Therapists in Kalamazoo, MI

View neighborhoods in Kalamazoo
Photo of Ashley Lewis, Counselor in Kalamazoo, MI
Ashley Lewis
Counselor, MA, LLPC
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49007
I know from personal experience how helpful and impactful therapy can be which is what ultimately led me to becoming a therapist. I use empathy and compassion to support children, teens and adults throughout the treatment process. My goal as a therapist is to ensure I am providing a safe and comfortable environment that my clients enjoy coming to. The types of techniques, tools and methods I use vary and are tailored to the client's specific needs.
I know from personal experience how helpful and impactful therapy can be which is what ultimately led me to becoming a therapist. I use empathy and compassion to support children, teens and adults throughout the treatment process. My goal as a therapist is to ensure I am providing a safe and comfortable environment that my clients enjoy coming to. The types of techniques, tools and methods I use vary and are tailored to the client's specific needs.
(269) 231-4057 View (269) 231-4057
Photo of Elaine Bussema, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kalamazoo, MI
Elaine Bussema
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49009
Change can be scary, it can also be really good/exciting! I am a solution-focused therapist with a collaborative, non-judgemental, and client centered approach to treatment. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment for individuals to explore their challenges and make progress towards creating healthy and satisfying lives.
Change can be scary, it can also be really good/exciting! I am a solution-focused therapist with a collaborative, non-judgemental, and client centered approach to treatment. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment for individuals to explore their challenges and make progress towards creating healthy and satisfying lives.
View
Photo of Child & Family Psychological Services, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Kalamazoo, MI
Child & Family Psychological Services
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49009
Child & Family Psychological Services is a full-service private practice offering psychological and counseling services in Kalamazoo, Portage, and Battle Creek and teletherapy services throughout Michigan. Our clients are all ages, from all walks of life and come to us with a wide range of concerns. If you need help getting to a better place in your life, we invite you to learn more about our professional services, areas of expertise and clinical staff. At CFPS, we like to say It’s About Relationships. Because how happy we are in our relationships — both with others and with ourselves — largely determines how happy we are in life.
Child & Family Psychological Services is a full-service private practice offering psychological and counseling services in Kalamazoo, Portage, and Battle Creek and teletherapy services throughout Michigan. Our clients are all ages, from all walks of life and come to us with a wide range of concerns. If you need help getting to a better place in your life, we invite you to learn more about our professional services, areas of expertise and clinical staff. At CFPS, we like to say It’s About Relationships. Because how happy we are in our relationships — both with others and with ourselves — largely determines how happy we are in life.
(269) 248-5537 View (269) 248-5537
Photo of Melissa Heinrich, Psychologist in Kalamazoo, MI
Melissa Heinrich
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
Not accepting new clients
I believe the human capacity for change and growth is incredible. Difficult experiences, negative environments, and challenging relationships can distort our connections with ourselves and others. These disconnections can create problems, and I see relationships as powerful change agents--particularly our relationship with ourselves. When clients are given the opportunity to feel heard and understood, healing and growth are possible. To do this, I believe it is vital for us to establish a strong relationship to support the change you would like to make. I provide culturally sensitive therapy to motivated individuals and couples.
I believe the human capacity for change and growth is incredible. Difficult experiences, negative environments, and challenging relationships can distort our connections with ourselves and others. These disconnections can create problems, and I see relationships as powerful change agents--particularly our relationship with ourselves. When clients are given the opportunity to feel heard and understood, healing and growth are possible. To do this, I believe it is vital for us to establish a strong relationship to support the change you would like to make. I provide culturally sensitive therapy to motivated individuals and couples.
(269) 718-3017 View (269) 718-3017
Photo of Annalyse Ellis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kalamazoo, MI
Annalyse Ellis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CAADC
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49006  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! My name is Annalyse, and I am a clinical social worker practicing at Rinehart Institute. I believe that therapy is a healing space to explore your thoughts, emotions, hopes, fears, and goals. I recognize that going to therapy can be a vulnerable experience, and so I strive to make sessions feel safe and caring. I specialize in working with adults, teens, and children, as well as with couples and families.
Hello! My name is Annalyse, and I am a clinical social worker practicing at Rinehart Institute. I believe that therapy is a healing space to explore your thoughts, emotions, hopes, fears, and goals. I recognize that going to therapy can be a vulnerable experience, and so I strive to make sessions feel safe and caring. I specialize in working with adults, teens, and children, as well as with couples and families.
(269) 443-1002 View (269) 443-1002
Photo of David Gregg, Psychologist in Kalamazoo, MI
David Gregg
Psychologist, PhD, LP, CAADC, CCTP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49006
Not accepting new clients
My first priority is to help you feel comfortable and acknowledge how commendable it is you're taking these steps. My approach is unique because I welcome all feelings into the therapy process, especially guarded or skeptical ones. I welcome clients who seek therapy for a variety of topics, including anxiety, depression, bipolar, substance use, trauma, relationship difficulties, insomnia, and forming life goals. I work with adolescents and adults of all ages.
My first priority is to help you feel comfortable and acknowledge how commendable it is you're taking these steps. My approach is unique because I welcome all feelings into the therapy process, especially guarded or skeptical ones. I welcome clients who seek therapy for a variety of topics, including anxiety, depression, bipolar, substance use, trauma, relationship difficulties, insomnia, and forming life goals. I work with adolescents and adults of all ages.
(947) 282-9316 View (947) 282-9316
Photo of Stacey Lawrence, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kalamazoo, MI
Stacey Lawrence
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ADS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
Mind, Body, and Spirit; all are important aspects of overall well-being and at some point in our lives, we all experience one, two, or all three areas becoming misaligned. The solution then is to find balance once again…and that is where I come in. Whether you are looking to change the thoughts and beliefs you have about yourself (mind), relieve bodily symptoms that have no medical explanation (body), or get connect to your higher self (spirit), I am here to help guide you to realignment. **Email/text are the easiest ways to get ahold of me as I am often in session**
Mind, Body, and Spirit; all are important aspects of overall well-being and at some point in our lives, we all experience one, two, or all three areas becoming misaligned. The solution then is to find balance once again…and that is where I come in. Whether you are looking to change the thoughts and beliefs you have about yourself (mind), relieve bodily symptoms that have no medical explanation (body), or get connect to your higher self (spirit), I am here to help guide you to realignment. **Email/text are the easiest ways to get ahold of me as I am often in session**
(269) 679-6217 View (269) 679-6217
Photo of Dr. Chris Olson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kalamazoo, MI
Dr. Chris Olson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49007
I have been in private practice for 33 years having the privilege of serving individuals and couples in our community. I've gained a solid understanding of the struggles we face navigating the difficulties of life. My knowledge and compassion facilitate growth and healing for individuals within their selves and in their relationships. My style of therapy is one of warmth and engaging with each person in the story of their life and the difficulties within that. It is my intention to create an open and inviting atmosphere for people to explore themselves, their relationships, and the environment which they live.
I have been in private practice for 33 years having the privilege of serving individuals and couples in our community. I've gained a solid understanding of the struggles we face navigating the difficulties of life. My knowledge and compassion facilitate growth and healing for individuals within their selves and in their relationships. My style of therapy is one of warmth and engaging with each person in the story of their life and the difficulties within that. It is my intention to create an open and inviting atmosphere for people to explore themselves, their relationships, and the environment which they live.
(269) 215-5667 View (269) 215-5667
Photo of Shoni Newhouse, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kalamazoo, MI
Shoni Newhouse
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49009
Waitlist for new clients
My name is Shoni and my therapeutic approach is 'you.' It's introducing "you" to the person you've been waiting to meet. I practice a variety of interventions including sand-tray therapy, art expression, CBT, person-centered, solution focused, nutritional psychology, and spirituality. I work with teens, adults, and couples. Areas of special interest include, racial identity, ADHD, trauma, foster care and adoption, and first responders. Areas of focus are assessing values, creating healthy boundaries, strategies to reduce anxiety, create a support system, and provide education on community resources.
My name is Shoni and my therapeutic approach is 'you.' It's introducing "you" to the person you've been waiting to meet. I practice a variety of interventions including sand-tray therapy, art expression, CBT, person-centered, solution focused, nutritional psychology, and spirituality. I work with teens, adults, and couples. Areas of special interest include, racial identity, ADHD, trauma, foster care and adoption, and first responders. Areas of focus are assessing values, creating healthy boundaries, strategies to reduce anxiety, create a support system, and provide education on community resources.
(269) 386-6527 View (269) 386-6527
Photo of Shannon Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kalamazoo, MI
Shannon Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49009
Waitlist for new clients
Do you ever wish life could be different but don't know how to make make changes? Do you wish you could have someone to confide to that isn't part of your daily life and maybe someone who will give you wisdom and help shed light on patterns of thinking that might not be helpful to you? Do you long for space to share your inner thoughts and feelings without judgement? Over the years, I have worked with a variety of individuals ages 4-50 something who long for these exact things!
Do you ever wish life could be different but don't know how to make make changes? Do you wish you could have someone to confide to that isn't part of your daily life and maybe someone who will give you wisdom and help shed light on patterns of thinking that might not be helpful to you? Do you long for space to share your inner thoughts and feelings without judgement? Over the years, I have worked with a variety of individuals ages 4-50 something who long for these exact things!
(269) 665-1064 View (269) 665-1064
Photo of Awakenings Christian Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kalamazoo, MI
Awakenings Christian Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
Our highly trained and compassionate therapists are here to help as am I. Life can quickly take a turn leaving us in shock, feeling like our future is uncertain and out of control. Seeking help processing is the first step to healing. Knowing that you are not alone as you navigate through the process brings a sense of comfort and reassurance needed in difficult times.
Our highly trained and compassionate therapists are here to help as am I. Life can quickly take a turn leaving us in shock, feeling like our future is uncertain and out of control. Seeking help processing is the first step to healing. Knowing that you are not alone as you navigate through the process brings a sense of comfort and reassurance needed in difficult times.
(269) 215-6687 View (269) 215-6687
Photo of Mary Jo Baweja, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Kalamazoo, MI
Mary Jo Baweja
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49048  (Online Only)
I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals, and families who struggle a variety of life issues. My approach will be holistic, strength-based, person-centered approach. I am passionate about helping others empower themselves to manage any life challenges they face. My goal as a counselor is to provide a safe environment for you.
I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals, and families who struggle a variety of life issues. My approach will be holistic, strength-based, person-centered approach. I am passionate about helping others empower themselves to manage any life challenges they face. My goal as a counselor is to provide a safe environment for you.
(616) 523-3232 View (616) 523-3232
Photo of Alyse Lange, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kalamazoo, MI
Alyse Lange
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, IBCLC
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49006  (Online Only)
I am passionate about empowering and supporting individuals and couples as they grow. I recognize my clients as experts on their own lives, and assist them as they learn to identify and leverage their strengths to move toward a healthier place. I have experience assisting with: anxiety, depression, issues that arise throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period, infertility & loss, parenting challenges, relationship conflict, navigating life changes, grief, attachment, non-binary, and transgender individuals.
I am passionate about empowering and supporting individuals and couples as they grow. I recognize my clients as experts on their own lives, and assist them as they learn to identify and leverage their strengths to move toward a healthier place. I have experience assisting with: anxiety, depression, issues that arise throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period, infertility & loss, parenting challenges, relationship conflict, navigating life changes, grief, attachment, non-binary, and transgender individuals.
(269) 247-4548 View (269) 247-4548
Photo of Devin Junell Willis, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Kalamazoo, MI
Devin Junell Willis
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, DTLLP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49008
I strive to provide the space for clients to feel empowered, identify ways to heal from the past, and work toward a future of prioritizing mental health and overall well-being.
I strive to provide the space for clients to feel empowered, identify ways to heal from the past, and work toward a future of prioritizing mental health and overall well-being.
(269) 241-9632 View (269) 241-9632
Photo of Kalamazoo Evidence Based Therapy in Kalamazoo, MI
Kalamazoo Evidence Based Therapy
PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49006  (Online Only)
Kalamazoo Evidence Based Therapy (KEBT) is an individually owned practice bringing together therapists trained in and practicing evidence based therapy including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy, (DBT), behavioral activation for depression, exposure-based therapies for anxiety, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and radically open DBT (RODBT) for issues of over-control. KEBT is founded by psychologist, Victoria Cane, who specializes in the treatment of emotion dysregulation disorder (a more accurate name for borderline personality disorder), eating disorders, and LGBTQIA-affirmative therapy.
Kalamazoo Evidence Based Therapy (KEBT) is an individually owned practice bringing together therapists trained in and practicing evidence based therapy including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy, (DBT), behavioral activation for depression, exposure-based therapies for anxiety, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and radically open DBT (RODBT) for issues of over-control. KEBT is founded by psychologist, Victoria Cane, who specializes in the treatment of emotion dysregulation disorder (a more accurate name for borderline personality disorder), eating disorders, and LGBTQIA-affirmative therapy.
(269) 430-2037 View (269) 430-2037
Photo of Leah Condit, Counselor in Kalamazoo, MI
Leah Condit
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49009
Waitlist for new clients
Do you have or suspect you have ADHD? Has social media, yes TikTok/instagram, lead you to suspect you may have ADHD but don't know where to start. I'm passionate about helping you understand ADHD, how it affects YOU and what you can do with it. ADHD is widely misunderstood as a lack of focus or attention. ADHD is more accurately an issue of regulation which includes emotions, impulsivity, money, attention, sensory sensitivity etc. I work with clients on managing the symptoms of ADHD, the shame, guilt, anxiety and depression that stem from having ADHD in our society. Let's work together to create an environment that suits your brain.
Do you have or suspect you have ADHD? Has social media, yes TikTok/instagram, lead you to suspect you may have ADHD but don't know where to start. I'm passionate about helping you understand ADHD, how it affects YOU and what you can do with it. ADHD is widely misunderstood as a lack of focus or attention. ADHD is more accurately an issue of regulation which includes emotions, impulsivity, money, attention, sensory sensitivity etc. I work with clients on managing the symptoms of ADHD, the shame, guilt, anxiety and depression that stem from having ADHD in our society. Let's work together to create an environment that suits your brain.
View
Photo of Sarah Good, Marriage & Family Therapist in Kalamazoo, MI
Sarah Good
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49009
Being a therapist is truly an honor and privilege. I admire the bravery, vulnerability, and curiosity of my clients which brings them into a room with a stranger to share their most intimate struggles and life experiences with the hope of seeing life in a new way. I approach therapy with a compassionate directness that challenges my clients to break free of unhelpful patterns and develop new skills and ways of thinking that allows them to move toward the life they want to lead. I hope to help clients better manage life's curveballs with grace, compassion, and confidence knowing that, even though life is hard now, it won't always be.
Being a therapist is truly an honor and privilege. I admire the bravery, vulnerability, and curiosity of my clients which brings them into a room with a stranger to share their most intimate struggles and life experiences with the hope of seeing life in a new way. I approach therapy with a compassionate directness that challenges my clients to break free of unhelpful patterns and develop new skills and ways of thinking that allows them to move toward the life they want to lead. I hope to help clients better manage life's curveballs with grace, compassion, and confidence knowing that, even though life is hard now, it won't always be.
(269) 280-4807 View (269) 280-4807
Photo of Rob Chapuran, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kalamazoo, MI
Rob Chapuran
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CAADC
Verified Verified
Kalamazoo, MI 49009
Hello! As a therapist, I strive to support individuals in reaching their fullest potential in any areas of life that may be unsatisfactory. I will create a safe space to share conversations and together we will work to reconcile any discomfort. I am humbled to be chosen to walk beside you on this journey and I commend you for taking the first step towards healing. I believe everyone can use extra support at various points in life and therapy can provide a method to learn new tools to have in your arsenal.
Hello! As a therapist, I strive to support individuals in reaching their fullest potential in any areas of life that may be unsatisfactory. I will create a safe space to share conversations and together we will work to reconcile any discomfort. I am humbled to be chosen to walk beside you on this journey and I commend you for taking the first step towards healing. I believe everyone can use extra support at various points in life and therapy can provide a method to learn new tools to have in your arsenal.
(269) 399-3508 View (269) 399-3508
Photo of Jacob Crowell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Kalamazoo, MI
Jacob Crowell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49006
Opening up to another person can be tough and making the steps to start therapy can be difficult. Make the first step easier and schedule a free phone or in person fifteen-minute consultation.We all experience pain, and this can lead to suffering. We experience suffering when we react to pain, get stuck in unhelpful behaviors, thoughts, and emotions, and end up caught in a place we do not want to be. As a counselor I have had the honor of working with great individuals helping them help themselves work through pain and be able to discover and more deeply connect to what is important to them; living a life more fully.
Opening up to another person can be tough and making the steps to start therapy can be difficult. Make the first step easier and schedule a free phone or in person fifteen-minute consultation.We all experience pain, and this can lead to suffering. We experience suffering when we react to pain, get stuck in unhelpful behaviors, thoughts, and emotions, and end up caught in a place we do not want to be. As a counselor I have had the honor of working with great individuals helping them help themselves work through pain and be able to discover and more deeply connect to what is important to them; living a life more fully.
(269) 743-3815 View (269) 743-3815
Photo of Brooke McKenzie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Kalamazoo, MI
Brooke McKenzie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, QIDP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kalamazoo, MI 49001  (Online Only)
I want to start off by saying that I am proud of you for taking the first step in healing! Making the choice to seek out therapy can be a tough one, choosing your therapist shouldn’t be. My goal as your therapist is to create a comfortable and safe environment (however that may look for you) to process, heal and grow. It is important to me that your therapy space is inclusive, trauma informed and person centered.
I want to start off by saying that I am proud of you for taking the first step in healing! Making the choice to seek out therapy can be a tough one, choosing your therapist shouldn’t be. My goal as your therapist is to create a comfortable and safe environment (however that may look for you) to process, heal and grow. It is important to me that your therapy space is inclusive, trauma informed and person centered.
(269) 340-3372 View (269) 340-3372

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Kalamazoo, MI

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Kalamazoo, MI who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
92% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
75% Stress
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Blue Care Network
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Kalamazoo, MI see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kalamazoo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.