Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

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Photo of Rah Bridwell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Rah Bridwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
Waitlist for new clients
I believe in the power of relationship and co-creating a safe environment for you to share and explore. I am particularly invested in working with trans and queer folks and those whose relationship structures and embodiments are not always validated by dominant culture. I use a contemporary psychoanalytic lens, as well as, queer and post modern theory. My work primarily focuses on assisting folks exploring their self, including their gender and sexual health. I often provide support through transition and with a range of concerns including couple relational, low desire, problematic sexual behavior, erectile dysfunction and more.
I believe in the power of relationship and co-creating a safe environment for you to share and explore. I am particularly invested in working with trans and queer folks and those whose relationship structures and embodiments are not always validated by dominant culture. I use a contemporary psychoanalytic lens, as well as, queer and post modern theory. My work primarily focuses on assisting folks exploring their self, including their gender and sexual health. I often provide support through transition and with a range of concerns including couple relational, low desire, problematic sexual behavior, erectile dysfunction and more.
(612) 324-4894 x40 View (612) 324-4894 x40
Photo of Bethany Grace Kepler, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Bethany Grace Kepler
Pre-Licensed Professional, ATR, MA
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55406
Bethany is deeply committed to social equality and actively tries to establish an inclusive, safe environment for all people, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, political affiliation, race, ethnicity, religious or spiritual origin, or other factors. Bethany particularly enjoys supporting & working with LGBTQ and transgender people of all ages. Bethany provides therapy for humans experiencing relationship conflict, anxiety, depression, PTSD, grief, schizophrenia, personality disorders, mood disorders, attachment trauma, survivors of complex trauma, & adjustment disorders.
Bethany is deeply committed to social equality and actively tries to establish an inclusive, safe environment for all people, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, political affiliation, race, ethnicity, religious or spiritual origin, or other factors. Bethany particularly enjoys supporting & working with LGBTQ and transgender people of all ages. Bethany provides therapy for humans experiencing relationship conflict, anxiety, depression, PTSD, grief, schizophrenia, personality disorders, mood disorders, attachment trauma, survivors of complex trauma, & adjustment disorders.
(612) 662-2797 View (612) 662-2797
Photo of Courtney Swanson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Courtney Swanson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LADC, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55439
Courtney is a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor with her Master’s degree for Licensed Professional Clinical Counseling from the University of St. Thomas. She has experience working with trauma, addiction, grief, and anxiety. Courtney works to create a safe space for clients to explore their hopes, desires, and emotions. She enjoys collaborating with clients to help find what is important to them. Courtney utilizes an integrative approach, and tailors her techniques to her clients’ needs. She believes in recognizing emotions, and learning how to express and feel them.
Courtney is a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor with her Master’s degree for Licensed Professional Clinical Counseling from the University of St. Thomas. She has experience working with trauma, addiction, grief, and anxiety. Courtney works to create a safe space for clients to explore their hopes, desires, and emotions. She enjoys collaborating with clients to help find what is important to them. Courtney utilizes an integrative approach, and tailors her techniques to her clients’ needs. She believes in recognizing emotions, and learning how to express and feel them.
(952) 230-2711 View (952) 230-2711
Photo of Nicole Cardarella-Gasper, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Nicole Cardarella-Gasper
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55412  (Online Only)
"I have found, through painful experience, that the most important step a person can take is always the next one.” -Brandon Sanderson Let me help you take the next step. I enjoy providing therapy for queer folx, chronic illness, nerds, adolescents, young adults, college students, and families. I have special interests in all things nerdy, sex, trauma, and exploring identities (gender, sexuality). I primarily work from a feminist, anti-capitalist, and strength-based perspective. My ideal client wants a strong therapeutic relationship with an affirming and relatable therapist.
"I have found, through painful experience, that the most important step a person can take is always the next one.” -Brandon Sanderson Let me help you take the next step. I enjoy providing therapy for queer folx, chronic illness, nerds, adolescents, young adults, college students, and families. I have special interests in all things nerdy, sex, trauma, and exploring identities (gender, sexuality). I primarily work from a feminist, anti-capitalist, and strength-based perspective. My ideal client wants a strong therapeutic relationship with an affirming and relatable therapist.
(612) 428-4945 View (612) 428-4945
Photo of Ana McRae, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Ana McRae
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55416  (Online Only)
Do you have questions about your child’s development? Are you questioning yourself as a caregiver? I will partner with you to better understand your child and become more compassionate with yourself through parent-centered therapy. Are you often tired, anxious, or triggered by your experiences and don’t understand why? I am here to partner with you as you move from feelings of fear, anxiety, and shame, into presence, curiosity, and creativity. Offering individual therapy for adults and parent-centered therapy for those struggling with supporting young children (0-10). Note: No current openings for individual therapy for children.
Do you have questions about your child’s development? Are you questioning yourself as a caregiver? I will partner with you to better understand your child and become more compassionate with yourself through parent-centered therapy. Are you often tired, anxious, or triggered by your experiences and don’t understand why? I am here to partner with you as you move from feelings of fear, anxiety, and shame, into presence, curiosity, and creativity. Offering individual therapy for adults and parent-centered therapy for those struggling with supporting young children (0-10). Note: No current openings for individual therapy for children.
(612) 682-6235 View (612) 682-6235
Photo of Cody Oaks, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Cody Oaks
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55413
Self-exploration with a compassionate, curiously-engaged presence is a powerful experience which results in deep, lasting change. Often times, our experience of the world and ourselves can feel vaguely yet urgently unsatisfying. Sometimes we unconsciously live in a reality which no longer feels like it "fits", but we know therapy is about opening up to see yourself and the world in a new, more boundless way. Confusion is a great step towards new growth, and we can work together to help you experience life more fully. (For efficient scheduling purposes, please email rather than call)
Self-exploration with a compassionate, curiously-engaged presence is a powerful experience which results in deep, lasting change. Often times, our experience of the world and ourselves can feel vaguely yet urgently unsatisfying. Sometimes we unconsciously live in a reality which no longer feels like it "fits", but we know therapy is about opening up to see yourself and the world in a new, more boundless way. Confusion is a great step towards new growth, and we can work together to help you experience life more fully. (For efficient scheduling purposes, please email rather than call)
(612) 324-0805 View (612) 324-0805
Photo of Samantha Kokkinos, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Samantha Kokkinos
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55419
Therapy can provide an invaluable environment to help you regain a sense of balance & overall wellness. Being seen and understood can be a transformative experience. I believe that by providing an authentic & safe environment, people can leverage their strengths and feel empowered toward healing, wellness, & radical self-acceptance. It is a courageous act to seek therapy & I look forward to working collaboratively with you as you navigate your journey towards insight, discovery, balance, & wellness.
Therapy can provide an invaluable environment to help you regain a sense of balance & overall wellness. Being seen and understood can be a transformative experience. I believe that by providing an authentic & safe environment, people can leverage their strengths and feel empowered toward healing, wellness, & radical self-acceptance. It is a courageous act to seek therapy & I look forward to working collaboratively with you as you navigate your journey towards insight, discovery, balance, & wellness.
(612) 431-9190 View (612) 431-9190
Photo of Molly L Nicholson, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Molly L Nicholson
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
I have the honor of working with people experiencing a wide variety of concerns including: depression; anxiety; grief/loss; life transitions; chronic illness; postpartum depression; sexual abuse; relationship problems; low self-esteem; family of origin; stress and more. My relational approach is based on the belief that within the framework of a trusting relationship with a therapist, clients can explore patterns of behavior and emotions which may relate back to earlier relationships. Once a better understanding of the origins of these patterns is developed, people often find lasting freedom from their hold over their lives.
I have the honor of working with people experiencing a wide variety of concerns including: depression; anxiety; grief/loss; life transitions; chronic illness; postpartum depression; sexual abuse; relationship problems; low self-esteem; family of origin; stress and more. My relational approach is based on the belief that within the framework of a trusting relationship with a therapist, clients can explore patterns of behavior and emotions which may relate back to earlier relationships. Once a better understanding of the origins of these patterns is developed, people often find lasting freedom from their hold over their lives.
(612) 204-2823 View (612) 204-2823
Photo of Allison July, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Allison July
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55403
I specialize in LGBTQ+, Trauma, Divorce/Family Estrangement, Mood Disorders, and Couples Counseling.
I specialize in LGBTQ+, Trauma, Divorce/Family Estrangement, Mood Disorders, and Couples Counseling.
(651) 505-5592 View (651) 505-5592
Photo of Bryan Ellingson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Bryan Ellingson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
Lasting change is possible through a therapeutic relationship that is safe, collaborative, nonjudgmental, and engenders openness and trust. Our work together also values your uniqueness and specific goals. The client-therapist relationship is a chance to try new ways of thinking and feeling, being heard, understood and knowing yourself in a profound, new way.
Lasting change is possible through a therapeutic relationship that is safe, collaborative, nonjudgmental, and engenders openness and trust. Our work together also values your uniqueness and specific goals. The client-therapist relationship is a chance to try new ways of thinking and feeling, being heard, understood and knowing yourself in a profound, new way.
(612) 568-8670 View (612) 568-8670
Photo of Sandra S Smith-Hanen, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Sandra S Smith-Hanen
Psychologist, EdD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55406
Psychotherapy is a collaborative treatment based on the relationship between you and Dr. Sandra Smith-Hanen. Dr. Sandra will help you to navigate life’s challenges in a supportive environment. It is her goal to help you to verbalize openly in a nonjudgmental atmosphere. Together you will work collaboratively to determine, adapt and develop a new mindset and behavioral actions to help you develop the needs and goals you want.
Psychotherapy is a collaborative treatment based on the relationship between you and Dr. Sandra Smith-Hanen. Dr. Sandra will help you to navigate life’s challenges in a supportive environment. It is her goal to help you to verbalize openly in a nonjudgmental atmosphere. Together you will work collaboratively to determine, adapt and develop a new mindset and behavioral actions to help you develop the needs and goals you want.
(612) 688-3357 View (612) 688-3357
Photo of Heather B Trangsrud, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Heather B Trangsrud
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55402  (Online Only)
I have special interest and expertise working with university students, comorbid chronic pain & mental health concerns, grief & loss, multicultural issues & identities (e.g., individuals who are racially/culturally diverse or identify as LGBTQ), life adjustments such as parenthood, relationship concerns (friendship, family, and dating including sexuality/intimacy), career transitions, family of origins issues, identity concerns, personal growth, & trauma.
I have special interest and expertise working with university students, comorbid chronic pain & mental health concerns, grief & loss, multicultural issues & identities (e.g., individuals who are racially/culturally diverse or identify as LGBTQ), life adjustments such as parenthood, relationship concerns (friendship, family, and dating including sexuality/intimacy), career transitions, family of origins issues, identity concerns, personal growth, & trauma.
(612) 260-6637 View (612) 260-6637
Photo of Numa Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Numa Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55401
Numa Psychotherapy offers individual and relational psychotherapy to adolescents (12+) and adults. While each therapist at Numa has their own style, we generally focus on long-term, depth-oriented therapy. Our clinicians have significant experience working with anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, neurodivergence, OCD, life transitions, and identity development/concerns (gender, sexuality, race, etc.). We prioritize the client's goals and objectives and are committed to helping each client live a life that's consistent with their values.
Numa Psychotherapy offers individual and relational psychotherapy to adolescents (12+) and adults. While each therapist at Numa has their own style, we generally focus on long-term, depth-oriented therapy. Our clinicians have significant experience working with anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, neurodivergence, OCD, life transitions, and identity development/concerns (gender, sexuality, race, etc.). We prioritize the client's goals and objectives and are committed to helping each client live a life that's consistent with their values.
(612) 293-8758 View (612) 293-8758
Photo of Neko J Vanevenhoven, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Neko J Vanevenhoven
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, Supervi
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55428
Hello and welcome to the beginning of your healing journey! In addition, I am dually licensed in MN and WI and an approved supervisor for LMFT and LPCC. My name is Neko and I joined this field because I believe that life is a journey where invitations to heal, grow and prosper are constantly received!
Hello and welcome to the beginning of your healing journey! In addition, I am dually licensed in MN and WI and an approved supervisor for LMFT and LPCC. My name is Neko and I joined this field because I believe that life is a journey where invitations to heal, grow and prosper are constantly received!
(763) 247-2736 View (763) 247-2736
Photo of Shaida Vafaei, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Shaida Vafaei
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55417
New location in Minneapolis! I believe the road to healing begins with a therapeutic relationship based on acceptance, trust, and unconditional positive regard. Using person centered approaches, I guide clients towards exploring strengths and values to help frame their thoughts, emotions, and experiences in a way that focuses on their proven resilience and empowers clients to live their most authentic lives. My greatest reward as a therapist is witnessing the courage and vulnerability clients demonstrate in taking steps to transform their lives by using healthy coping mechanisms, new forms of communication, and CBT skills.
New location in Minneapolis! I believe the road to healing begins with a therapeutic relationship based on acceptance, trust, and unconditional positive regard. Using person centered approaches, I guide clients towards exploring strengths and values to help frame their thoughts, emotions, and experiences in a way that focuses on their proven resilience and empowers clients to live their most authentic lives. My greatest reward as a therapist is witnessing the courage and vulnerability clients demonstrate in taking steps to transform their lives by using healthy coping mechanisms, new forms of communication, and CBT skills.
(952) 992-0365 View (952) 992-0365
Photo of Larry Suess, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Larry Suess
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
You can grow through crisis and challenge! As a psychologist and family therapist I am interested in the family dynamics that have contributed to the issues my clients are facing. I'm especially interested in couples' issues because it's such a challenge to live with someone who inevitably brings up your issues. I'm a seasoned therapist, originally trained as a music therapist, who works with a wide range of issues from personal coaching to parenting, from depression/anxiety to spiritual growth. My view is that every crisis and difficult issue is an opportunity for personal growth.
You can grow through crisis and challenge! As a psychologist and family therapist I am interested in the family dynamics that have contributed to the issues my clients are facing. I'm especially interested in couples' issues because it's such a challenge to live with someone who inevitably brings up your issues. I'm a seasoned therapist, originally trained as a music therapist, who works with a wide range of issues from personal coaching to parenting, from depression/anxiety to spiritual growth. My view is that every crisis and difficult issue is an opportunity for personal growth.
(612) 293-7041 View (612) 293-7041
Photo of Peter M Bruhn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Peter M Bruhn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55406  (Online Only)
I believe most individuals are much stronger than they realize, and possess an inner wisdom and resilience from which they are currently disconnected. Life is hard. And it is perfectly normal to struggle with anxiety, depression, and stress when facing upheavals and transitions. Tremendous change and growth is often possible through adjustments in lifestyle and thinking patterns, and the tapping into inner resources that are presently underutilized.
I believe most individuals are much stronger than they realize, and possess an inner wisdom and resilience from which they are currently disconnected. Life is hard. And it is perfectly normal to struggle with anxiety, depression, and stress when facing upheavals and transitions. Tremendous change and growth is often possible through adjustments in lifestyle and thinking patterns, and the tapping into inner resources that are presently underutilized.
(612) 662-8709 View (612) 662-8709
Photo of Chelsea Wagner Psychoanalysis in Minneapolis, MN
Chelsea Wagner Psychoanalysis
LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55408
If you are reading this, you may be seeking help because, despite life appearing good on the outside, you may be struggling to set boundaries, assert yourself, and develop a strong sense of self. I specialize in working with trauma survivors who are healing from people-pleasing and co-dependency. As a compassionate psychoanalyst with over ten years of experience, I offer intensive psychotherapy to provide the care, support, and understanding necessary for patients to move forward. Let's work together to foster healing, growth, and the development of a more empowered and authentic life.
If you are reading this, you may be seeking help because, despite life appearing good on the outside, you may be struggling to set boundaries, assert yourself, and develop a strong sense of self. I specialize in working with trauma survivors who are healing from people-pleasing and co-dependency. As a compassionate psychoanalyst with over ten years of experience, I offer intensive psychotherapy to provide the care, support, and understanding necessary for patients to move forward. Let's work together to foster healing, growth, and the development of a more empowered and authentic life.
(763) 225-2669 View (763) 225-2669
Photo of Claudia Coleman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Claudia Coleman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55416
Therapy can offer guidance and support in times when we find ourselves faced with painful and challenging life circumstances. We may feel stuck in repetitive patterns that we can’t seem to break — feeling lost, overwhelmed, and unsure of what to do. As a psychodynamic therapist, I invite you to explore the places that you tend to avoid or keep hidden. Through this process you will deepen your self-awareness and gain greater insight into any struggles, patterns, and problems you are facing in life, thus opening new possibilities and ways of engaging in life more fully as yourself.
Therapy can offer guidance and support in times when we find ourselves faced with painful and challenging life circumstances. We may feel stuck in repetitive patterns that we can’t seem to break — feeling lost, overwhelmed, and unsure of what to do. As a psychodynamic therapist, I invite you to explore the places that you tend to avoid or keep hidden. Through this process you will deepen your self-awareness and gain greater insight into any struggles, patterns, and problems you are facing in life, thus opening new possibilities and ways of engaging in life more fully as yourself.
(612) 688-5110 View (612) 688-5110
Photo of Jackie Morrison, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Jackie Morrison
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55418
I have experience working with individuals and couples identifying as LGBTQ+ as well as heterosexual, cisgender in the areas of ADHD, anxiety, identity, trauma, parenting, phase of life changes, ENM, communication, and conflict management; among others. As an ADHD brain myself, I have a special interest in working with individuals or couples to address the personal and/or relational challenges of ADHD; we will deconstruct shame and self-worth stemming from ADHD, address communication difficulties, and increase overall understanding of how ADHD impacts all aspects of our lives.
I have experience working with individuals and couples identifying as LGBTQ+ as well as heterosexual, cisgender in the areas of ADHD, anxiety, identity, trauma, parenting, phase of life changes, ENM, communication, and conflict management; among others. As an ADHD brain myself, I have a special interest in working with individuals or couples to address the personal and/or relational challenges of ADHD; we will deconstruct shame and self-worth stemming from ADHD, address communication difficulties, and increase overall understanding of how ADHD impacts all aspects of our lives.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Minneapolis, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% UCare
67% Aetna

How Therapists in Minneapolis, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Minneapolis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.