Existential Therapists in Chicago, IL

Photo of Amira Farrag, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Amira Farrag
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
My work draws on psychodynamic, humanistic/existential, and feminist interventions.
Our past can impact how we navigate the present. In my opinion, understanding our experiences can lead to healing and transformation. My priority is creating an open and safe space where you can freely explore those vulnerabilities. This is a space where you can vent, laugh, and make greater meaning out of your experiences. I use a strength-based approach to empower you to be your most authentic self. This approach can include times of humor and times when I challenge you. I believe the therapeutic relationship is integral to exploring uncomfortable emotions and relationship dynamics.
My work draws on psychodynamic, humanistic/existential, and feminist interventions.
Our past can impact how we navigate the present. In my opinion, understanding our experiences can lead to healing and transformation. My priority is creating an open and safe space where you can freely explore those vulnerabilities. This is a space where you can vent, laugh, and make greater meaning out of your experiences. I use a strength-based approach to empower you to be your most authentic self. This approach can include times of humor and times when I challenge you. I believe the therapeutic relationship is integral to exploring uncomfortable emotions and relationship dynamics.
(312) 313-7602 View (312) 313-7602
Photo of Shelby Caudill, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Shelby Caudill
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60647
My therapeutic approach is based in Existential Counseling Theory and Internal Family Systems theory.
If you aren’t sure how to begin figuring out who your authentic self is; you may be feeling like you’re alone, confused, or overwhelmed. You may think that because of your past experiences that you are broken, undeserving, less than, not enough, or you can’t have access to an authentic and satisfying life. Working with me will help us unlock and challenge some of these beliefs so you can lean into new pathways to access pleasure, authenticity, and satisfaction.
My therapeutic approach is based in Existential Counseling Theory and Internal Family Systems theory.
If you aren’t sure how to begin figuring out who your authentic self is; you may be feeling like you’re alone, confused, or overwhelmed. You may think that because of your past experiences that you are broken, undeserving, less than, not enough, or you can’t have access to an authentic and satisfying life. Working with me will help us unlock and challenge some of these beliefs so you can lean into new pathways to access pleasure, authenticity, and satisfaction.
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Photo of Alison O'Hara, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Alison O'Hara
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640
My practice of therapy is influenced by humanistic, interpersonal, existential, and psychodynamic approaches.
My therapeutic approach emphasizes how our perspectives on life and relationships are informed by past experiences, where we are in the present, and our future hopes. I strive to create an open environment allowing access to the meaning of these experiences and explore the impact this has on our lives.
My practice of therapy is influenced by humanistic, interpersonal, existential, and psychodynamic approaches.
My therapeutic approach emphasizes how our perspectives on life and relationships are informed by past experiences, where we are in the present, and our future hopes. I strive to create an open environment allowing access to the meaning of these experiences and explore the impact this has on our lives.
(224) 214-5067 View (224) 214-5067
Photo of Stephanie Cold, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Stephanie Cold
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60647
I am a Sex Therapist and LCPC providing psychotherapy services to adults. I believe that all individuals have the power to create change in their lives. I work with people to build insight, explore their lived experiences and understand how these experiences intersect to inform thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Through this process, I assist clients in identifying patterns in their life that may no longer be serving them. My therapeutic approach is grounded in an integrative application of Psychodynamic and Existential Therapy. I have received advanced training in Sex Therapy from the University of Michigan.
I am a Sex Therapist and LCPC providing psychotherapy services to adults. I believe that all individuals have the power to create change in their lives. I work with people to build insight, explore their lived experiences and understand how these experiences intersect to inform thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Through this process, I assist clients in identifying patterns in their life that may no longer be serving them. My therapeutic approach is grounded in an integrative application of Psychodynamic and Existential Therapy. I have received advanced training in Sex Therapy from the University of Michigan.
(224) 204-0916 View (224) 204-0916
Photo of Lauren Michelle Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Lauren Michelle Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCPC, MS
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60605  (Online Only)
She uses an integrative approach, encompassing Existential Theory with Gestalt techniques, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Psychoanalytic techniques.
To LIVE after Trauma and Grief was the smartest choice I've made Learning to LOVE as a Parent and Single Woman, feels freeing Having LIFE with Relational Purpose is a class all Its own After 35 years of life experience, 7 years of experience in field of mental health, 4 years as a Licensed Therapist, and continuing education as a 5th year doctoral student I have been able to create a program that eases the stigma of seeing a therapist. Through the recognition of new self-awareness, clients will work towards their goals through her directive and active guidance.
She uses an integrative approach, encompassing Existential Theory with Gestalt techniques, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Psychoanalytic techniques.
To LIVE after Trauma and Grief was the smartest choice I've made Learning to LOVE as a Parent and Single Woman, feels freeing Having LIFE with Relational Purpose is a class all Its own After 35 years of life experience, 7 years of experience in field of mental health, 4 years as a Licensed Therapist, and continuing education as a 5th year doctoral student I have been able to create a program that eases the stigma of seeing a therapist. Through the recognition of new self-awareness, clients will work towards their goals through her directive and active guidance.
(312) 386-5314 View (312) 386-5314
Photo of Elizabeth Furbish, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Elizabeth Furbish
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MEd
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601
I root my approach in existential theory.
Welcome! I’m Elizabeth and I spent 15 years in advertising before becoming a therapist. Now, I get to help people like you explore their identities, experiences, and relationships in order to create meaningful lives that feel authentic to them. With me you will find a safe space to show up as you are, and we will work collaboratively to set and work towards goals that feel authentic to you. Know that I also center myself in cultural humility, recognizing the oppressive systems/societal norms that contribute to anxiety for many of us, as well as my own place in those systems as a cishet white woman.
I root my approach in existential theory.
Welcome! I’m Elizabeth and I spent 15 years in advertising before becoming a therapist. Now, I get to help people like you explore their identities, experiences, and relationships in order to create meaningful lives that feel authentic to them. With me you will find a safe space to show up as you are, and we will work collaboratively to set and work towards goals that feel authentic to you. Know that I also center myself in cultural humility, recognizing the oppressive systems/societal norms that contribute to anxiety for many of us, as well as my own place in those systems as a cishet white woman.
(312) 584-3326 View (312) 584-3326
Photo of Richard Burlenski, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Richard Burlenski
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
I am a licensed professional counselor dedicated to supporting individuals and families from diverse backgrounds as they navigate various challenges. I work from an integrative therapy approach, informed by existential therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. My experience as a psychotherapist includes treating issues such as social isolation, relationship conflict, grief, trauma, anxiety, and depression. I hope to create a safe space where you can confront and address the complexities of life. In about 8-10 sessions, clients often gain a greater sense of empowerment and self-efficacy.
I am a licensed professional counselor dedicated to supporting individuals and families from diverse backgrounds as they navigate various challenges. I work from an integrative therapy approach, informed by existential therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. My experience as a psychotherapist includes treating issues such as social isolation, relationship conflict, grief, trauma, anxiety, and depression. I hope to create a safe space where you can confront and address the complexities of life. In about 8-10 sessions, clients often gain a greater sense of empowerment and self-efficacy.
(312) 448-9440 View (312) 448-9440
Photo of Mara L Hundrieser-Acosta, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Mara L Hundrieser-Acosta
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60646  (Online Only)
I draw from various theories such as psychodynamic therapy, existential-humanistic theory, person-centered theory, with a focus on trauma, wellness, health and aspects of integrative mental health.
Experiencing trauma at any point in life can hinder someone of their best self, even if the trauma was one that was passed down to them unknowingly. Working with people who want to heal their trauma or intergenerational trauma is what I invite us to explore together. I would love to work with you and explore deeper inside, while it might sound scary. I would like to help alleviate your feelings around trauma, triggers, health challenges, and help you connect more to your body, mind and soul so you can live in a more harmonious way, live a meaningful life where there is an integration of wellness, mindfulness, and healing.
I draw from various theories such as psychodynamic therapy, existential-humanistic theory, person-centered theory, with a focus on trauma, wellness, health and aspects of integrative mental health.
Experiencing trauma at any point in life can hinder someone of their best self, even if the trauma was one that was passed down to them unknowingly. Working with people who want to heal their trauma or intergenerational trauma is what I invite us to explore together. I would love to work with you and explore deeper inside, while it might sound scary. I would like to help alleviate your feelings around trauma, triggers, health challenges, and help you connect more to your body, mind and soul so you can live in a more harmonious way, live a meaningful life where there is an integration of wellness, mindfulness, and healing.
(773) 906-7949 View (773) 906-7949
Photo of Tara Medow, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Tara Medow
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657  (Online Only)
I gather from existential, psychodynamic, relational, and evolutionary frameworks.
I like people, and I believe in an elastic understanding of the human condition. My approach is informal and centered in the belief people move within the world in ways that make sense to them. Daily decisions often reveal parts of the self developed during formative years; it is human to adapt emotions to stressful events. It is also human to reenact distress because it is familiar. Personhood is largely informed by the body's fundamental desire to feel physiological balance. Exposure to trauma may be part of someone’s balance, and therapy can be a place to gain clarity in ways we bond with ourselves/others and understand purpose.
I gather from existential, psychodynamic, relational, and evolutionary frameworks.
I like people, and I believe in an elastic understanding of the human condition. My approach is informal and centered in the belief people move within the world in ways that make sense to them. Daily decisions often reveal parts of the self developed during formative years; it is human to adapt emotions to stressful events. It is also human to reenact distress because it is familiar. Personhood is largely informed by the body's fundamental desire to feel physiological balance. Exposure to trauma may be part of someone’s balance, and therapy can be a place to gain clarity in ways we bond with ourselves/others and understand purpose.
(773) 825-9761 View (773) 825-9761
Photo of Sean McMenamin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Sean McMenamin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614
I am open to those facing existential crises or grappling with their spirituality (or lack thereof).
Sharing one's thoughts and feelings with a complete stranger can seem awkward and bizarre. My goal early on in therapy is to make the experience feel as comfortable as possible by creating a space without judgement and aiming to understand you as a whole person, rather than simply a set of symptoms or a diagnosis. I believe that we all have the capacity to overcome life's many obstacles and live closer to our fullest potential. Although therapy is ultimately very serious, I use humor whenever possible so it doesn't feel like you're talking to a robot.
I am open to those facing existential crises or grappling with their spirituality (or lack thereof).
Sharing one's thoughts and feelings with a complete stranger can seem awkward and bizarre. My goal early on in therapy is to make the experience feel as comfortable as possible by creating a space without judgement and aiming to understand you as a whole person, rather than simply a set of symptoms or a diagnosis. I believe that we all have the capacity to overcome life's many obstacles and live closer to our fullest potential. Although therapy is ultimately very serious, I use humor whenever possible so it doesn't feel like you're talking to a robot.
(630) 756-5120 View (630) 756-5120
Photo of Ellen Cerasale, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Ellen Cerasale
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613  (Online Only)
I also use therapeutic techniques based in psychodynamic, client-centered, & existential theories.
Therapy can be a powerful tool for positive change no matter what's going on in your life. A calm, protected space to work through challenging relationship dynamics could provide just the relief you're needing. Maybe you and your partner are in a rut and feeling disconnected. I can give supportive tools and unbiased guidance to help strengthen connection, improve communication, and set healthy boundaries. You deserve to enhance the relationship you have with yourself and those you love most.
I also use therapeutic techniques based in psychodynamic, client-centered, & existential theories.
Therapy can be a powerful tool for positive change no matter what's going on in your life. A calm, protected space to work through challenging relationship dynamics could provide just the relief you're needing. Maybe you and your partner are in a rut and feeling disconnected. I can give supportive tools and unbiased guidance to help strengthen connection, improve communication, and set healthy boundaries. You deserve to enhance the relationship you have with yourself and those you love most.
(872) 401-6507 View (872) 401-6507
Photo of Kayla Sivesind, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Kayla Sivesind
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
**I have daytime availability Monday-Friday and morning availability on Fridays.** I practice in an integrative fashion, combining aspects of psychodynamic, relational, cognitive-behavioral and existential perspectives. I view therapy as a collaborative process and work with my clients to help create and maintain a safe space to explore and interact with one's thoughts and feelings. I seek to help my clients live fully and authentically and see therapy as an opportunity to learn new ways of walking in the world that bring happiness and fulfillment.
**I have daytime availability Monday-Friday and morning availability on Fridays.** I practice in an integrative fashion, combining aspects of psychodynamic, relational, cognitive-behavioral and existential perspectives. I view therapy as a collaborative process and work with my clients to help create and maintain a safe space to explore and interact with one's thoughts and feelings. I seek to help my clients live fully and authentically and see therapy as an opportunity to learn new ways of walking in the world that bring happiness and fulfillment.
(872) 814-6015 View (872) 814-6015
Photo of Alana Stramowski, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Alana Stramowski
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
Practicing from an existential-humanistic lens, our sessions may focus on exploring meaning, living authentically in alignment with your values, understanding the impact of community and relationships, and taking personal responsibility amidst societal inequities.
I'm passionate about working with couples and individuals navigating life transitions, grief, anxiety, self-esteem, relationship issues, and complex family dynamics. I strive to create a space that is comfortable, calm, and rooted in being human. I am committed to supporting clients from an intersectional feminist and anti-racist perspective.
Practicing from an existential-humanistic lens, our sessions may focus on exploring meaning, living authentically in alignment with your values, understanding the impact of community and relationships, and taking personal responsibility amidst societal inequities.
I'm passionate about working with couples and individuals navigating life transitions, grief, anxiety, self-esteem, relationship issues, and complex family dynamics. I strive to create a space that is comfortable, calm, and rooted in being human. I am committed to supporting clients from an intersectional feminist and anti-racist perspective.
(312) 586-9960 View (312) 586-9960
Photo of Patrick Miranda, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Patrick Miranda
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60656  (Online Only)
In my work, I utilize a blend of CBT and DBT with Existential theories.
Patrick is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with a Master’s of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of Nebraska – Omaha. He has worked in multiple treatment settings, including residential and outpatient services for substance use disorders. Patrick has experience working with adolescents, adults, and families with a range of therapeutic issues, including addiction, mood disorders, trauma, and suicidality. He especially enjoys working with those in the LGBTQ+ community.
In my work, I utilize a blend of CBT and DBT with Existential theories.
Patrick is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with a Master’s of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of Nebraska – Omaha. He has worked in multiple treatment settings, including residential and outpatient services for substance use disorders. Patrick has experience working with adolescents, adults, and families with a range of therapeutic issues, including addiction, mood disorders, trauma, and suicidality. He especially enjoys working with those in the LGBTQ+ community.
(708) 498-7612 View (708) 498-7612
Photo of Sarah H. Reynolds, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Sarah H. Reynolds
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd, MFA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657
Life can be VERY uncomfortable. Anxiety and depression can creep up at the worst times preventing you from showing up for important events or engaging in activities you once loved. Perfectionist tendencies can get in the way of trying new things or engaging socially. Life transitions can lead to big questions about identity and values, often leading to existential crisis and questions about yourself and your purpose. Therapy can be a helpful way to explore any of these uncomfortable moments in life.
Life can be VERY uncomfortable. Anxiety and depression can creep up at the worst times preventing you from showing up for important events or engaging in activities you once loved. Perfectionist tendencies can get in the way of trying new things or engaging socially. Life transitions can lead to big questions about identity and values, often leading to existential crisis and questions about yourself and your purpose. Therapy can be a helpful way to explore any of these uncomfortable moments in life.
(773) 923-2809 View (773) 923-2809
Photo of Adam Shafer, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Adam Shafer
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60607  (Online Only)
I understand the healing process as one of self-determination through therapeutic empathy. Being curious while employing sensitive honesty makes me a good fit for people who are open to exploring deeper personal and interpersonal connections. The lens of attachment, psychodynamic theory, and existential thought within ecological and systemic perspectives help me appreciate the pressures that impact quality of life issues. I am interested in working with individuals, couples, and families from diverse cultural backgrounds who find themselves struggling in relationships, depression, anxiety, complex trauma, psychosis, and grief/loss.
I understand the healing process as one of self-determination through therapeutic empathy. Being curious while employing sensitive honesty makes me a good fit for people who are open to exploring deeper personal and interpersonal connections. The lens of attachment, psychodynamic theory, and existential thought within ecological and systemic perspectives help me appreciate the pressures that impact quality of life issues. I am interested in working with individuals, couples, and families from diverse cultural backgrounds who find themselves struggling in relationships, depression, anxiety, complex trauma, psychosis, and grief/loss.
(708) 887-2959 View (708) 887-2959
Photo of Mark Milazzo, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Mark Milazzo
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
My goal as a therapist is to put you back in touch with your own unique voice and sense of self that allows you to thrive. I use a psychodynamic, existential approach to find solutions to the unique challenges your life contains. Through building on open and honest relationship, we will explore effective coping tools and new ways to look at persistent issues that effect you.
My goal as a therapist is to put you back in touch with your own unique voice and sense of self that allows you to thrive. I use a psychodynamic, existential approach to find solutions to the unique challenges your life contains. Through building on open and honest relationship, we will explore effective coping tools and new ways to look at persistent issues that effect you.
(847) 802-8543 View (847) 802-8543
Photo of Andrew Wall, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Andrew Wall
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60647  (Online Only)
My areas of expertise include the treatment of depression, relationship concerns, anxiety, life transitions, coping with stress, spiritual/existential issues, and achieving work/life balance.
I offer a safe place to explore the current issues that are bringing you into therapy. I believe the therapy process works best when it is collaborative, non-judgmental, and empathetic. No matter whether your struggles are newer or longer lasting I aim to fully understand your issues and join you in the process for healing and recovery. It is my goal that you will feel heard, understood, valued, and empowered in order to improve your life, health, and strengthen your relationships.
My areas of expertise include the treatment of depression, relationship concerns, anxiety, life transitions, coping with stress, spiritual/existential issues, and achieving work/life balance.
I offer a safe place to explore the current issues that are bringing you into therapy. I believe the therapy process works best when it is collaborative, non-judgmental, and empathetic. No matter whether your struggles are newer or longer lasting I aim to fully understand your issues and join you in the process for healing and recovery. It is my goal that you will feel heard, understood, valued, and empowered in order to improve your life, health, and strengthen your relationships.
(773) 877-3043 View (773) 877-3043
Photo of Resilience Counseling & Wellness Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Resilience Counseling & Wellness Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, CMHC, NCC, LPC, MCR
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60637  (Online Only)
Resilience Counseling & Wellness Center provides Person-Centered, Trauma-Informed, Existential, and Prevention online Therapy for children and adults ages 11 years old & up.
Are you feeling stressed and overwhelmed? Are you having family and relationship issues? Are you having difficulty focusing and obtaining your career and educational goals? Do you oftentimes find yourself in conflict with others? Do you lack effective communication skills? Are you unable to meet deadlines? Do you avoid social interaction? Are you struggling with defining your life's Purpose? If you answered yes to any of the above questions, it sounds like you could benefit from Therapy. Let's start investing in your " Mental Health." You deserve to be the best version of "Yourself." Call today to schedule a session!
Resilience Counseling & Wellness Center provides Person-Centered, Trauma-Informed, Existential, and Prevention online Therapy for children and adults ages 11 years old & up.
Are you feeling stressed and overwhelmed? Are you having family and relationship issues? Are you having difficulty focusing and obtaining your career and educational goals? Do you oftentimes find yourself in conflict with others? Do you lack effective communication skills? Are you unable to meet deadlines? Do you avoid social interaction? Are you struggling with defining your life's Purpose? If you answered yes to any of the above questions, it sounds like you could benefit from Therapy. Let's start investing in your " Mental Health." You deserve to be the best version of "Yourself." Call today to schedule a session!
(773) 345-7491 View (773) 345-7491
Photo of Brianna Boyd, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Brianna Boyd
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
Waitlist for new clients
My Approach: I use an integrative therapeutic approach that draws primarily from client-centered, cognitive-behavioral, feminist, and existential therapeutic modalities.
My Clients: I work with teens and adults who are face challenges related to their mood, motivation, outlook, and relationships. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed by their responsibilities and disconnected from their communities. They strive to develop improved personal insight and coping skills that will allow them to feel more calm, capable, and connected. I prioritize providing a safe, welcoming environment where people can feel comfortable openly expressing themselves and becoming more attuned to their values, needs, and identities.
My Approach: I use an integrative therapeutic approach that draws primarily from client-centered, cognitive-behavioral, feminist, and existential therapeutic modalities.
My Clients: I work with teens and adults who are face challenges related to their mood, motivation, outlook, and relationships. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed by their responsibilities and disconnected from their communities. They strive to develop improved personal insight and coping skills that will allow them to feel more calm, capable, and connected. I prioritize providing a safe, welcoming environment where people can feel comfortable openly expressing themselves and becoming more attuned to their values, needs, and identities.
(872) 985-0386 View (872) 985-0386
Existential Therapists

How does existential therapy work?

Existential therapy focuses on a patient’s inner experiences. The therapist tries to help the individual comprehend and alleviate symptoms by exploring their interior life. By confronting negative disquiet and emotions, the individual will hopefully become more open to finding meaning and purpose. This therapy can be administered to individuals or groups.

Is existential therapy evidence-based?

Existential therapy is an evidence-based practice. Research has determined that existential therapy can lead to significant improvement in the mental health of patients, and for some people it can be just as effective as cognitive behavioral therapy. The benefits of existential therapy are enduring, even long after treatment has ended.

How long does existential therapy last?

The goal of existential therapy is to understand a person’s internal experiences, which may sound like a lengthy process, but it does not have to be so in-depth. However, sessions are not short-term, and therapy can continue for months or up to a year. And because patients learn the theory behind existential therapy during treatment, they can also practice its tenets throughout life after therapy sessions have been completed.

Is existential therapy effective?

According to research, many patients find success with existential therapy. Researchers note that the therapy is particularly useful in improving feelings of isolation, feelings of purposelessness, as well as conditions such as anxiety and depression. Improvements in problem areas can persist even after the end of existential therapy, as individuals can continue working on themselves by using the tools they’ve developed during treatment.