Adoption Therapists in San Francisco, CA

Photo of Ginny Pizzardi, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Ginny Pizzardi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
My areas of expertise include self-esteem, relationships, grief, parenting, adoption, trauma and addiction.
Are you struggling in your relationships or personal connections? Suffering from depression or anxiety? Experiencing loss, grief or sadness? Difficulty with work/life balance? You don't need to struggle alone. I'm a psychotherapist with over 40 years of experience, and I'm here to help. Individuals, couples and families call me when they're ready to tackle the problems that make life difficult.
My areas of expertise include self-esteem, relationships, grief, parenting, adoption, trauma and addiction.
Are you struggling in your relationships or personal connections? Suffering from depression or anxiety? Experiencing loss, grief or sadness? Difficulty with work/life balance? You don't need to struggle alone. I'm a psychotherapist with over 40 years of experience, and I'm here to help. Individuals, couples and families call me when they're ready to tackle the problems that make life difficult.
(415) 787-2980 View (415) 787-2980
Photo of Esther Ehrensaft, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Esther Ehrensaft
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
I am also specialized in the area of adoption, for adult adoptees as well as children.
Most people seek out a psychologist when they have truly done their best to resolve their difficulties on their own. When you can't see your own emotional blind spots, feeling stuck and distressed can ripple through many areas of your life. Perhaps this is your first time seeking out a therapist, or perhaps you are returning to psychotherapy for a fresh perspective. As a psychologist with over 17 years of experience, I have a seasoned understanding of what leads people to hit roadblocks in their lives, in areas including work, school, marriage, parenting, family, and intimate relationships.
I am also specialized in the area of adoption, for adult adoptees as well as children.
Most people seek out a psychologist when they have truly done their best to resolve their difficulties on their own. When you can't see your own emotional blind spots, feeling stuck and distressed can ripple through many areas of your life. Perhaps this is your first time seeking out a therapist, or perhaps you are returning to psychotherapy for a fresh perspective. As a psychologist with over 17 years of experience, I have a seasoned understanding of what leads people to hit roadblocks in their lives, in areas including work, school, marriage, parenting, family, and intimate relationships.
(415) 578-7673 View (415) 578-7673
Photo of Amy Klatzkin, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Amy Klatzkin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, in a rut? Do you or your family have extra challenges because of adoption and pre-adoption history, insecure attachment, trauma, loss, or other complications? For adults and families touched by adoption or trauma, unconditional love and ordinary parenting skills are not always enough to prevent negative behaviors, anxiety, or depression in childhood or later in life. Finding a therapist with special training in these areas can make all the difference.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, in a rut? Do you or your family have extra challenges because of adoption and pre-adoption history, insecure attachment, trauma, loss, or other complications? For adults and families touched by adoption or trauma, unconditional love and ordinary parenting skills are not always enough to prevent negative behaviors, anxiety, or depression in childhood or later in life. Finding a therapist with special training in these areas can make all the difference.
(415) 683-7966 View (415) 683-7966
Photo of Nina Anderson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Nina Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94127
Adoption Collective is committed to providing ethical and competent specialized services for all members of the adoption constellation. Nina Anderson, LCSW offers Counseling, Education, and Consultation Services in the area of Adoption and Family Formation. As the founder of Adoption Collective, Nina recognized the need for personalized support for those involved in the adoption process. Nina provides counseling to pre-adoptive and adoptive parents, expectant/birth parents, and adoptees, and supports Post Adoption Contact Relationships.
Adoption Collective is committed to providing ethical and competent specialized services for all members of the adoption constellation. Nina Anderson, LCSW offers Counseling, Education, and Consultation Services in the area of Adoption and Family Formation. As the founder of Adoption Collective, Nina recognized the need for personalized support for those involved in the adoption process. Nina provides counseling to pre-adoptive and adoptive parents, expectant/birth parents, and adoptees, and supports Post Adoption Contact Relationships.
(415) 993-6226 View (415) 993-6226
Photo of Sandrah Susan Henry, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sandrah Susan Henry
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I have over 40 years of experience helping people face challenges in their lives including loss, adoption related issues, addiction, relationships/couples, life threatening illness, chronic pain, anxiety, mood and bipolar disorder, PTSD, complex trauma, divorce, and other life transitions. I am a warm and caring therapist who is also able to be direct when needed. From the moment you enter my office I do all I can to provide a safe and comfortable environment for us to work collaboratively with whatever issues you are facing in your life today. You will always be treated with respect and compassion throughout our work together.
I have over 40 years of experience helping people face challenges in their lives including loss, adoption related issues, addiction, relationships/couples, life threatening illness, chronic pain, anxiety, mood and bipolar disorder, PTSD, complex trauma, divorce, and other life transitions. I am a warm and caring therapist who is also able to be direct when needed. From the moment you enter my office I do all I can to provide a safe and comfortable environment for us to work collaboratively with whatever issues you are facing in your life today. You will always be treated with respect and compassion throughout our work together.
(415) 687-0429 View (415) 687-0429
Photo of Nathan Greene, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Nathan Greene
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94112
I am a bilingual (English and Spanish-speaking) licensed clinical psychologist who provides psychotherapy services to adults, children, adolescents families. I support clients in fostering resilience and in building more meaningful, connected relationships. In therapy, I take a supportive, curious, nonjudgemental stance. My clients struggle with issues related to depression, anxiety, loss, adoption, psychological trauma, childhood development, parenting, and everyday stressors.
I am a bilingual (English and Spanish-speaking) licensed clinical psychologist who provides psychotherapy services to adults, children, adolescents families. I support clients in fostering resilience and in building more meaningful, connected relationships. In therapy, I take a supportive, curious, nonjudgemental stance. My clients struggle with issues related to depression, anxiety, loss, adoption, psychological trauma, childhood development, parenting, and everyday stressors.
(949) 577-6606 View (949) 577-6606
Photo of Cherry Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Cherry Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94118
Adoption and Foster Care.
Is it time to take a step towards changing those old Self limiting patterns? Those preoccupying thoughts; those intense feelings; those annoying behaviours. Do you want to learn something new about yourself? Depression; anxiety; traumatic stress reactions, whether you are a child, parent, couple or individual, limit the capacity to enjoy Life. Within a therapeutic relationship of compassion, kind attention and patient nudging to risk change, you can create space for yourself, to develop and cultivate new skills. To develop the fortitude of resilience and a more fulfilling Life. Wishing you well.
Adoption and Foster Care.
Is it time to take a step towards changing those old Self limiting patterns? Those preoccupying thoughts; those intense feelings; those annoying behaviours. Do you want to learn something new about yourself? Depression; anxiety; traumatic stress reactions, whether you are a child, parent, couple or individual, limit the capacity to enjoy Life. Within a therapeutic relationship of compassion, kind attention and patient nudging to risk change, you can create space for yourself, to develop and cultivate new skills. To develop the fortitude of resilience and a more fulfilling Life. Wishing you well.
(415) 417-0843 View (415) 417-0843
Photo of Carol Hernandez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Carol Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
Hello, My name is Carol Hernandez, LCSW. I am excited to be able to provide therapy services to people seeking a better version of themselves. I believe in positive psychology and practicing mindfulness. I have experience in adoption- working with both birth parents and adoptive parents. I have experience working with adoption-related issues, including the adoption triad, infertility issues, and grief and loss. I also work with clients who wish to improve their overall well-being.
Hello, My name is Carol Hernandez, LCSW. I am excited to be able to provide therapy services to people seeking a better version of themselves. I believe in positive psychology and practicing mindfulness. I have experience in adoption- working with both birth parents and adoptive parents. I have experience working with adoption-related issues, including the adoption triad, infertility issues, and grief and loss. I also work with clients who wish to improve their overall well-being.
(209) 391-1509 View (209) 391-1509
Barbara Jean A Douglass
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94116  (Online Only)
My specialties include adoption issues, LGBTQ issues and women's issues.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and PhD with 15 years experience working with adults, children and youth. My goal is to help you in your path towards feeling better, and experiencing an improved sense of confidence, self-esteem and functioning in your life. My approach is one of respect, warmth, and attention to the dignity of every person. I utilize a humanistic and person-centered perspective, and maintain a psychodynamic framework for understanding my clients' emotional and therapeutic needs, to help you learn coping skills, and help you explore your options towards recovering a stronger sense of self, identity, spirituality, and balance.
My specialties include adoption issues, LGBTQ issues and women's issues.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and PhD with 15 years experience working with adults, children and youth. My goal is to help you in your path towards feeling better, and experiencing an improved sense of confidence, self-esteem and functioning in your life. My approach is one of respect, warmth, and attention to the dignity of every person. I utilize a humanistic and person-centered perspective, and maintain a psychodynamic framework for understanding my clients' emotional and therapeutic needs, to help you learn coping skills, and help you explore your options towards recovering a stronger sense of self, identity, spirituality, and balance.
(510) 949-3983 View (510) 949-3983
Photo of Jocelyn Barron, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jocelyn Barron
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94127
I am a client-centered, trauma- and attachment-informed, adoption-competent (Accredited TAC-trained) clinician. I have worked with and in the child welfare system for nearly 13 years. My focus is assisting families and youth going through the adoption process and providing therapeutic support post-adoption. I work comfortably with both youth and adults and family sessions as needed.
I am a client-centered, trauma- and attachment-informed, adoption-competent (Accredited TAC-trained) clinician. I have worked with and in the child welfare system for nearly 13 years. My focus is assisting families and youth going through the adoption process and providing therapeutic support post-adoption. I work comfortably with both youth and adults and family sessions as needed.
(714) 364-8034 View (714) 364-8034
Photo of Sophie Bain-Tohl, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sophie Bain-Tohl
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Are you an adoptive parent or considering adoption, but you are unsure where to begin or how to navigate the unique challenges ahead? As an adoptee myself, my experience dealing with these same issues and more, led me to become a therapist.
Are you an adoptee feeling lost, misunderstood, or like you don’t quite belong? Are you curious about your birth parents but feel guilty for even wondering? Do you wrestle with conflicting emotions about your adoptive parents and your own identity?
Are you an adoptive parent or considering adoption, but you are unsure where to begin or how to navigate the unique challenges ahead? As an adoptee myself, my experience dealing with these same issues and more, led me to become a therapist.
Are you an adoptee feeling lost, misunderstood, or like you don’t quite belong? Are you curious about your birth parents but feel guilty for even wondering? Do you wrestle with conflicting emotions about your adoptive parents and your own identity?
(310) 496-2505 View (310) 496-2505
Photo of Tamara Hagy-Lopez, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Tamara Hagy-Lopez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
I feel comfortable working with are depression, women's life challenges, life transitions, mid-life problems, interpersonal issues, PTSD, trauma, anxiety, parenting, mood disorders, anger management, blended families, adoption, and underserved population.
Tamara Hagy-Lopez is a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist with over 20 years of experience working with children, teens, parents, adults, and families in a variety of clinical and school settings. Tamara's focus is on building a safe and validating environment that allows families and individuals to increase self-awareness and helps them create a narrative that supports their growth.
I feel comfortable working with are depression, women's life challenges, life transitions, mid-life problems, interpersonal issues, PTSD, trauma, anxiety, parenting, mood disorders, anger management, blended families, adoption, and underserved population.
Tamara Hagy-Lopez is a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist with over 20 years of experience working with children, teens, parents, adults, and families in a variety of clinical and school settings. Tamara's focus is on building a safe and validating environment that allows families and individuals to increase self-awareness and helps them create a narrative that supports their growth.
(415) 870-3873 View (415) 870-3873
Photo of Amy Cole, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Amy Cole
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, NTP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
In my practice I work with a range of issues, including depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, fertility and adoption, self-esteem, communication, career changes and life transitions.
I offer psychotherapy for individuals and couples. I provide personalized, thoughtful support and guidance to help you create more satisfaction and success in your life. I work with people of diverse backgrounds, ages and lifestyles. Many people find that taking the first steps to begin therapy are the scariest. It may be the first time where you are attempting to make positive and healthful changes in your life. A trusting, secure relationship is important for your therapy. I am happy to discuss any concerns you may have and will answer your questions about therapy.
In my practice I work with a range of issues, including depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, fertility and adoption, self-esteem, communication, career changes and life transitions.
I offer psychotherapy for individuals and couples. I provide personalized, thoughtful support and guidance to help you create more satisfaction and success in your life. I work with people of diverse backgrounds, ages and lifestyles. Many people find that taking the first steps to begin therapy are the scariest. It may be the first time where you are attempting to make positive and healthful changes in your life. A trusting, secure relationship is important for your therapy. I am happy to discuss any concerns you may have and will answer your questions about therapy.
(415) 347-6952 View (415) 347-6952
Photo of Dima Dashevsky, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dima Dashevsky
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
Cross-cultural couples therapy, non-monogamous relationships, adoption, immigration, major life transitions, conscious parenting, spiritual growth and support while navigating spiritual crises.
Starting therapy for the first time or returning after a long break can feel intimidating. You might have even had bad experiences before. I'm here to help. We will go at your pace because your experience is important to me. I believe that lasting change and healing can only happen when our whole selves are seen and welcomed. I provide a safe healing space and bring a strong, grounded presence so that you can begin to cultivate more love and compassion for yourself, connect with your inner wisdom and become more whole and authentic in your relationship with others.
Cross-cultural couples therapy, non-monogamous relationships, adoption, immigration, major life transitions, conscious parenting, spiritual growth and support while navigating spiritual crises.
Starting therapy for the first time or returning after a long break can feel intimidating. You might have even had bad experiences before. I'm here to help. We will go at your pace because your experience is important to me. I believe that lasting change and healing can only happen when our whole selves are seen and welcomed. I provide a safe healing space and bring a strong, grounded presence so that you can begin to cultivate more love and compassion for yourself, connect with your inner wisdom and become more whole and authentic in your relationship with others.
(831) 900-4916 View (831) 900-4916
Photo of James Lacroce, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
James Lacroce
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
As a member of the LGBT community, I have a passion for helping LGBT adults and families manage the challenges particular to our community: identity and esteem issues, relationship challenges, coming out, adoption and parenting, as well as secondary mood and behavioral problems that often emerge from stress and trauma.
My role as a psychologist is to help you navigate through a complex and stressful world. I'm most skilled at addressing issues related to depression and anxiety, relationship challenges, and self-esteem. Additionally, I enjoy helping people manage social and behavioral problems prevent healthy interactions with family, friends, and co-workers. I am experienced in addressing the challenges of both adults and children by drawing upon a few different theoretical perspectives to aid in helping individuals understand themselves, the origin of their problems, and how they can make changes in current life to feel happier.
As a member of the LGBT community, I have a passion for helping LGBT adults and families manage the challenges particular to our community: identity and esteem issues, relationship challenges, coming out, adoption and parenting, as well as secondary mood and behavioral problems that often emerge from stress and trauma.
My role as a psychologist is to help you navigate through a complex and stressful world. I'm most skilled at addressing issues related to depression and anxiety, relationship challenges, and self-esteem. Additionally, I enjoy helping people manage social and behavioral problems prevent healthy interactions with family, friends, and co-workers. I am experienced in addressing the challenges of both adults and children by drawing upon a few different theoretical perspectives to aid in helping individuals understand themselves, the origin of their problems, and how they can make changes in current life to feel happier.
(415) 938-5245 View (415) 938-5245
Photo of Sandrah Susan Henry, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Sandrah Susan Henry
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
I have extensive experience in relationship therapy, transracial adoption, EMDR, family therapy and chronic illness and disability.
I am empathic and warm yet direct and challenging in our collaborative relationship. I provide a safe harbor from which to work and together we will identify ways in which your past is preventing you from living the life you want. Some of my hopes are that your tendency to be self-critical will soften and that you will become compassionate towards yourself; that you will gain positive coping skills to deal with stress and anxiety and to decrease perfectionistic tendencies and that you accomplish the goals that you have set for yourself. I will be your guide in this process.
I have extensive experience in relationship therapy, transracial adoption, EMDR, family therapy and chronic illness and disability.
I am empathic and warm yet direct and challenging in our collaborative relationship. I provide a safe harbor from which to work and together we will identify ways in which your past is preventing you from living the life you want. Some of my hopes are that your tendency to be self-critical will soften and that you will become compassionate towards yourself; that you will gain positive coping skills to deal with stress and anxiety and to decrease perfectionistic tendencies and that you accomplish the goals that you have set for yourself. I will be your guide in this process.
(415) 965-8637 View (415) 965-8637
Photo of Jo Sopko, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jo Sopko
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, RDT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94110
* ADULTS: I work with issues of loss, stress, anxiety, depression, abuse, sex addiction, spiritual guidance, and developmental life changes.* CHILDREN: I invite their stories that may be troubled due to emotional and academic issues. Through play, art and sand tray, I address issues of divorce, traumatic losses, abuse, adoption, bullying and low self esteem that may be affecting your children. * COUPLES: My passion is to help the couple find a yet unknown way to a compassionate, loving, open communicative relationship; to become vulnerable to the pain and wounds of each other's soul.
* ADULTS: I work with issues of loss, stress, anxiety, depression, abuse, sex addiction, spiritual guidance, and developmental life changes.* CHILDREN: I invite their stories that may be troubled due to emotional and academic issues. Through play, art and sand tray, I address issues of divorce, traumatic losses, abuse, adoption, bullying and low self esteem that may be affecting your children. * COUPLES: My passion is to help the couple find a yet unknown way to a compassionate, loving, open communicative relationship; to become vulnerable to the pain and wounds of each other's soul.
(415) 799-4143 View (415) 799-4143
Photo of Lark Nierenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Lark Nierenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I also offer caregiving and family support; areas of care might include family conflict, adoption, and family creation.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a therapeutic focus on gender and sexuality, early trauma, and family and relationship dynamics. My approach is empathic, warm, and thoughtful. My clients often wish to understand their identities more deeply; seek support staying true to themselves in their relationships and community; and pursue healing and meaning-making following trauma. Through our work, you can develop new insights and coping skills to manage overwhelm, anxiety, depression, or life transitions. I'm particularly dedicated to working with queer, transgender, non-binary, and kink communities.
I also offer caregiving and family support; areas of care might include family conflict, adoption, and family creation.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a therapeutic focus on gender and sexuality, early trauma, and family and relationship dynamics. My approach is empathic, warm, and thoughtful. My clients often wish to understand their identities more deeply; seek support staying true to themselves in their relationships and community; and pursue healing and meaning-making following trauma. Through our work, you can develop new insights and coping skills to manage overwhelm, anxiety, depression, or life transitions. I'm particularly dedicated to working with queer, transgender, non-binary, and kink communities.
(415) 851-8370 View (415) 851-8370
Photo of Carrie Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Carrie Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
I have specialties in working with attachment/trauma, risky and oppositional behaviors stemming from multiple diagnoses or disorders, the complex issues that arise in foster care or post-adoption, and using a family systems treatment approach.
Is your family navigating significant changes, transitions, or a recent diagnosis or identified learning difference? Is your child struggling with self-esteem, behavior challenges, or anxiety and depression? Do you want to break a cycle of blame and resentment in your intimate relationship, or need a couples tune-up? Are you searching for more fulfillment and less stress in your busy life? These are just a few of the issues I am experienced in treating as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT79984). I offer psychotherapy for children, adolescents, families, couples, and individuals.
I have specialties in working with attachment/trauma, risky and oppositional behaviors stemming from multiple diagnoses or disorders, the complex issues that arise in foster care or post-adoption, and using a family systems treatment approach.
Is your family navigating significant changes, transitions, or a recent diagnosis or identified learning difference? Is your child struggling with self-esteem, behavior challenges, or anxiety and depression? Do you want to break a cycle of blame and resentment in your intimate relationship, or need a couples tune-up? Are you searching for more fulfillment and less stress in your busy life? These are just a few of the issues I am experienced in treating as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT79984). I offer psychotherapy for children, adolescents, families, couples, and individuals.
(415) 969-9429 View (415) 969-9429
Photo of Jan S. Cehn, LCSW,BCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jan S. Cehn, LCSW,BCD
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
I am also very experienced in adoption issues, both personally and professionally.
I am an experienced therapist who has been working with teens, individuals, couples and families for over 30 years. I see therapy as a partnership: you enter this process with your particular issues and uniqueness and together, through building trust, being curious and using specialized techniques, you progress. My approach is based on my client's personal history and their needs and, in general, I am quite interactive. I provide short-term as well as long-term treatment.
I am also very experienced in adoption issues, both personally and professionally.
I am an experienced therapist who has been working with teens, individuals, couples and families for over 30 years. I see therapy as a partnership: you enter this process with your particular issues and uniqueness and together, through building trust, being curious and using specialized techniques, you progress. My approach is based on my client's personal history and their needs and, in general, I am quite interactive. I provide short-term as well as long-term treatment.
(415) 889-8965 View (415) 889-8965

See more therapy options for San Francisco

Adoption Therapists

Does my adopted child need therapy?

Not every adopted child needs therapy. However, many can benefit from seeing an adoption-informed therapist, especially if they were victims of abuse or neglect, appear withdrawn or disconnected, have behavioral or developmental issues (which may or may not be related to their adoption), are struggling with feelings of grief or loss surrounding their birth parents, or find it difficult to establish an identity, a challenge that often becomes most apparent during adolescence.

When should adoptive parents seek therapy?

Prospective parents can benefit from therapy even before an adoption—for example, to voice worries and fears; to reconcile infertility struggles, if relevant; or simply to prepare themselves for parenthood. After the adoption, parents who are struggling to bond with their child; are unsure how to talk about adoption or related issues, such as race; or whose child is dealing with developmental, behavioral, or psychiatric concerns can address these and other issues with the help of an adoption-competent therapist.

Is family therapy appropriate for adoptive families?

Family therapy can be invaluable for strengthening the bond between adoptive parents and children, helping the latter feel more secure in their place in the family. Family therapy can also help adoptive families navigate complex communication issues—for example, parents who feel uncomfortable discussing race with their child, who in turn feels invalidated by their silence, or a child who has questions about his birth parents but avoids asking them out of fear of hurting his adoptive parents’ feelings.

What therapy is not appropriate for adoption issues?

A discredited therapy known as “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy” or “rebirthing therapy”) should not be used to treat adopted and foster children, though it was largely designed for this population. Attachment therapy involves restraining, coercing, and punishing the child in order for them to “release” negative emotions and attach to their new caregivers—techniques that are abusive and dangerous and have even proven fatal in some cases.