, and self-love. I've also supported clients in negotiating how past trauma impacts their present lives and integrating those experiences.
(415) 534-4394 View (415) 534-4394
Photo of Nicole Hanhan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Nicole Hanhan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94133  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients via Telehealth only. I’m here to help you make a change and I’m honored to walk this journey with you. My passion is to help you connect to the parts of you that need healing. Feeling “stuck” can look different for everyone – through low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, feeling unsafe, negative view of yourself, lack of confidence and irritability. I am here to guide you to help you transform pain into a life worth celebrating.
Accepting new clients via Telehealth only. I’m here to help you make a change and I’m honored to walk this journey with you. My passion is to help you connect to the parts of you that need healing. Feeling “stuck” can look different for everyone – through low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, feeling unsafe, negative view of yourself, lack of confidence and irritability. I am here to guide you to help you transform pain into a life worth celebrating.
(415) 843-2483 View (415) 843-2483
Photo of J. C. Chance, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
J. C. Chance
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
Becoming our most alive and authentic self is the goal of psychotherapy. If you are like many of the people that I work with, you have felt that being yourself wasn't accepted or valued in relationships, your family, or the world in general. In therapy, you have the opportunity to non-judgmentally challenge and change these learned beliefs and grow into your true self. I am especially interested in working with couples, relationship problems, anxiety, trauma, sex and sexuality, and LGBTQ.
Becoming our most alive and authentic self is the goal of psychotherapy. If you are like many of the people that I work with, you have felt that being yourself wasn't accepted or valued in relationships, your family, or the world in general. In therapy, you have the opportunity to non-judgmentally challenge and change these learned beliefs and grow into your true self. I am especially interested in working with couples, relationship problems, anxiety, trauma, sex and sexuality, and LGBTQ.
(415) 787-4872 View (415) 787-4872
Photo of Cary Ann Rosko, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Cary Ann Rosko
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
It may be hard to believe, but our most troubling habits and patterns began as strategies that once helped us deal with challenging or even dangerous circumstances. The difficulties that feel burdensome to you now—rumination, self-defeating behaviors, problematic relationship dynamics, stubborn emotional cycles—actually helped you survive in the past. And because they helped you survive, it takes more than just understanding and willpower to unravel them—it takes deeper work that engages both the body and mind. I weave together multiple therapeutic modalities into an approach tailored to your needs, goals, and whole self.
It may be hard to believe, but our most troubling habits and patterns began as strategies that once helped us deal with challenging or even dangerous circumstances. The difficulties that feel burdensome to you now—rumination, self-defeating behaviors, problematic relationship dynamics, stubborn emotional cycles—actually helped you survive in the past. And because they helped you survive, it takes more than just understanding and willpower to unravel them—it takes deeper work that engages both the body and mind. I weave together multiple therapeutic modalities into an approach tailored to your needs, goals, and whole self.
(415) 769-3041 View (415) 769-3041
Photo of Dr. Sean Robertson in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Sean Robertson
MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Start seeing challenges as opportunities to get your needs met and improve your relationship! I’m Dr. Sean Robertson, creator of RDP. I work as an online Couples Counselor and Intimacy Coach. I know relationships can be hard, even though they’re also one of the most fulfilling parts of our life. In my couples counseling I create an empathic space for learning and deep connection, while also being diligent about ensuring that clients implement the tools I teach. My methods are based in behavioral psychology, Gottman Method, and attachment psychology.
Start seeing challenges as opportunities to get your needs met and improve your relationship! I’m Dr. Sean Robertson, creator of RDP. I work as an online Couples Counselor and Intimacy Coach. I know relationships can be hard, even though they’re also one of the most fulfilling parts of our life. In my couples counseling I create an empathic space for learning and deep connection, while also being diligent about ensuring that clients implement the tools I teach. My methods are based in behavioral psychology, Gottman Method, and attachment psychology.
(415) 873-8050 View (415) 873-8050
Photo of Daniel Jackson, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Daniel Jackson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy starts with building a foundation of collaboration, safety, and trust. Therapy works best when you are able to make a commitment to personal betterment, healing, and change. Change can apply to your ways of thinking, relationship interactions, and habits. Even small changes can make a big difference in quality of life. I also pay close to attention to what your strengths are and what you value, and encourage you to trust and use those strengths while living out those values in order to create a greater sense of well-being.
My approach to therapy starts with building a foundation of collaboration, safety, and trust. Therapy works best when you are able to make a commitment to personal betterment, healing, and change. Change can apply to your ways of thinking, relationship interactions, and habits. Even small changes can make a big difference in quality of life. I also pay close to attention to what your strengths are and what you value, and encourage you to trust and use those strengths while living out those values in order to create a greater sense of well-being.
(415) 943-2530 View (415) 943-2530
Photo of Chris Kim, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Chris Kim
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
We are all wired to change and grow. But sometimes we get stuck in old patterns and beliefs that keep us from realizing the fullest expression of ourselves. I collaborate with my clients in a safe, non-judgmental environment where we identify these patterns and start developing new ways of experiencing them.
We are all wired to change and grow. But sometimes we get stuck in old patterns and beliefs that keep us from realizing the fullest expression of ourselves. I collaborate with my clients in a safe, non-judgmental environment where we identify these patterns and start developing new ways of experiencing them.
(415) 423-3954 View (415) 423-3954
Photo of Lisa Pepper-Satkin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lisa Pepper-Satkin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Lisa Pepper-Satkin, MA, MFT is an Executive Therapeutic Coach helping high-achieving leaders actualize BIG visions. She is also a Certified Dare to Lead™ Facilitator. Lisa uniquely integrates 25+ years’ experience as a Licensed Psychotherapist and Entrepreneur, fusing these disciplines in a unique approach she calls Executive Therapeutic Coaching. She assists the client in recognizing what personal blocks and entrenched behaviors are preventing them from achieving optimal results by creating a safe pathway to explore what is getting in their way. She combines these skills to guide highly committed people.
Lisa Pepper-Satkin, MA, MFT is an Executive Therapeutic Coach helping high-achieving leaders actualize BIG visions. She is also a Certified Dare to Lead™ Facilitator. Lisa uniquely integrates 25+ years’ experience as a Licensed Psychotherapist and Entrepreneur, fusing these disciplines in a unique approach she calls Executive Therapeutic Coaching. She assists the client in recognizing what personal blocks and entrenched behaviors are preventing them from achieving optimal results by creating a safe pathway to explore what is getting in their way. She combines these skills to guide highly committed people.
(415) 723-4253 View (415) 723-4253
Photo of Andrea Chilton, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Andrea Chilton, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
If you are seeking real change in your life, I am here to help. I provide a relationship that facilitates your healing, growth and evolution. Whether you know it or not, you arrive with all the resources you need to heal and thrive deep within you. It's my job to help you access those resources. While working through your challenges, we find and activate your strengths. We tend your hurt places, build your resilience, and expand your capacity. I honor your individuality, tailoring my approach to meet you where you are now while helping you stretch toward where you're going.
If you are seeking real change in your life, I am here to help. I provide a relationship that facilitates your healing, growth and evolution. Whether you know it or not, you arrive with all the resources you need to heal and thrive deep within you. It's my job to help you access those resources. While working through your challenges, we find and activate your strengths. We tend your hurt places, build your resilience, and expand your capacity. I honor your individuality, tailoring my approach to meet you where you are now while helping you stretch toward where you're going.
(415) 689-7059 View (415) 689-7059
Photo of Sophia Reinders, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sophia Reinders
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT, REAT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
Are you longing for healing, transformation or a more trusting sense of self and more fulfilling life? My approach to counseling and psychotherapy with individuals and couples is holistic, creative and embodied, within a framework of Jungian psychology and creative arts therapy. With 20 plus years of clinical experience, I welcome individuals and couples struggling with life transitions, relationships, family matters, career or low self-worth, or who suffer from anxiety, depression, loss and grieving, questions of meaning or their intimate sense of spirituality. Having grown up in France and Germany, I also enjoy working with those whose mother tongue is German or French.
Are you longing for healing, transformation or a more trusting sense of self and more fulfilling life? My approach to counseling and psychotherapy with individuals and couples is holistic, creative and embodied, within a framework of Jungian psychology and creative arts therapy. With 20 plus years of clinical experience, I welcome individuals and couples struggling with life transitions, relationships, family matters, career or low self-worth, or who suffer from anxiety, depression, loss and grieving, questions of meaning or their intimate sense of spirituality. Having grown up in France and Germany, I also enjoy working with those whose mother tongue is German or French.
(415) 968-2450 View (415) 968-2450
Photo of Toni Lynette Eby, Associate Clinical Social Worker in San Francisco, CA
Toni Lynette Eby
Associate Clinical Social Worker
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103  (Online Only)
Maybe you need support around a traumatic event in your life, are struggling with anxiety or depression, need support around substance use, at a turning point in your relationship, or just need insight into some changes you want to make. If you are thinking about beginning therapy, whatever the reason you came, congratulations on taking the first step in a new journey.
Maybe you need support around a traumatic event in your life, are struggling with anxiety or depression, need support around substance use, at a turning point in your relationship, or just need insight into some changes you want to make. If you are thinking about beginning therapy, whatever the reason you came, congratulations on taking the first step in a new journey.
(415) 301-6834 View (415) 301-6834
Photo of Octave - Downtown SF Clinic, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Octave - Downtown SF Clinic
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
Octave is a modern practice creating a new standard for mental health care that’s both high-quality and accessible. With in-person and virtual clinics in California, Connecticut, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C., we partner with you to develop personalized plans that can include individual, couples, and family therapy to best suit your needs. Grounded in science, our approach enables you to experience profound change that is just as measurable as it is meaningful. Learn more at www.findoctave.com
Octave is a modern practice creating a new standard for mental health care that’s both high-quality and accessible. With in-person and virtual clinics in California, Connecticut, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C., we partner with you to develop personalized plans that can include individual, couples, and family therapy to best suit your needs. Grounded in science, our approach enables you to experience profound change that is just as measurable as it is meaningful. Learn more at www.findoctave.com
(415) 366-2851 View (415) 366-2851
Photo of Marjorie Boggs Vazquez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Marjorie Boggs Vazquez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Are you exploring your sexuality or gender and need support? Are you healing from sexual assault or intimate partner violence and don't know how to talk about it? Are you in the kink and/or poly community and need nonjudgmental support? I get it. It can be scary to look for a therapist when your experiences are outside "the norm." I empower my clients to become more self-aware and to better understand and process their unique experiences in a collaborative, self-affirming environment.
Are you exploring your sexuality or gender and need support? Are you healing from sexual assault or intimate partner violence and don't know how to talk about it? Are you in the kink and/or poly community and need nonjudgmental support? I get it. It can be scary to look for a therapist when your experiences are outside "the norm." I empower my clients to become more self-aware and to better understand and process their unique experiences in a collaborative, self-affirming environment.
(415) 663-2407 View (415) 663-2407
Photo of Jessica Good, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Jessica Good
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Hi, I’m Jessica Good. I specialize in working with individuals to improve their mental health and achieve their goals. Whether I am helping my clients manage anxiety or stress, low self-esteem, or the ability to focus under pressure, I take a strengths-based approach to building a confident mindset. I currently work primarily with athletes and professionals, as well as provide teams and businesses with workshops and presentations. Previously, I supported high-level actors in talent management to succeed both creatively and professionally.
Hi, I’m Jessica Good. I specialize in working with individuals to improve their mental health and achieve their goals. Whether I am helping my clients manage anxiety or stress, low self-esteem, or the ability to focus under pressure, I take a strengths-based approach to building a confident mindset. I currently work primarily with athletes and professionals, as well as provide teams and businesses with workshops and presentations. Previously, I supported high-level actors in talent management to succeed both creatively and professionally.
(415) 943-5589 View (415) 943-5589

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.