Photo of Andi O'Neill, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
Andi O'Neill
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 20151
Relational stresses, depression, grief - specifically the challenges of parenting including perinatal mood and anxiety disorders as well as parenting a child with a long term chronic illness or disability.
Even strong, smart successful people know when to utilize the help of experts. Maybe you’re not in crisis, just a couple in a “good enough” relationship, but some of the time things get painfully off track. Or an individual whose life seems to be going pretty well on the outside – but privately, you’re hurting. Sometimes, your ways of “getting by” turn into habits that need to be amended. It’s not always clear how to go about initiating change and it helps to have an objective perspective. Counseling is a great way to improve your life. Together we will explore, identify, and rebuild habits and patterns to provide lasting change.
Relational stresses, depression, grief - specifically the challenges of parenting including perinatal mood and anxiety disorders as well as parenting a child with a long term chronic illness or disability.
Even strong, smart successful people know when to utilize the help of experts. Maybe you’re not in crisis, just a couple in a “good enough” relationship, but some of the time things get painfully off track. Or an individual whose life seems to be going pretty well on the outside – but privately, you’re hurting. Sometimes, your ways of “getting by” turn into habits that need to be amended. It’s not always clear how to go about initiating change and it helps to have an objective perspective. Counseling is a great way to improve your life. Together we will explore, identify, and rebuild habits and patterns to provide lasting change.
(757) 210-5892 View (757) 210-5892
Photo of Across Counseling: Psychotherapy Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Across Counseling: Psychotherapy Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
Diane Bowers, adults,English/Spanish, substance use & recovery, domestic violence survivors, anger management, LGBTQ, transgender womens group Nellis Crigler, adults - English/Spanish, grief, trauma, cancer & chronic illness, aging & caregiving.
Do you feel anxious, stressed, confused, sad, worried or irritable, or just are not feeling your best. Are you having problems in a relationship or with parenting? We help people find solutions to troubling problems. Give me a call and we can talk about how we might help you to feel good and enjoy life again and answer your questions. Our therapists offer many different specialties and we tailor our approach to each client's individual needs. I am Anne Ross, clinical director and I will help find the best fit for you . I can be reached at Director@AcrossCounseling.com or 703-389-1913
Diane Bowers, adults,English/Spanish, substance use & recovery, domestic violence survivors, anger management, LGBTQ, transgender womens group Nellis Crigler, adults - English/Spanish, grief, trauma, cancer & chronic illness, aging & caregiving.
Do you feel anxious, stressed, confused, sad, worried or irritable, or just are not feeling your best. Are you having problems in a relationship or with parenting? We help people find solutions to troubling problems. Give me a call and we can talk about how we might help you to feel good and enjoy life again and answer your questions. Our therapists offer many different specialties and we tailor our approach to each client's individual needs. I am Anne Ross, clinical director and I will help find the best fit for you . I can be reached at Director@AcrossCounseling.com or 703-389-1913
(703) 594-4094 View (703) 594-4094
Photo of Julia Baumgardner Chung, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Julia Baumgardner Chung
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22031
My specialties include grief and loss, health psychology for chronic illness, mind/body and experiential treatment of chronic pain and physical symptoms, anxiety, depression, and life transitions.
Congratulations on taking the first step toward a major life change! The decision to begin counseling is an immense gesture of self love and courage. Finding the right fit is so important to the therapeutic process. Whatever brings you here - the loss of a loved one, a major life transition, troubling relationship patterns, chronic illness or pain, or feeling stuck and confused about the future - will be explored with openness, curiosity, and acceptance. Things can feel easier, when explored without shame or judgment. I believe that we all have the innate ability to heal with the right connection and understanding.
My specialties include grief and loss, health psychology for chronic illness, mind/body and experiential treatment of chronic pain and physical symptoms, anxiety, depression, and life transitions.
Congratulations on taking the first step toward a major life change! The decision to begin counseling is an immense gesture of self love and courage. Finding the right fit is so important to the therapeutic process. Whatever brings you here - the loss of a loved one, a major life transition, troubling relationship patterns, chronic illness or pain, or feeling stuck and confused about the future - will be explored with openness, curiosity, and acceptance. Things can feel easier, when explored without shame or judgment. I believe that we all have the innate ability to heal with the right connection and understanding.
(571) 351-1823 View (571) 351-1823
Photo of Susannah J. Volkers, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
Susannah J. Volkers
Licensed Professional Counselor, MABC, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030  (Online Only)
If you are in a season of suffering, difficulty, or overwhelmed with life challenges, consider seeing Susannah for therapeutic services. Susannah is available to help individuals, couples and families with various issues, including, but not limited to: grief/loss, anxiety, trauma, adoption, identity formation, life transitions, eating issues, chronic illness, and depression. If desired, Susannah is able to integrate a Christian framework to guide her clients towards positive and sustainable change.
If you are in a season of suffering, difficulty, or overwhelmed with life challenges, consider seeing Susannah for therapeutic services. Susannah is available to help individuals, couples and families with various issues, including, but not limited to: grief/loss, anxiety, trauma, adoption, identity formation, life transitions, eating issues, chronic illness, and depression. If desired, Susannah is able to integrate a Christian framework to guide her clients towards positive and sustainable change.
(571) 366-7807 View (571) 366-7807
Photo of Rebecca Greene, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Rebecca Greene
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
Are you feeling more stressed now than ever before? If you struggle with anxiety or depression, you may feel distressed and overwhelmed on a daily basis. If you are trying to cope with loneliness, isolation, or anxiety about the future, it can feel like the weight of the world is on your shoulders. Or perhaps your child or teen is struggling with new transitions, challenges at school, friendship issues, ADHD, or a serious health diagnosis, and you are unsure of how to help. If these stressors are negatively impacting your quality of life, consider turning to a trusted therapist for support.
Are you feeling more stressed now than ever before? If you struggle with anxiety or depression, you may feel distressed and overwhelmed on a daily basis. If you are trying to cope with loneliness, isolation, or anxiety about the future, it can feel like the weight of the world is on your shoulders. Or perhaps your child or teen is struggling with new transitions, challenges at school, friendship issues, ADHD, or a serious health diagnosis, and you are unsure of how to help. If these stressors are negatively impacting your quality of life, consider turning to a trusted therapist for support.
(571) 380-7915 View (571) 380-7915
Photo of Grace & Hope for Families in Fairfax, VA
Grace & Hope for Families
MA
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 20151  (Online Only)
The life you are living might not feel like the life you want. Do you feel controlled by your emotions instead of being in control of them? Do you feel like a prisoner of your circumstances? Are you overwhelmed and frustrated but can't find a way out? As soon as you deal with one thing, something else would happen and just bring you down. All this would leave you feeling emotionally, mentally, and spiritually depleted. Sounds familiar?
The life you are living might not feel like the life you want. Do you feel controlled by your emotions instead of being in control of them? Do you feel like a prisoner of your circumstances? Are you overwhelmed and frustrated but can't find a way out? As soon as you deal with one thing, something else would happen and just bring you down. All this would leave you feeling emotionally, mentally, and spiritually depleted. Sounds familiar?
(717) 502-9314 View (717) 502-9314
Photo of Amanda LaRose, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Amanda LaRose
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
I believe that at various times in life everyone experiences a challenge, when their way of coping isn't working the way it usually does. I am passionate about supporting people who are committed to improving their lives. I have a solution focused approach and integrate alternative treatment options. I work with anyone from ages 5 and up, with 15 years of experience. I work with a lot Mothers and children who are adjusting to the changes in day to day life. I own a business with additional therapists, I can connect you with someone in my practice who specializes in other areas.
I believe that at various times in life everyone experiences a challenge, when their way of coping isn't working the way it usually does. I am passionate about supporting people who are committed to improving their lives. I have a solution focused approach and integrate alternative treatment options. I work with anyone from ages 5 and up, with 15 years of experience. I work with a lot Mothers and children who are adjusting to the changes in day to day life. I own a business with additional therapists, I can connect you with someone in my practice who specializes in other areas.
(540) 426-3632 View (540) 426-3632
Photo of Tamara Elassal in Fairfax, VA
Tamara Elassal
LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
I work with children (5+), adolescents (families) and adults. Children often exhibit behaviors such as outbursts, meltdowns or withdrawal that indicate their cry for help. Pre-teens, teens and adults will often exhibit signs of depression and anxiety or even physical symptoms such as stomach aches, headaches, sleep disturbances or other health concerns that are often a sign of their internal struggles. No matter the age I believe all can benefit from mental health services. I believe strongly in the mind-body connection and use this belief to guide the therapeutic process to meet your unique needs.
I work with children (5+), adolescents (families) and adults. Children often exhibit behaviors such as outbursts, meltdowns or withdrawal that indicate their cry for help. Pre-teens, teens and adults will often exhibit signs of depression and anxiety or even physical symptoms such as stomach aches, headaches, sleep disturbances or other health concerns that are often a sign of their internal struggles. No matter the age I believe all can benefit from mental health services. I believe strongly in the mind-body connection and use this belief to guide the therapeutic process to meet your unique needs.
(571) 445-6076 View (571) 445-6076
Photo of David Paul, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
David Paul
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MDiv
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
The goal of all therapy and counseling is to reduce suffering. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, depression, impulsivity, ADHD, relationship problems, traumatic past, gender identity, sexual orientation, or just feeling stuck and dissatisfied with life, therapy can be a powerful vehicle for holistic change and increased peace and contentment. By focusing on your natural strengths we work collaboratively to identify the roadblocks internally and externally getting in the way of leading a fulfilled life.
The goal of all therapy and counseling is to reduce suffering. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, depression, impulsivity, ADHD, relationship problems, traumatic past, gender identity, sexual orientation, or just feeling stuck and dissatisfied with life, therapy can be a powerful vehicle for holistic change and increased peace and contentment. By focusing on your natural strengths we work collaboratively to identify the roadblocks internally and externally getting in the way of leading a fulfilled life.
(202) 849-9624 View (202) 849-9624
Photo of Kyle Stephan, Pre-Licensed Professional in Fairfax, VA
Kyle Stephan
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
The building blocks of your identity are rooted in the relational experiences you had as a child, the world you lived in, the resources available, and the challenges life sent your way. You may have learned that some emotions or needs were not acceptable or tolerable, some needs would need to be met indirectly through adaptations (such as perfectionism, people pleasing, playing small or withdrawing), or that some needs might not be met at all and would need to be abandoned or minimized. My role is to help you make sense of who you are, how you got here, your patterns of relating, and how to create the relationships you long for.
The building blocks of your identity are rooted in the relational experiences you had as a child, the world you lived in, the resources available, and the challenges life sent your way. You may have learned that some emotions or needs were not acceptable or tolerable, some needs would need to be met indirectly through adaptations (such as perfectionism, people pleasing, playing small or withdrawing), or that some needs might not be met at all and would need to be abandoned or minimized. My role is to help you make sense of who you are, how you got here, your patterns of relating, and how to create the relationships you long for.
(703) 420-5297 View (703) 420-5297
Photo of Laura Grandy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Laura Grandy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
Whether you are seeking therapy to find concrete solutions to problems that feel unmanageable, heal from past experiences, explore gender and sexuality issues, or better understand yourself and your story, Laura would be honored to be a part of your process. Laura believes every client is unique, and therefore, has an eclectic person-centered approach in working with clients. Laura uses dialectical behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, narrative therapy, creative art therapies, and mindfulness strategies to help those in her care meet their needs, reach their treatment goals, and create change.
Whether you are seeking therapy to find concrete solutions to problems that feel unmanageable, heal from past experiences, explore gender and sexuality issues, or better understand yourself and your story, Laura would be honored to be a part of your process. Laura believes every client is unique, and therefore, has an eclectic person-centered approach in working with clients. Laura uses dialectical behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, narrative therapy, creative art therapies, and mindfulness strategies to help those in her care meet their needs, reach their treatment goals, and create change.
(703) 844-3788 View (703) 844-3788
Photo of The Center for Connection, Healing & Change, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fairfax, VA
The Center for Connection, Healing & Change, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, LCSW, LMFT-R, LPC-R
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
Accepting new clients - The Center for Connection, Healing & Change focuses on the creation of secure, close, and satisfying relationships- within us and between us. We choose to specialize in relationships because we know the importance of satisfying connections for our mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Services explore the relationship we have with both ourselves and others; how well we can live with emotional ease, know who we are, ask for what we need, be responsive to loved ones, set boundaries, deal with loss, move through stressful experiences, find our purpose, and access resilience in moments of need.
Accepting new clients - The Center for Connection, Healing & Change focuses on the creation of secure, close, and satisfying relationships- within us and between us. We choose to specialize in relationships because we know the importance of satisfying connections for our mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Services explore the relationship we have with both ourselves and others; how well we can live with emotional ease, know who we are, ask for what we need, be responsive to loved ones, set boundaries, deal with loss, move through stressful experiences, find our purpose, and access resilience in moments of need.
(571) 777-0640 View (571) 777-0640
Photo of Callen Jones, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
Callen Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
At times we may feel unheard, lost, or in need of a return home to self. You may be seeking a calming, stable space to explore self or a grounding source of support for yourself or your child. It can be difficult to seek help, but I am here to remind you of the courage it takes to make this vulnerable step. My name is Callen and I am dedicated to creating a place for your story to be held and seen through a lens of empathy and empowerment. I often define therapy as a process of welcoming home parts of self that have been set aside or forgotten. It is through this process that an integrated and compassionate self can be reborn.
At times we may feel unheard, lost, or in need of a return home to self. You may be seeking a calming, stable space to explore self or a grounding source of support for yourself or your child. It can be difficult to seek help, but I am here to remind you of the courage it takes to make this vulnerable step. My name is Callen and I am dedicated to creating a place for your story to be held and seen through a lens of empathy and empowerment. I often define therapy as a process of welcoming home parts of self that have been set aside or forgotten. It is through this process that an integrated and compassionate self can be reborn.
(571) 462-6289 View (571) 462-6289
Photo of Dessia Crawmer, LCSW Private Practice, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fairfax, VA
Dessia Crawmer, LCSW Private Practice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
I believe therapeutic skill combined with sensitive attunement can illuminate a healing path, removing psychological barriers and empowering clients to reach their full potential. I am a highly competent psychotherapist with twenty-two years of counseling experience. I specialize in creating a safe environment to explore issues that will result in integration and lasting change. The relationship bond that I form with each client, I consider a sacred trust to be guarded and respected. I use a deeply effective EMDR model which produces desirable results proven by research. I have EMDR certification . I counsel individuals, couples, and families. Visit my website for more information.
I believe therapeutic skill combined with sensitive attunement can illuminate a healing path, removing psychological barriers and empowering clients to reach their full potential. I am a highly competent psychotherapist with twenty-two years of counseling experience. I specialize in creating a safe environment to explore issues that will result in integration and lasting change. The relationship bond that I form with each client, I consider a sacred trust to be guarded and respected. I use a deeply effective EMDR model which produces desirable results proven by research. I have EMDR certification . I counsel individuals, couples, and families. Visit my website for more information.
(703) 496-4550 View (703) 496-4550
Photo of Child, Teen and Family Therapy at CCHC, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Fairfax, VA
Child, Teen and Family Therapy at CCHC
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS, LMFT-R, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
At The Center for Connection, Healing & Change we specialize in working with toddlers, children, teens, and their families. Our family therapists are skilled in working with relationships, attachment, anxiety, depression, emotion regulation, behavioral concerns, academics, trauma, life transitions, somatic issues, identity, self-worth, trauma, adoption, and loss. As each family is different, we utilize evidence-based models to help you find real-world solutions that fit you and your unique family needs. A full description of our treatment philosophy and the areas we work with can be found at www.thecenterforconnection.com
At The Center for Connection, Healing & Change we specialize in working with toddlers, children, teens, and their families. Our family therapists are skilled in working with relationships, attachment, anxiety, depression, emotion regulation, behavioral concerns, academics, trauma, life transitions, somatic issues, identity, self-worth, trauma, adoption, and loss. As each family is different, we utilize evidence-based models to help you find real-world solutions that fit you and your unique family needs. A full description of our treatment philosophy and the areas we work with can be found at www.thecenterforconnection.com
(571) 380-8411 View (571) 380-8411
Photo of Raymond A. Bradni, Psychologist in Fairfax, VA
Raymond A. Bradni
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22033
In my therapeutic approach, we will explore your experience of mind-body (psychosomatic) dysregulation that caused the physical symptoms such as gastrointestinal problems (e.g., Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional nausea, functional abdominal pain, chronic pain, trauma-related weight gain, sleep-wake cycle dysregulation, etc. Metaphorically speaking, our therapeutic relationship will function as a container that holds complex emotions so we can explore, tolerate, and process them without judgment. As a result, your body will be relieved from its containing function, and the physical symptoms will diminish.
In my therapeutic approach, we will explore your experience of mind-body (psychosomatic) dysregulation that caused the physical symptoms such as gastrointestinal problems (e.g., Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional nausea, functional abdominal pain, chronic pain, trauma-related weight gain, sleep-wake cycle dysregulation, etc. Metaphorically speaking, our therapeutic relationship will function as a container that holds complex emotions so we can explore, tolerate, and process them without judgment. As a result, your body will be relieved from its containing function, and the physical symptoms will diminish.
(571) 470-6791 View (571) 470-6791
Photo of Hyung Sook Kim, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
Hyung Sook Kim
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
When everyday life gets you down, sometimes asking for help can be the hardest. I see therapy as a journey that we take together; providing trauma inform care, CBT, DBT, psychodynamic, substance abuse treatment, and support for growth and change.
When everyday life gets you down, sometimes asking for help can be the hardest. I see therapy as a journey that we take together; providing trauma inform care, CBT, DBT, psychodynamic, substance abuse treatment, and support for growth and change.
(571) 554-5704 View (571) 554-5704
Photo of Michael M. Fahmy, Resident in Counseling in Fairfax, VA
Michael M. Fahmy
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Fairfax, VA 22030
Dealing with significant losses, feeling trapped, or uncertain about handling emotions? Adjusting to changes can be difficult; life's trials may bring exhaustion and stress. With training in EMDR therapy, I am here to guide you through these times.
Dealing with significant losses, feeling trapped, or uncertain about handling emotions? Adjusting to changes can be difficult; life's trials may bring exhaustion and stress. With training in EMDR therapy, I am here to guide you through these times.
(571) 946-6098 View (571) 946-6098
Photo of EverWhen Therapy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
EverWhen Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22030
EverWhen Therapy assists clients in helping them manage the emotions they experience in their daily lives through a strengths-based approach. During times of high stress, self-care and emotional support help improve overall functioning. Our clients are encouraged to focus on their ability to effectively cope with and manage emotions, process new experiences, and identify personal strengths. It is of the upmost importance to establish rapport and foster a safe environment for clients that encourages creative and/or verbal expression. Treatment plans are developed based on the client's areas of need.
EverWhen Therapy assists clients in helping them manage the emotions they experience in their daily lives through a strengths-based approach. During times of high stress, self-care and emotional support help improve overall functioning. Our clients are encouraged to focus on their ability to effectively cope with and manage emotions, process new experiences, and identify personal strengths. It is of the upmost importance to establish rapport and foster a safe environment for clients that encourages creative and/or verbal expression. Treatment plans are developed based on the client's areas of need.
(571) 200-1565 View (571) 200-1565
Photo of Joseph Autry, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fairfax, VA
Joseph Autry
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Fairfax, VA 22033
Nice to meet you! My name is Joseph Autry and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 8 years of experience. I have worked with clients with anxiety, depression, substance use, personality, mood regulation, suicidal thoughts, self-harm, PTSD, eating disorders, and problems with trauma. I will often use a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy. Motivational Interviewing and Solution Focused Therapy are forms of therapy I usually like to use as well. I believe that being a therapist has allowed me to work and help clients who are feeling depressed and having thoughts of wanting to hurt
Nice to meet you! My name is Joseph Autry and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 8 years of experience. I have worked with clients with anxiety, depression, substance use, personality, mood regulation, suicidal thoughts, self-harm, PTSD, eating disorders, and problems with trauma. I will often use a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy. Motivational Interviewing and Solution Focused Therapy are forms of therapy I usually like to use as well. I believe that being a therapist has allowed me to work and help clients who are feeling depressed and having thoughts of wanting to hurt
(571) 554-5377 View (571) 554-5377
Chronic Illness Therapists

How does therapy for chronic illness work?

Many people living with a chronic illness may feel they cannot speak honestly about their experience out of embarrassment or fear of being a burden, or because those close to them do not understand, for example, that they may “look good” even if they do not feel good. Therapy sessions are an opportunity to speak openly with someone who knows their symptoms are not in their head and who can offer practical, proven suggestions for managing feelings of grief, shame, or fatigue, such as techniques to challenge unhelpful thoughts about symptoms and develop new ways to respond to them, such as distraction or calming breathing practices.

Can therapy help with physical symptoms of chronic illness?

Yes, especially if an individual with chronic illness has developed depression. People with depression are less likely to maintain their health treatment regimens or to take positive steps to manage physical symptoms when they arise, thereby potentially complicating their medical prognosis. Treatment of depression, through talk therapy, medication, or both, will often improve one’s physical state as it eases the emotional burden of illness.

What are the most effective treatment options for chronic illness?

No one living with a chronic illness, or their loved ones, should see depression as an unavoidable result of their condition. Instead, they should actively seek treatment. Research shows that people with depression are less likely to devote the required time and effort to maintaining or monitoring their health, and so therapy to limit the risk of depression can be vital for physical health as well. Therapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction have been found to help individuals reduce stress and anxiety.

How long does therapy for chronic illness take?

There is no set timeline for therapy for people living with chronic illnesses, but many will see a therapist for a number of weeks or months, typically spanning at least 12 weekly sessions. Some people feel that they experience progress faster than others but even some who quickly feel improvement may continue with sessions for months or years. Some people may benefit from maintenance therapy if their symptoms change or they experience a decline in physical health. Others find that the skills learned in short-term therapy can be used on an ongoing basis, even after therapy has concluded.