Therapists in Madison, WI

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Photo of Stone In Harmony LLC, Counselor in Madison, WI
Stone In Harmony LLC
Counselor, MA, LPC-IT, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Madison, WI 53719
I am here to provide a harmonious approach to your therapy work. I will support you as you evaluate and grow in a variety of areas: mental, emotional, physical, spiritual and relational. To that end, I have developed a counseling practice which considers and incorporates your strengths, assets and abilities when determining your treatment plan. You then there determine where and how we will go from there; and I will provide flexible support and guidance to help you on your healing journey. Let's get started.
I am here to provide a harmonious approach to your therapy work. I will support you as you evaluate and grow in a variety of areas: mental, emotional, physical, spiritual and relational. To that end, I have developed a counseling practice which considers and incorporates your strengths, assets and abilities when determining your treatment plan. You then there determine where and how we will go from there; and I will provide flexible support and guidance to help you on your healing journey. Let's get started.
(608) 813-8537 View (608) 813-8537
Photo of Elaine Rosenberg, Marriage & Family Therapist in Madison, WI
Elaine Rosenberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Madison, WI 53703
Imagine achieving what you want in life, such as fulfilling relationships and more self-awareness and insight. Imagine unburdening yourself of depression, anxiety, and self doubt. As a Certified EMDR therapist, I help clients transform traumatic experiences, allowing for more freedom and joy in life. As a Certified Emotionally Focused Therapist, I work with individuals, couples, and families to create enduring secure bonds, thereby strengthening and improving connection with others. Working from a psychodynamic and attachment orientation, I encourage clients to reflect on patterns that may act as blocks to living authentically.
Imagine achieving what you want in life, such as fulfilling relationships and more self-awareness and insight. Imagine unburdening yourself of depression, anxiety, and self doubt. As a Certified EMDR therapist, I help clients transform traumatic experiences, allowing for more freedom and joy in life. As a Certified Emotionally Focused Therapist, I work with individuals, couples, and families to create enduring secure bonds, thereby strengthening and improving connection with others. Working from a psychodynamic and attachment orientation, I encourage clients to reflect on patterns that may act as blocks to living authentically.
(608) 447-5660 View (608) 447-5660
Photo of Lynn Gutknecht Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Madison, WI
Lynn Gutknecht Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53714
I believe that people have a natural tendency to move toward positive change and growth. But life’s struggles and obstacles can derail those instincts. The conversations that take place in counseling can be healing for a variety of concerns and can help people get back on a positive path. As we work together to explore your issues in counseling, there starts to be some “open space” around your problems—like a breath of fresh air—and in that space healing and new growth can occur.
I believe that people have a natural tendency to move toward positive change and growth. But life’s struggles and obstacles can derail those instincts. The conversations that take place in counseling can be healing for a variety of concerns and can help people get back on a positive path. As we work together to explore your issues in counseling, there starts to be some “open space” around your problems—like a breath of fresh air—and in that space healing and new growth can occur.
(608) 530-1865 View (608) 530-1865
Photo of Melissa Walden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Melissa Walden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LPC, CEDS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Madison, WI 53719
It is crucial to me to build a trusting relationship with my patients, providing a safe environment where patients feel comfortable exploring their beliefs, thoughts and feelings and how this can influence behaviors.
It is crucial to me to build a trusting relationship with my patients, providing a safe environment where patients feel comfortable exploring their beliefs, thoughts and feelings and how this can influence behaviors.
(608) 824-7243 View (608) 824-7243
Photo of Golden Vibes Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in Madison, WI
Golden Vibes Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, SAC
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53703  (Online Only)
I decided to become a therapist because of my passion for helping others. My mission is to help others heal and grow. When people have a safe space to explore their concerns, the possibilities for healing and growth are endless. It is an honor for me to provide that space and empower others to identify the next steps in their journey. I facilitate a welcoming, safe, judgment-free zone. I promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. My approach is trauma-informed and culturally sensitive.
I decided to become a therapist because of my passion for helping others. My mission is to help others heal and grow. When people have a safe space to explore their concerns, the possibilities for healing and growth are endless. It is an honor for me to provide that space and empower others to identify the next steps in their journey. I facilitate a welcoming, safe, judgment-free zone. I promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. My approach is trauma-informed and culturally sensitive.
(608) 509-7142 View (608) 509-7142
Photo of Megan Kaiser, Pre-Licensed Professional in Madison, WI
Megan Kaiser
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53705
I seek to create a safe, warm, and trusting therapeutic space where clients of all backgrounds, races, ethnicities, gender identities, sexual orientations, disabilities, and socioeconomic statuses feel supported and heard. I am especially interested in working with trauma, dissociative tendencies, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+ populations, identity exploration, attachment, feelings of stuck-ness, and more!
I seek to create a safe, warm, and trusting therapeutic space where clients of all backgrounds, races, ethnicities, gender identities, sexual orientations, disabilities, and socioeconomic statuses feel supported and heard. I am especially interested in working with trauma, dissociative tendencies, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+ populations, identity exploration, attachment, feelings of stuck-ness, and more!
(608) 975-5061 View (608) 975-5061
Photo of Derek L. Hefner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Derek L. Hefner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, APSW
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53705
Therapy should be more than telling yourself that things are okay when they're not. Therapy can bring healing to wounds that have lasted for years, and finding the right therapist for you is an important first step in that process. I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, trauma, difficult relationships, and identity challenges. As a trauma survivor myself, I understand both the depths of despair and the struggle to find yourself amid all your pain and loss. Don't give up on therapy if you've had bad or less-than-ideal experiences with therapy in the past. Each therapist is different, and you can find the right one for you.
Therapy should be more than telling yourself that things are okay when they're not. Therapy can bring healing to wounds that have lasted for years, and finding the right therapist for you is an important first step in that process. I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, trauma, difficult relationships, and identity challenges. As a trauma survivor myself, I understand both the depths of despair and the struggle to find yourself amid all your pain and loss. Don't give up on therapy if you've had bad or less-than-ideal experiences with therapy in the past. Each therapist is different, and you can find the right one for you.
(608) 636-8415 View (608) 636-8415
Photo of Jim Powell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Madison, WI
Jim Powell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53703
Not accepting new clients
My philosophy holds that the therapeutic relationship is sacred and deserves the highest respect. In this relationship the mystery of each person's inner being unfolds. I honor the uniqueness and integrity of each individual I see. I view my role as a support and a guide while I join you at a very important juncture in your life. You deserve safety and trust. The objective part of therapy may involve psycho-spiritual strategies/interventions that help integrate the insights of therapy. These approaches may include mindfulness skills, psychodynamic,cognitive, behavioral or spiritual interventions such as meditation and yoga.
My philosophy holds that the therapeutic relationship is sacred and deserves the highest respect. In this relationship the mystery of each person's inner being unfolds. I honor the uniqueness and integrity of each individual I see. I view my role as a support and a guide while I join you at a very important juncture in your life. You deserve safety and trust. The objective part of therapy may involve psycho-spiritual strategies/interventions that help integrate the insights of therapy. These approaches may include mindfulness skills, psychodynamic,cognitive, behavioral or spiritual interventions such as meditation and yoga.
(608) 561-2554 x3 View (608) 561-2554 x3
Photo of Erica Baumer, Counselor in Madison, WI
Erica Baumer
Counselor, MS
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53714  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I view my clients as unique individuals. I help them identify their strengths and build on them to solve their core concerns. In my practice, bolstering a client's motivation for change is important. I provide accountability and support during the tough times--knowing that we all have challenges and choices in our lives. I am very well suited to working with LGBTQi persons and those with all levels of ability. I treat many concerns, however, I specialize in anxiety concerns and trauma (PTSD). I also work with those who struggle with Personality Disorders.
I view my clients as unique individuals. I help them identify their strengths and build on them to solve their core concerns. In my practice, bolstering a client's motivation for change is important. I provide accountability and support during the tough times--knowing that we all have challenges and choices in our lives. I am very well suited to working with LGBTQi persons and those with all levels of ability. I treat many concerns, however, I specialize in anxiety concerns and trauma (PTSD). I also work with those who struggle with Personality Disorders.
(608) 402-4870 View (608) 402-4870
Photo of Rachel Sanabria, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Rachel Sanabria
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53719
“Sensitivity isn't being wimpy. It's about being so painfully aware that a flea landing on a dog is like a sonic boom.” This is a quote from a favorite musician of mine, Jeff Buckley. I see sensitivity as a strength, not a deficit. As a therapist, I work hard to help my clients understand that oftentimes the parts of themselves that they view as weak are really their greatest strengths. The stories we tell ourselves about ourselves are very important. They are the lens through which we view everything- they color our world. The problem is that a lot of the time the narratives we have about ourselves are simply not true.
“Sensitivity isn't being wimpy. It's about being so painfully aware that a flea landing on a dog is like a sonic boom.” This is a quote from a favorite musician of mine, Jeff Buckley. I see sensitivity as a strength, not a deficit. As a therapist, I work hard to help my clients understand that oftentimes the parts of themselves that they view as weak are really their greatest strengths. The stories we tell ourselves about ourselves are very important. They are the lens through which we view everything- they color our world. The problem is that a lot of the time the narratives we have about ourselves are simply not true.
(608) 719-3511 View (608) 719-3511
Photo of Michael Gerst, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Michael Gerst
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC, EMDRIA
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53705
Not accepting new clients
As a certified EMDR therapist I specialize in treating trauma. My certification is with EMDRIA. For more information google EMDRIA.
As a certified EMDR therapist I specialize in treating trauma. My certification is with EMDRIA. For more information google EMDRIA.
(608) 400-4308 View (608) 400-4308
Photo of Shariety L Gibbs, Licensed Professional Counselor in Madison, WI
Shariety L Gibbs
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Madison, WI 53705  (Online Only)
While asking for help can be a frightening experience, it doesn't have to be. I strive to take the frightening out of therapy, and utilize empowering strategies to help individuals become the very best they can be. My professional experience involves working with teens, adults, and couples. I have experience with individuals working through traumas such as being victims of rape, incest, bullying, and abuse. I also work with military personnel, assisting through traumas such as PTSD, and assisting with reintegration.
While asking for help can be a frightening experience, it doesn't have to be. I strive to take the frightening out of therapy, and utilize empowering strategies to help individuals become the very best they can be. My professional experience involves working with teens, adults, and couples. I have experience with individuals working through traumas such as being victims of rape, incest, bullying, and abuse. I also work with military personnel, assisting through traumas such as PTSD, and assisting with reintegration.
(608) 807-2776 View (608) 807-2776
Photo of Dan Willman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Madison, WI
Dan Willman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53703
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome to my Psychology Today profile. My name is Dan. My approach to therapy is eclectic, but what I believe is most important is the therapeutic relationship. If you don't feel comfortable and relaxed, your healing and growth will feel more like work than a journey. I try to create an atmosphere tailored to your specific needs and desires. Whether you're seeking a guide, a teacher, or an instructor; I can fill that role and ensure you feel comfortable enough to ask for a change of pace. Seeking therapy can feel like an intimidating ordeal, my aim is to make it a tranquil yet invigorating hike through nature.
Welcome to my Psychology Today profile. My name is Dan. My approach to therapy is eclectic, but what I believe is most important is the therapeutic relationship. If you don't feel comfortable and relaxed, your healing and growth will feel more like work than a journey. I try to create an atmosphere tailored to your specific needs and desires. Whether you're seeking a guide, a teacher, or an instructor; I can fill that role and ensure you feel comfortable enough to ask for a change of pace. Seeking therapy can feel like an intimidating ordeal, my aim is to make it a tranquil yet invigorating hike through nature.
(262) 885-4089 View (262) 885-4089
Photo of Darald Hanusa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Darald Hanusa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LSCW, SAC
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53705
It was Ralph Waldo Emerson who once said that, "What lies behind us and what lies before us matters little compared to what lies within us". For more than 30 years I have focused on helping children and adults, individually, in couples, in families and groups achieve strength, peace and confidence by improving conflict resolution, communication, stress and anxiety, anger management skills, child and adolescent behavioral problems, and parenting skills as well as improved functioning and decreased emotional distress related to depression, self-esteem, post-traumatic stress and bipolar disorders. Through a combination of interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral and motivational approaches I have seen my clients make meaningful and lasting transformations in both emotional and behavioral dimensions. I provide evidence-based, focused, and time-limited treatment with documented results for mental health, behavioral health and substance use issues.
It was Ralph Waldo Emerson who once said that, "What lies behind us and what lies before us matters little compared to what lies within us". For more than 30 years I have focused on helping children and adults, individually, in couples, in families and groups achieve strength, peace and confidence by improving conflict resolution, communication, stress and anxiety, anger management skills, child and adolescent behavioral problems, and parenting skills as well as improved functioning and decreased emotional distress related to depression, self-esteem, post-traumatic stress and bipolar disorders. Through a combination of interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral and motivational approaches I have seen my clients make meaningful and lasting transformations in both emotional and behavioral dimensions. I provide evidence-based, focused, and time-limited treatment with documented results for mental health, behavioral health and substance use issues.
(608) 579-0529 x229 View (608) 579-0529 x229
Photo of Javon Alyasiri, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Javon Alyasiri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Madison, WI 53705
Change promotes growth. Whether self-generated or completely unexpected, change can be challenging for some, and inspirational for others. Having a clinical partner to join you as you navigate your journey can ease the stress that comes along with the inevitable changes that you will encounter throughout life. My clinical approach is to work with you to emphasize your personal strengths and to help you discover ways to feel at peace with yourself, especially when facing stressful times. I work with individuals and couples to help you feel supported as we partner together to accomplish your goals.
Change promotes growth. Whether self-generated or completely unexpected, change can be challenging for some, and inspirational for others. Having a clinical partner to join you as you navigate your journey can ease the stress that comes along with the inevitable changes that you will encounter throughout life. My clinical approach is to work with you to emphasize your personal strengths and to help you discover ways to feel at peace with yourself, especially when facing stressful times. I work with individuals and couples to help you feel supported as we partner together to accomplish your goals.
(608) 459-6015 View (608) 459-6015
Photo of Amberly Stevens, Marriage & Family Therapist in Madison, WI
Amberly Stevens
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Madison, WI 53719
Are you experiencing feelings of anxiety and depression? Do you struggle with negative beliefs about yourself? Is it hard for you to make sense of your emotions? I have experience working with people with depression and anxiety disorders, complex-PTSD and trauma. I focus on emotions with my clients and can help you get curious about the information your emotions are trying to communicate. I approach my work with a trauma lens, I am trained in EMDR and I am IFS-informed (Internal Family Systems or Parts work).
Are you experiencing feelings of anxiety and depression? Do you struggle with negative beliefs about yourself? Is it hard for you to make sense of your emotions? I have experience working with people with depression and anxiety disorders, complex-PTSD and trauma. I focus on emotions with my clients and can help you get curious about the information your emotions are trying to communicate. I approach my work with a trauma lens, I am trained in EMDR and I am IFS-informed (Internal Family Systems or Parts work).
(608) 938-8355 View (608) 938-8355
Photo of Gabi Koren, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Gabi Koren
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SAC
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53713  (Online Only)
I am a mental health therapist that specializes in dual diagnosis therapy focusing on addiction and concerns with substance use and/ or gambling. I enjoy working with clients individually, as couples, and through group therapy. I believe my job as a therapist is to find a way for my clients to feel safe to tell their story and to explore their potential. My goal in working with individuals is to increase their capacity for self-reflection and amplify self-understanding. By focusing on holistic approaches, clients can gain insight into existing strengths and mobilize their capacity to implement positive changes in their life.
I am a mental health therapist that specializes in dual diagnosis therapy focusing on addiction and concerns with substance use and/ or gambling. I enjoy working with clients individually, as couples, and through group therapy. I believe my job as a therapist is to find a way for my clients to feel safe to tell their story and to explore their potential. My goal in working with individuals is to increase their capacity for self-reflection and amplify self-understanding. By focusing on holistic approaches, clients can gain insight into existing strengths and mobilize their capacity to implement positive changes in their life.
(844) 284-3876 View (844) 284-3876
Photo of Amal Othman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Amal Othman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53703
Resilience is the capacity to prepare for, recover from, and adapt in the face of stress, challenge or adversity. I provide a brave space for holistic health and well-being. I offer compassionate and integrative counseling to individuals and couples. I explore with you the practice of resilience, the embodiment of wellness, and how to access your innate wisdom to empower yourself and improve the quality of your life. My clinical approach is influenced by Internal Family Systems, somatic psychotherapy, and various relational, cognitive, and behavioral modalities.
Resilience is the capacity to prepare for, recover from, and adapt in the face of stress, challenge or adversity. I provide a brave space for holistic health and well-being. I offer compassionate and integrative counseling to individuals and couples. I explore with you the practice of resilience, the embodiment of wellness, and how to access your innate wisdom to empower yourself and improve the quality of your life. My clinical approach is influenced by Internal Family Systems, somatic psychotherapy, and various relational, cognitive, and behavioral modalities.
(608) 200-3215 View (608) 200-3215
Photo of Bri Buhr, Pre-Licensed Professional in Madison, WI
Bri Buhr
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MS
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53703
I work with clients experiencing anxiety, LGBTQIA+ folks, college students, children and teens, and people who are counselors or counselors in training. Some of my identities include being queer, nonbinary/gender fabulous, and White.
I work with clients experiencing anxiety, LGBTQIA+ folks, college students, children and teens, and people who are counselors or counselors in training. Some of my identities include being queer, nonbinary/gender fabulous, and White.
(608) 597-6776 x9 View (608) 597-6776 x9
Photo of Gladden: Therapy & Counseling Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Madison, WI
Gladden: Therapy & Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ICS
Verified Verified
Madison, WI 53718  (Online Only)
My favorite question to ask is, ‘Is that okay with you?’, because this is your life, and you get the ability to dictate how it should look. Seeking therapy takes a great deal of courage and finding a therapist who is the right fit for you can seem overwhelming. Congratulations on taking that first step.
My favorite question to ask is, ‘Is that okay with you?’, because this is your life, and you get the ability to dictate how it should look. Seeking therapy takes a great deal of courage and finding a therapist who is the right fit for you can seem overwhelming. Congratulations on taking that first step.
(608) 585-8176 View (608) 585-8176

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Madison, WI

700+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Madison, WI who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
70% Self Esteem
65% Stress
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

53% Quartz
50% BlueCross and BlueShield
50% Other

How Therapists in Madison, WI see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Madison?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.