Therapists in Bethlehem, PA

Photo of Anthony Silvio Campolo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Anthony Silvio Campolo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC, DBTC, CAADC, ACS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18020
Are you seeking treatment, but finding it very difficult? The decision to seek treatment is often very difficult, yet a necessary choice. For the last 28 years I have been providing a non-judgmental arena to work on a variety of issues to include but not limited to addiction, anger, gambling, co-occurring disorders, behavioral concerns, depression and anxiety.
Are you seeking treatment, but finding it very difficult? The decision to seek treatment is often very difficult, yet a necessary choice. For the last 28 years I have been providing a non-judgmental arena to work on a variety of issues to include but not limited to addiction, anger, gambling, co-occurring disorders, behavioral concerns, depression and anxiety.
(570) 401-3216 View (570) 401-3216
Photo of Angelique Gutekunst, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Angelique Gutekunst
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18020  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello, thanks for stopping! I am an online-only trauma therapist certified in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing) and Dissociative Disorders. I have 15 years of experience in the corporate world and understand those challenges. If you want relief from trauma responses and want a caring person to join you in your journey, I am that person. I have personally been on this path to healing. EMDR has been the most life-changing experience. I understand childhood trauma from an educational and personal lens.
Hello, thanks for stopping! I am an online-only trauma therapist certified in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing) and Dissociative Disorders. I have 15 years of experience in the corporate world and understand those challenges. If you want relief from trauma responses and want a caring person to join you in your journey, I am that person. I have personally been on this path to healing. EMDR has been the most life-changing experience. I understand childhood trauma from an educational and personal lens.
(484) 992-8610 View (484) 992-8610
Photo of Rachel Kelly, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Rachel Kelly
Licensed Professional Counselor, MACP, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18017  (Online Only)
Rachel Kelly is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 14 years in the mental health and addictions field. Rachel works with adults who are seeking help for trauma, addiction, anxiety, depression, Women’s issues, and life transitions. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Lock Haven University and received her Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology from Arcadia University.
Rachel Kelly is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 14 years in the mental health and addictions field. Rachel works with adults who are seeking help for trauma, addiction, anxiety, depression, Women’s issues, and life transitions. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Lock Haven University and received her Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology from Arcadia University.
(484) 430-3259 View (484) 430-3259
Photo of Ashley Bass, Pre-Licensed Professional in Bethlehem, PA
Ashley Bass
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Emotions can often seem overwhelming, but they serve a purpose in pointing to what needs our attention. There tends to be parts of ourselves that we don’t understand or want to suppress, which causes stress and misalignment. I love guiding people through more deeply understanding themselves, having more compassion and acceptance for their emotions and experiences, and encouraging new perspectives by testing outdated beliefs, in order to experience more joy and fulfillment.
Emotions can often seem overwhelming, but they serve a purpose in pointing to what needs our attention. There tends to be parts of ourselves that we don’t understand or want to suppress, which causes stress and misalignment. I love guiding people through more deeply understanding themselves, having more compassion and acceptance for their emotions and experiences, and encouraging new perspectives by testing outdated beliefs, in order to experience more joy and fulfillment.
(484) 971-7561 View (484) 971-7561
Photo of Kara A. Diefenderfer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Kara A. Diefenderfer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CAADC, CCTP, C-DBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18020  (Online Only)
So many of us struggle in life, but the worst part is, we struggle in silence. I’m here to listen to whatever part of your story you want to share, whether it’s your past, your present or everything in between. I hope through listening I can help guide you to what you already know within yourself, but might not be able to see right now. Wherever you are in your journey in life, I’d like to help you through the journey.
So many of us struggle in life, but the worst part is, we struggle in silence. I’m here to listen to whatever part of your story you want to share, whether it’s your past, your present or everything in between. I hope through listening I can help guide you to what you already know within yourself, but might not be able to see right now. Wherever you are in your journey in life, I’d like to help you through the journey.
(484) 241-4178 View (484) 241-4178
Photo of Philip John Pellegrino, Psychologist in Bethlehem, PA
Philip John Pellegrino
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Do you imagine yourself living a more effective life? Does it feel that no matter how hard you try you keep getting stuck in the same patterns and routine? Are you struggling with overcoming a traumatic event or feeling sad all the time? Is anxiety or substance abuse getting in the way of your life? Have you tried to solve these problems on your own and realized you need help from someone else? The good news is that Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has a tremendous track record in helping all of these concerns.
Do you imagine yourself living a more effective life? Does it feel that no matter how hard you try you keep getting stuck in the same patterns and routine? Are you struggling with overcoming a traumatic event or feeling sad all the time? Is anxiety or substance abuse getting in the way of your life? Have you tried to solve these problems on your own and realized you need help from someone else? The good news is that Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has a tremendous track record in helping all of these concerns.
(610) 595-4349 View (610) 595-4349
Photo of Inner Resources Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Inner Resources Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Inner Resource Counseling is a group practice serving Bethlehem & the Lehigh Valley area. Our focus is on acting as therapeutic supports in assisting people in improving their lives by gaining personal insights about themselves and making healthier choices in problematic times, allowing for positive change to occur in life. If you are feeling stuck, frustrated or overwhelmed as a result of current life stressors or have been living with long-standing issues, clinicians can work with you to develop skills and raise your level of functioning and satisfaction with the use of multiple techniques, based on your individual needs.
Inner Resource Counseling is a group practice serving Bethlehem & the Lehigh Valley area. Our focus is on acting as therapeutic supports in assisting people in improving their lives by gaining personal insights about themselves and making healthier choices in problematic times, allowing for positive change to occur in life. If you are feeling stuck, frustrated or overwhelmed as a result of current life stressors or have been living with long-standing issues, clinicians can work with you to develop skills and raise your level of functioning and satisfaction with the use of multiple techniques, based on your individual needs.
(570) 221-6852 View (570) 221-6852
Photo of Lehigh Valley Counselors, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Lehigh Valley Counselors
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ICAADC, CCTP, DOT-SAP
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017
Everyone has uncomfortable times and hurdles to overcome at some point. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, or any other issue, you should know that there is hope for a better tomorrow. You might be initially hesitant to seek out help and support for personal matters, but when you do, you will feel confident that you are taking a courageous first step towards getting to a better place in life.
Everyone has uncomfortable times and hurdles to overcome at some point. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, or any other issue, you should know that there is hope for a better tomorrow. You might be initially hesitant to seek out help and support for personal matters, but when you do, you will feel confident that you are taking a courageous first step towards getting to a better place in life.
(610) 596-4222 View (610) 596-4222
Photo of Numra Yaqub, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Numra Yaqub
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
At some point in their life, an individual may struggle to cope with overwhelming challenges, ranging from depression, anxiety, grief and loss, intrusive thoughts, to trauma or emotional dysregulation. My goal is to equip individuals with a plethora of tools in order to help them manage these life-changing struggles. These tools may include coping strategies, improving social skills, managing intrusive thoughts, or anger management strategies. I am passionate about helping individuals live up to their full potential. I provide individual, couples, family therapy, and I also provide child custody evaluation services.
At some point in their life, an individual may struggle to cope with overwhelming challenges, ranging from depression, anxiety, grief and loss, intrusive thoughts, to trauma or emotional dysregulation. My goal is to equip individuals with a plethora of tools in order to help them manage these life-changing struggles. These tools may include coping strategies, improving social skills, managing intrusive thoughts, or anger management strategies. I am passionate about helping individuals live up to their full potential. I provide individual, couples, family therapy, and I also provide child custody evaluation services.
(484) 464-0780 View (484) 464-0780
Photo of Yamilca Rosado Ziegler, Pre-Licensed Professional in Bethlehem, PA
Yamilca Rosado Ziegler
Pre-Licensed Professional, MACC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Feeling lost, anxious, discouraged, or just looking for a change? You have found the right place. I strive to create a welcoming environment where individuals feel that they can be and explore their true selves. As a client, you should expect to have a collaborative relationship where you can find support and encouragement and experience individual growth. As humans, we are all similar and different in many ways, and I believe anyone can achieve mental wellness if given the right tools and provided a space where they feel heard.
Feeling lost, anxious, discouraged, or just looking for a change? You have found the right place. I strive to create a welcoming environment where individuals feel that they can be and explore their true selves. As a client, you should expect to have a collaborative relationship where you can find support and encouragement and experience individual growth. As humans, we are all similar and different in many ways, and I believe anyone can achieve mental wellness if given the right tools and provided a space where they feel heard.
(484) 562-4799 View (484) 562-4799
Photo of Don Brown, Christian Counselor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Don Brown, Christian Counselor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18020
I believe my non-judgmental and warm demeanor allows people to feel at ease and more willing to share issues that lead them to seek counsel. While I am trained in counseling theories and techniques, I believe using the Bible as the fundamental guide in exploring the emotions that often paralyze our daily lives and relationships. Self reflection, forgiveness, effective communications, healthy boundaries and expectations all play a role in finding a sense of peace within ourselves and our relationships.
I believe my non-judgmental and warm demeanor allows people to feel at ease and more willing to share issues that lead them to seek counsel. While I am trained in counseling theories and techniques, I believe using the Bible as the fundamental guide in exploring the emotions that often paralyze our daily lives and relationships. Self reflection, forgiveness, effective communications, healthy boundaries and expectations all play a role in finding a sense of peace within ourselves and our relationships.
(908) 364-5705 View (908) 364-5705
Photo of Janice Ugarriza, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Janice Ugarriza
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017  (Online Only)
Janice Ugarriza is a bilingual (Spanish) Licensed Professional Counselor with over 15 years of experience in the mental health field. She has worked in many settings including residential, inpatient, and partial hospitalization programs. She works with children, adolescents, and adults in individual, group, and family therapy. She is trauma-informed and specializes in anxiety, depression, mood disorders, addictions, ADHD, autism, relationship issues, and major life transitions. Janice completed her Master of Science and an Advanced Certificate in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Janice Ugarriza is a bilingual (Spanish) Licensed Professional Counselor with over 15 years of experience in the mental health field. She has worked in many settings including residential, inpatient, and partial hospitalization programs. She works with children, adolescents, and adults in individual, group, and family therapy. She is trauma-informed and specializes in anxiety, depression, mood disorders, addictions, ADHD, autism, relationship issues, and major life transitions. Janice completed her Master of Science and an Advanced Certificate in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.
(484) 376-5127 View (484) 376-5127
Photo of Patricia Marino Hardwick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethlehem, PA
Patricia Marino Hardwick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18017
You may be struggling with stress, relationships, depression, anxiety, loss and grief, parenting or family challenges, teen conflict, anger. You may have ADHD, unresolved trauma, health concerns, low self esteem/confidence, addiction. I have had much success over the years, working with individuals, couples, and families of all ages and backgrounds. I hear your story, and provide consistent support and guidance with compassion and no judgment. Together we get to the roots of your core issues and work on ways for you to heal. Get your self - and your life - back.
You may be struggling with stress, relationships, depression, anxiety, loss and grief, parenting or family challenges, teen conflict, anger. You may have ADHD, unresolved trauma, health concerns, low self esteem/confidence, addiction. I have had much success over the years, working with individuals, couples, and families of all ages and backgrounds. I hear your story, and provide consistent support and guidance with compassion and no judgment. Together we get to the roots of your core issues and work on ways for you to heal. Get your self - and your life - back.
(215) 795-4798 View (215) 795-4798
Photo of Denise Gooden, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Denise Gooden
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I have my masters degree in clinical mental health counseling. I focus on acting as a therapeutic support in assisting people in improving their lives by gaining personal insights about themselves. My goal is to help clients gain stability and manageability over their underlying problems that impeded on them being a productive member of society. I help clients to develop healthy coping skills and raise level of functioning as well as satisfaction.
I have my masters degree in clinical mental health counseling. I focus on acting as a therapeutic support in assisting people in improving their lives by gaining personal insights about themselves. My goal is to help clients gain stability and manageability over their underlying problems that impeded on them being a productive member of society. I help clients to develop healthy coping skills and raise level of functioning as well as satisfaction.
(610) 298-9415 View (610) 298-9415
Photo of Nicole Venskytis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Nicole Venskytis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018  (Online Only)
Overwhelmed or life got you down? Relationship struggles? My goal is to help you as you go through the stressors of life and we can generate solutions together. Sometimes we can even find some humor in it all. I strive to find creative ways to approach our work together. I specialize in working with clients with anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, relationship issues, complex PTSD, ADHD, and families of addiction. I utilize modalities of client-centered, family systems, trauma-informed care, solution-focused, CBT, strengths-based, multicultural perspectives, and existential and spiritual approaches to form a holistic approach.
Overwhelmed or life got you down? Relationship struggles? My goal is to help you as you go through the stressors of life and we can generate solutions together. Sometimes we can even find some humor in it all. I strive to find creative ways to approach our work together. I specialize in working with clients with anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, relationship issues, complex PTSD, ADHD, and families of addiction. I utilize modalities of client-centered, family systems, trauma-informed care, solution-focused, CBT, strengths-based, multicultural perspectives, and existential and spiritual approaches to form a holistic approach.
(610) 546-2794 View (610) 546-2794
Photo of Dinnette A Medina, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Dinnette A Medina
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18015
Dinnette A. Medina is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Pennsylvania. She earned both her Bachelor of Arts in Clinical Psychology and Masters of Arts in Marriage, Couple, and Family Counseling from Kutztown University. Some other passions include supporting women’s empowerment workshops on several different platforms, conducting conversations and training related to various topics such as self-care, human sexuality, trauma awareness, and life balance.
Dinnette A. Medina is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Pennsylvania. She earned both her Bachelor of Arts in Clinical Psychology and Masters of Arts in Marriage, Couple, and Family Counseling from Kutztown University. Some other passions include supporting women’s empowerment workshops on several different platforms, conducting conversations and training related to various topics such as self-care, human sexuality, trauma awareness, and life balance.
(484) 474-5857 View (484) 474-5857
Photo of Joseph M Paslawski, Pre-Licensed Professional in Bethlehem, PA
Joseph M Paslawski
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I am a pre-licensed counselor with many years of corporate experience and now bring that life experience to clients. My areas of expertise include work-life and employment issues, couples therapy, and general life issues including experience with elder care. I have immediate openings for clients with Aetna and Cigna insurance as well as self-pay and OpenPath. Appointments can be made through Deadra Clewell Counseling, LLC. at 610-814-4869 or (484) 712-1359, or via email at JPaslawski.msmba at gmail.com.
I am a pre-licensed counselor with many years of corporate experience and now bring that life experience to clients. My areas of expertise include work-life and employment issues, couples therapy, and general life issues including experience with elder care. I have immediate openings for clients with Aetna and Cigna insurance as well as self-pay and OpenPath. Appointments can be made through Deadra Clewell Counseling, LLC. at 610-814-4869 or (484) 712-1359, or via email at JPaslawski.msmba at gmail.com.
(484) 712-1359 View (484) 712-1359
Photo of Anna A Gaitanos, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Anna A Gaitanos
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Bethlehem, PA 18018
I believe you are the expert in your own life. I practice a person-centered, strength-based approach to counseling. I collaborate with you in developing a plan based on your own personal strengths to get you unstuck and moving toward achieving your goals and improving your quality of life.
I believe you are the expert in your own life. I practice a person-centered, strength-based approach to counseling. I collaborate with you in developing a plan based on your own personal strengths to get you unstuck and moving toward achieving your goals and improving your quality of life.
(484) 297-7313 View (484) 297-7313
Kurk Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW, RN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18018
My ideal client is dealing with issues surrounding anxiety, depression, and grief. In addition to being a psychotherapist, I am also a Registered Nurse and am skilled in working with clients who struggle with a wide variety of health problems. I am looking for clients who are dedicated to improving their lives by learning to overcome or better cope with their personal struggles.
My ideal client is dealing with issues surrounding anxiety, depression, and grief. In addition to being a psychotherapist, I am also a Registered Nurse and am skilled in working with clients who struggle with a wide variety of health problems. I am looking for clients who are dedicated to improving their lives by learning to overcome or better cope with their personal struggles.
(484) 214-2549 View (484) 214-2549
Photo of Bea von Watzdorf, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethlehem, PA
Bea von Watzdorf
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MS, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethlehem, PA 18017
Ever feel run down from taking care of others? Tired to the point of exhaustion but afraid or unable to stop? Unsure how you ended up where you are but sure you don't want to be there anymore? It's an easy place to find ourselves. What isn't easy is getting out of it. I can help. For over 20 years I've been providing a confidential, nurturing environment that in which people can safely figure out who they are and what they’re about. Working together, we explore life’s questions, challenges and opportunities, as well as the stories we're living by and the ones we want to live by.
Ever feel run down from taking care of others? Tired to the point of exhaustion but afraid or unable to stop? Unsure how you ended up where you are but sure you don't want to be there anymore? It's an easy place to find ourselves. What isn't easy is getting out of it. I can help. For over 20 years I've been providing a confidential, nurturing environment that in which people can safely figure out who they are and what they’re about. Working together, we explore life’s questions, challenges and opportunities, as well as the stories we're living by and the ones we want to live by.
(202) 600-8302 View (202) 600-8302

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bethlehem, PA

300+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Bethlehem, PA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Highmark
75% Aetna
71% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Bethlehem, PA see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bethlehem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.