Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Rachael A. Henderson, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Rachael A. Henderson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I began my master's training in 2014, and I have worked with individuals and their families struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, ADHD, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and seizure disorders.
I began my master's training in 2014, and I have worked with individuals and their families struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, ADHD, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and seizure disorders.
(415) 539-2643 View (415) 539-2643
Photo of Jim Oakley, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jim Oakley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT, MDiv
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I love helping my clients not just survive, but thrive. Whether or not you've tried therapy before, deciding to get experienced support is the first step to a better life. While some of my clients initially reach out in moments of crisis or great need, others are doing fine or even "thriving" (in the eyes of peers and loved ones) but feel like they can build greater happiness and meaning with a regular therapeutic relationship. You'll gain personal insight, a stronger confidence in your choices and greater resiliency in navigating life and relationship challenges.
I love helping my clients not just survive, but thrive. Whether or not you've tried therapy before, deciding to get experienced support is the first step to a better life. While some of my clients initially reach out in moments of crisis or great need, others are doing fine or even "thriving" (in the eyes of peers and loved ones) but feel like they can build greater happiness and meaning with a regular therapeutic relationship. You'll gain personal insight, a stronger confidence in your choices and greater resiliency in navigating life and relationship challenges.
(415) 484-3455 View (415) 484-3455
Photo of Dr. Simrin Kang, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Dr. Simrin Kang
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94103  (Online Only)
Many of us attempt to charge through life, trying to ignore that on the inside we feel empty, alone, misunderstood, or full of dread about life's problems. We may be skilled at keeping a brave face in public or with loved ones, but eventually it becomes impossible to ignore that our ability to enjoy our life has greatly diminished. Each day becomes about just surviving, hoping that tomorrow may somehow feel different. We know we are capable of joy, passion, ambition, and love, but they feel so out of reach. What has gone wrong?
Many of us attempt to charge through life, trying to ignore that on the inside we feel empty, alone, misunderstood, or full of dread about life's problems. We may be skilled at keeping a brave face in public or with loved ones, but eventually it becomes impossible to ignore that our ability to enjoy our life has greatly diminished. Each day becomes about just surviving, hoping that tomorrow may somehow feel different. We know we are capable of joy, passion, ambition, and love, but they feel so out of reach. What has gone wrong?
(415) 539-1705 View (415) 539-1705
Photo of Khawaja Saad Haye, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Khawaja Saad Haye
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Khawaja Saad Haye (call him Saad) is a Trauma & PTSD Specialist. He acquired specialty certifications in clinical trauma. He has helped clients who experienced trauma from childhood, sexual assaults, war, and racial trauma. His approach is strengths based, skills based and solution focused. Saad helps his client's understand their visceral reactions and will support them in the moment to attend to themselves in an effective manner. It is not uncommon for Saad to point out physical shifts in session to help the client be more aware of how their mind-body are interconnected.
Khawaja Saad Haye (call him Saad) is a Trauma & PTSD Specialist. He acquired specialty certifications in clinical trauma. He has helped clients who experienced trauma from childhood, sexual assaults, war, and racial trauma. His approach is strengths based, skills based and solution focused. Saad helps his client's understand their visceral reactions and will support them in the moment to attend to themselves in an effective manner. It is not uncommon for Saad to point out physical shifts in session to help the client be more aware of how their mind-body are interconnected.
(415) 729-1998 View (415) 729-1998
Photo of Debra Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Debra Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, RN, MFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
"The more aspects of myself I am given the freedom to know and live without reacting to as right or wrong, good or bad, the more I can witness all the elements of who I am and the healthier I am" ---Diane Shainberg. As a psychotherapist, I practice with the belief that therapy can be a rich and vital exploration into understanding the deepest parts of ourselves.The parts we cherish as well as the parts we want to change.
"The more aspects of myself I am given the freedom to know and live without reacting to as right or wrong, good or bad, the more I can witness all the elements of who I am and the healthier I am" ---Diane Shainberg. As a psychotherapist, I practice with the belief that therapy can be a rich and vital exploration into understanding the deepest parts of ourselves.The parts we cherish as well as the parts we want to change.
(415) 347-5972 View (415) 347-5972
Photo of Loryn Hicks, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Loryn Hicks
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94117  (Online Only)
I offer warmth and love created by a safe and welcoming environment. I have a passion for working with those who have been told they are “too much”. From working with teens and families to those struggling through trauma or grief, I am here. I work with intersectionality and identity, cultural explorations and difficulties, as well as difference and sensitivity. I have worked extensively with those with eating struggles. I have worked in restorative justice and enjoy working with the formerly incarcerated, Please ask me anything
I offer warmth and love created by a safe and welcoming environment. I have a passion for working with those who have been told they are “too much”. From working with teens and families to those struggling through trauma or grief, I am here. I work with intersectionality and identity, cultural explorations and difficulties, as well as difference and sensitivity. I have worked extensively with those with eating struggles. I have worked in restorative justice and enjoy working with the formerly incarcerated, Please ask me anything
(415) 831-7691 View (415) 831-7691
Photo of Barrie Eden Yuspeh, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Barrie Eden Yuspeh
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I offer remote sessions that fit your needs. 2022 can be a great time to begin therapy and check in on your goals. Are you ready to make some changes? Or look at old blocks that have been holding you back? I offer psychotherapy for mind, body and spirit and I can help you to create and foster the life you want. I help people find more ease, more satisfaction, more confidence and more connection to themselves and others. By creating an atmosphere for learning, discovery and healing, I have seen many clients go through a deep transformative process.
I offer remote sessions that fit your needs. 2022 can be a great time to begin therapy and check in on your goals. Are you ready to make some changes? Or look at old blocks that have been holding you back? I offer psychotherapy for mind, body and spirit and I can help you to create and foster the life you want. I help people find more ease, more satisfaction, more confidence and more connection to themselves and others. By creating an atmosphere for learning, discovery and healing, I have seen many clients go through a deep transformative process.
(415) 935-4932 View (415) 935-4932
Photo of Lindsay Hesser, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lindsay Hesser
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94131  (Online Only)
I believe shared humor and relational connection are key for effective therapy. My goal is to meet you where you are, with a grounded, pragmatic approach. Together, we will collaborate to make your daily life more manageable and fulfilling by addressing outdated coping skills, self-sabotaging behaviors, overwhelming emotions, stressful situations, and lingering traumas. I also offer coaching services for professionals, those in the healthcare/wellness field, and graduate students. I enjoy supporting clients through the processes of self-development, self-innovation, radical acceptance, and growth.
I believe shared humor and relational connection are key for effective therapy. My goal is to meet you where you are, with a grounded, pragmatic approach. Together, we will collaborate to make your daily life more manageable and fulfilling by addressing outdated coping skills, self-sabotaging behaviors, overwhelming emotions, stressful situations, and lingering traumas. I also offer coaching services for professionals, those in the healthcare/wellness field, and graduate students. I enjoy supporting clients through the processes of self-development, self-innovation, radical acceptance, and growth.
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Photo of Lisa Sporri, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Lisa Sporri
Psychologist, PhD, MEd
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
Are you concerned about your child's development? Is your child experiencing learning difficulties? I conduct pediatric neuropsychological evaluations to help understand how your child learns best and then provide recommendations based on that learning profile. My goal is to bridge the gap between neuropsychological assessment and educational/treatment programming. I am not only a pediatric neuropsychologist, but have a master's degree in special education. This enables me to better integrate the neuropsychological assessment and educational programming. Integral to my approach is translating the neurocognitive profile to parents, educators and physicians in a meaningful, practical and collaborative manner.
Are you concerned about your child's development? Is your child experiencing learning difficulties? I conduct pediatric neuropsychological evaluations to help understand how your child learns best and then provide recommendations based on that learning profile. My goal is to bridge the gap between neuropsychological assessment and educational/treatment programming. I am not only a pediatric neuropsychologist, but have a master's degree in special education. This enables me to better integrate the neuropsychological assessment and educational programming. Integral to my approach is translating the neurocognitive profile to parents, educators and physicians in a meaningful, practical and collaborative manner.
(415) 534-6127 View (415) 534-6127
Photo of Caroline Siu Chui, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Caroline Siu Chui
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Are you looking for support for your child, family, or maybe you? I have experience working with children, teens, and families in Community and School-Based settings. I specialize in working with individuals who have experienced trauma and who also may be experiencing a range of additional presenting concerns or diagnoses, such as ADHD, PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders, family or other relational challenges.
Are you looking for support for your child, family, or maybe you? I have experience working with children, teens, and families in Community and School-Based settings. I specialize in working with individuals who have experienced trauma and who also may be experiencing a range of additional presenting concerns or diagnoses, such as ADHD, PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders, family or other relational challenges.
(415) 941-5937 View (415) 941-5937
Photo of Scott Macomber, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Scott Macomber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94131  (Online Only)
I am not a “blank slate”, distant and analyzing therapist. I am present and “in it” with my clients. Being real helps my clients see and experience they aren’t alone. Compassion, empathy, emotional awareness, and heart-centeredness are the fundamental ingredients of my therapy. Mindfulness-based techniques are critical to how I help clients slow down, recognize what emotions are coming up, and better tolerate them. While I have experience working with a wide range of concerns, my main expertise is in couples work, trauma, anxiety, depression, and performance anxiety/stage fright.
I am not a “blank slate”, distant and analyzing therapist. I am present and “in it” with my clients. Being real helps my clients see and experience they aren’t alone. Compassion, empathy, emotional awareness, and heart-centeredness are the fundamental ingredients of my therapy. Mindfulness-based techniques are critical to how I help clients slow down, recognize what emotions are coming up, and better tolerate them. While I have experience working with a wide range of concerns, my main expertise is in couples work, trauma, anxiety, depression, and performance anxiety/stage fright.
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Photo of Jeffrey Ly | Porn Addiction Relationship in San Francisco, CA
Jeffrey Ly | Porn Addiction Relationship
LPHA, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110  (Online Only)
Pornography addiction can have a significant impact on your life and relationships but there is hope for recovery. I’m not just a mental health professional, I’ve been “you” for many years. I understand firsthand the personal and relational struggles that come with uncontrollable pornography use. The endless stream of attractive women a few clicks away on Pornhub, Onlyfan or Social Media used to reduce stress and boredom is hard to stop even when it’s destroying your life and relationships.
Pornography addiction can have a significant impact on your life and relationships but there is hope for recovery. I’m not just a mental health professional, I’ve been “you” for many years. I understand firsthand the personal and relational struggles that come with uncontrollable pornography use. The endless stream of attractive women a few clicks away on Pornhub, Onlyfan or Social Media used to reduce stress and boredom is hard to stop even when it’s destroying your life and relationships.
(415) 942-5839 View (415) 942-5839
Photo of Rebekah Hsieh, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Rebekah Hsieh
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
In helping people, I lean toward a strengths-based, attachment, and systems approach. I strongly believe that a significant change in one person can impact the entire system. I also believe that a holistic, mindfulness and cognitive approach coupled with behavioral changes is effective for many clients. Additionally, I interweave my trauma-informed background to support clients through their presenting concerns. It's my strong belief, however that each individual is a unique being. I thoroughly enjoy partnering with my clients throughout the therapeutic process while addressing their objectives for therapy.
In helping people, I lean toward a strengths-based, attachment, and systems approach. I strongly believe that a significant change in one person can impact the entire system. I also believe that a holistic, mindfulness and cognitive approach coupled with behavioral changes is effective for many clients. Additionally, I interweave my trauma-informed background to support clients through their presenting concerns. It's my strong belief, however that each individual is a unique being. I thoroughly enjoy partnering with my clients throughout the therapeutic process while addressing their objectives for therapy.
(415) 949-3265 View (415) 949-3265
Photo of Paul Beirne, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Paul Beirne
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
“Being able to feel safe with other people is probably the single most important aspect of mental health; safe connections are fundamental to meaningful and satisfying lives.” ― Bessel A. van der Kolk. My approach to treatment helps people identify the core issues that have been avoided and pushed aside in an emotionally safe environment. Through the process of consciousness raising and self exploration, lasting changes in thought patterns are made, and overall life improvement occurs. I work with people of all ages and have a wealth of experience working with teens and young adults.
“Being able to feel safe with other people is probably the single most important aspect of mental health; safe connections are fundamental to meaningful and satisfying lives.” ― Bessel A. van der Kolk. My approach to treatment helps people identify the core issues that have been avoided and pushed aside in an emotionally safe environment. Through the process of consciousness raising and self exploration, lasting changes in thought patterns are made, and overall life improvement occurs. I work with people of all ages and have a wealth of experience working with teens and young adults.
(415) 358-2498 View (415) 358-2498
Photo of Preston Yee, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Preston Yee
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
Having trouble communicating with your kids? Is social anxiety, depression, isolation, hyperactive, or behavioral issues holding them back from their full potential? Do they experiences challenges like making friends, truancy, bullying, drugs, fighting, getting in trouble at school or the law? I am here to help build the relationship and communication you and your family deserve.
Having trouble communicating with your kids? Is social anxiety, depression, isolation, hyperactive, or behavioral issues holding them back from their full potential? Do they experiences challenges like making friends, truancy, bullying, drugs, fighting, getting in trouble at school or the law? I am here to help build the relationship and communication you and your family deserve.
(415) 579-1638 View (415) 579-1638
Photo of Jamie Moran, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jamie Moran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CGP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
Jamie Moran, LCSW, CGP, has worked in Mental Health and Health Care since 1984, focusing on individuals, couples, groups, and organizations. He currently leads six psychotherapy groups for Gay Men weekly in San Francisco, and the Pandemic has allowed for members to join from outside of the Bay Area. Current groups are on Zoom, in the office (reflecting Covid health guidelines for office meetings), or a hybrid combination.
Jamie Moran, LCSW, CGP, has worked in Mental Health and Health Care since 1984, focusing on individuals, couples, groups, and organizations. He currently leads six psychotherapy groups for Gay Men weekly in San Francisco, and the Pandemic has allowed for members to join from outside of the Bay Area. Current groups are on Zoom, in the office (reflecting Covid health guidelines for office meetings), or a hybrid combination.
(415) 578-3947 View (415) 578-3947
Photo of Valerie Crawford, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Valerie Crawford
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117
I work with my clients in a supportive and engaged way to achieve real personal growth and confidence. I help clients heal anxiety, depression, and relationship struggles and unhealthy patterns. I believe we all have within us what we need to flourish -- a nurturing therapeutic relationship can unlock your capacity to heal and thrive. With the support you've been longing for, you can feel better and more confident, more connected in your relationships, and be more successful. I use a variety of evidence-based approaches, depending on clients' needs. My orientation is relational, experiential, based in brain science.
I work with my clients in a supportive and engaged way to achieve real personal growth and confidence. I help clients heal anxiety, depression, and relationship struggles and unhealthy patterns. I believe we all have within us what we need to flourish -- a nurturing therapeutic relationship can unlock your capacity to heal and thrive. With the support you've been longing for, you can feel better and more confident, more connected in your relationships, and be more successful. I use a variety of evidence-based approaches, depending on clients' needs. My orientation is relational, experiential, based in brain science.
(415) 390-2872 View (415) 390-2872
Photo of Evan Wassarman, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Evan Wassarman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
There is no one reason to enter therapy that is more meaningful or valid than any other. In my approach, all of your experiences matter and there are no wrong answers. I view each person as unique and multi-dimensional–not just a diagnosis or a set of symptoms. You and I will discuss and think together about your past, present, and future to gain a deeper understanding of how you experience the world. Through this process we can uncover thoughts and feelings you may not have realized you had, and help you to gain a new understanding of yourself and your relationships that improves your quality of life and sense of peace of mind.
There is no one reason to enter therapy that is more meaningful or valid than any other. In my approach, all of your experiences matter and there are no wrong answers. I view each person as unique and multi-dimensional–not just a diagnosis or a set of symptoms. You and I will discuss and think together about your past, present, and future to gain a deeper understanding of how you experience the world. Through this process we can uncover thoughts and feelings you may not have realized you had, and help you to gain a new understanding of yourself and your relationships that improves your quality of life and sense of peace of mind.
(415) 997-0929 View (415) 997-0929
Photo of Emily Harris, Pre-Licensed Professional in San Francisco, CA
Emily Harris
Pre-Licensed Professional, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Welcome to my practice! We all face challenges in our lives. With those challenges come opportunities to choose how we respond. Some of the difficulties we face include adapting to a new school, job, or relationship, making new friends, and finding meaning in one's life. Other challenges are unique to the individual like discrimination, identity concerns, or trauma. I create a safe space for clients where I am present, genuine, and empathetic. Central to my approach is learning about my clients in a nonjudgmental, affirming way.
Welcome to my practice! We all face challenges in our lives. With those challenges come opportunities to choose how we respond. Some of the difficulties we face include adapting to a new school, job, or relationship, making new friends, and finding meaning in one's life. Other challenges are unique to the individual like discrimination, identity concerns, or trauma. I create a safe space for clients where I am present, genuine, and empathetic. Central to my approach is learning about my clients in a nonjudgmental, affirming way.
(415) 851-7127 View (415) 851-7127
Photo of Alexis Hunter, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Alexis Hunter
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
I help individuals and couples move past stuck points, ease anxiety and depression, heal past hurts and trauma, and transform relationship challenges. My style is warm, down-to-earth, and collaborative, reflecting my commitment that therapy be a safe, non-judgmental space where you can feel seen and understood. I work relationally, bringing my authentic self to our meetings, and offer gentle yet directive support that can help you address both day-to-day challenges as well as the deeper layers that lead to lasting change.
I help individuals and couples move past stuck points, ease anxiety and depression, heal past hurts and trauma, and transform relationship challenges. My style is warm, down-to-earth, and collaborative, reflecting my commitment that therapy be a safe, non-judgmental space where you can feel seen and understood. I work relationally, bringing my authentic self to our meetings, and offer gentle yet directive support that can help you address both day-to-day challenges as well as the deeper layers that lead to lasting change.
(415) 630-5949 View (415) 630-5949

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.