Therapists in Stevenson Ranch, CA

Photo of Dr. Angela Claffey - The Well Christian Counseling Center, Psychologist, PsyD
The Well Christian Counseling Center
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Stevenson Ranch, CA 91381
If you are a teen or a young adult, you may find yourself worrying about your next steps and making the right decisions for your future. Every decision feels like a make or break moment, and you find yourself losing sleep over the potential impact these decisions will have on your life. That weight is a heavy burden to carry alone. Or maybe you are trying to connect with others, but past experiences have left you feeling anxious about how people perceive you and whether they will accept you or not. If any of this resonates with you, you may benefit from exploring your attachment style and the narratives that shape your self-image.
If you are a teen or a young adult, you may find yourself worrying about your next steps and making the right decisions for your future. Every decision feels like a make or break moment, and you find yourself losing sleep over the potential impact these decisions will have on your life. That weight is a heavy burden to carry alone. Or maybe you are trying to connect with others, but past experiences have left you feeling anxious about how people perceive you and whether they will accept you or not. If any of this resonates with you, you may benefit from exploring your attachment style and the narratives that shape your self-image.
(661) 247-8197 View (661) 247-8197
Photo of Susannah Reynolds, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Susannah Reynolds
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Stevenson Ranch, CA 91381
My goal in sessions is to build of your current strengths while diving deeper into the triggers/drivers for your current functioning to get each person to what “better” looks like for them. I come into treatment with clients to work on reaching realistic goals and expanding from there to reaching the bigger goal of improving functioning and having a greater understanding of the why behind the symptoms/behaviors.
My goal in sessions is to build of your current strengths while diving deeper into the triggers/drivers for your current functioning to get each person to what “better” looks like for them. I come into treatment with clients to work on reaching realistic goals and expanding from there to reaching the bigger goal of improving functioning and having a greater understanding of the why behind the symptoms/behaviors.
(661) 689-6372 View (661) 689-6372
Photo of Angela Marie Claffey, Psychologist, PsyD
Angela Marie Claffey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Stevenson Ranch, CA 91381
My name is Dr. Claffey and I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in the treatment of eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and healing attachment. I am the founder of the Well Christian Counseling Center and our mission is to cultivate wellness in our patients' spirit, mind, and body. I have a special place in my heart to help adolescents that currently struggle with managing their mental health. As a therapist, I will guide you through the spaces of your soul that have been wounded and avoided for the purpose of healing. The ultimate goal of therapy is to equip you to live abundant life of wellness. Welcome to The Well.
My name is Dr. Claffey and I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in the treatment of eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and healing attachment. I am the founder of the Well Christian Counseling Center and our mission is to cultivate wellness in our patients' spirit, mind, and body. I have a special place in my heart to help adolescents that currently struggle with managing their mental health. As a therapist, I will guide you through the spaces of your soul that have been wounded and avoided for the purpose of healing. The ultimate goal of therapy is to equip you to live abundant life of wellness. Welcome to The Well.
(661) 402-9098 View (661) 402-9098
Photo of Donna Resendez, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Donna Resendez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. In my more than twenty-five years of practice I have helped clients with issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, communication and conflict resolution. EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing) has always fascinated me. I became EMDR trained and have seen the effectiveness of this type of therapy. EMDR helps clients resolve and heal from emotionally overwhelming or traumatic experiences. I have a deep passion for what I do. To help individuals overcome any obstacle that may be preventing them from achieving maximum personal satisfaction with their life is a privilege.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. In my more than twenty-five years of practice I have helped clients with issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, communication and conflict resolution. EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing) has always fascinated me. I became EMDR trained and have seen the effectiveness of this type of therapy. EMDR helps clients resolve and heal from emotionally overwhelming or traumatic experiences. I have a deep passion for what I do. To help individuals overcome any obstacle that may be preventing them from achieving maximum personal satisfaction with their life is a privilege.
(661) 689-6154 View (661) 689-6154
Photo of Carla A Franco - Carla Franco, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Carla Franco, MA, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you a high achiever who secretly feels like you're just "faking it"? Do you find yourself stuck, unsure how to break free from negative thought patterns or habits that no longer serve you? You don’t have to stay trapped in the belief that you’re not good enough or that happiness depends on changing your relationship, weight, career, or circumstances. The key to lasting change is showing up for yourself—and I’m here to help you do just that. Together, we’ll challenge limiting beliefs, tap into your inner strengths, and build the confidence to create a fulfilling, empowered life.
Are you a high achiever who secretly feels like you're just "faking it"? Do you find yourself stuck, unsure how to break free from negative thought patterns or habits that no longer serve you? You don’t have to stay trapped in the belief that you’re not good enough or that happiness depends on changing your relationship, weight, career, or circumstances. The key to lasting change is showing up for yourself—and I’m here to help you do just that. Together, we’ll challenge limiting beliefs, tap into your inner strengths, and build the confidence to create a fulfilling, empowered life.
(661) 927-0599 View (661) 927-0599
Photo of Thao T Taylor, Psychologist, PsyD
Thao T Taylor
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Online Only
How would you like to live your life? What changes do you want to make? What's stopping you from making them? If you find that you're asking yourself these questions, let me help you figure out the answers. I know I can help you and/or your loved ones find the solution that will work for you. Your goals are yours to create. I generally go at your pace to support you realize goals and to facilitate the metamorphosis that is taking place.
How would you like to live your life? What changes do you want to make? What's stopping you from making them? If you find that you're asking yourself these questions, let me help you figure out the answers. I know I can help you and/or your loved ones find the solution that will work for you. Your goals are yours to create. I generally go at your pace to support you realize goals and to facilitate the metamorphosis that is taking place.
(818) 284-4006 View (818) 284-4006
Photo of Patricia Anderson - Bridges Therapy Group of California, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCSW, AMFT, APCC
Bridges Therapy Group of California
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCSW, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
At Bridges Therapy Group of California, we understand that life’s challenges can sometimes feel overwhelming. Whether you’re dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, relationship challenges or simply seeking personal growth, our dedicated team of over 50 experienced and compassionate mental health professionals is here to guide and support you on your path toward healing and happiness. Our practice uses a fully virtual model to offer affordable, accessible and effective mental health care for individuals across the state of California.
At Bridges Therapy Group of California, we understand that life’s challenges can sometimes feel overwhelming. Whether you’re dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, relationship challenges or simply seeking personal growth, our dedicated team of over 50 experienced and compassionate mental health professionals is here to guide and support you on your path toward healing and happiness. Our practice uses a fully virtual model to offer affordable, accessible and effective mental health care for individuals across the state of California.
(661) 493-9624 View (661) 493-9624
Photo of David Solomon, Psychologist, PsyD
David Solomon
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Stevenson Ranch, CA 91381
Life can be overwhelming. If you find it difficult to cope at times or feel flooded by challenging emotions, you don’t have to be alone in your struggles. Together we can work through the struggles that are negatively impacting your life. Through the therapeutic process, difficulties that overwhelmed you in the past may begin to feel more manageable. You may find more room to enjoy life rather than just trying to survive it. While the process of therapy is different for everyone it usually leads to a greater sense of contentment, acceptance for oneself, and closeness with others.
Life can be overwhelming. If you find it difficult to cope at times or feel flooded by challenging emotions, you don’t have to be alone in your struggles. Together we can work through the struggles that are negatively impacting your life. Through the therapeutic process, difficulties that overwhelmed you in the past may begin to feel more manageable. You may find more room to enjoy life rather than just trying to survive it. While the process of therapy is different for everyone it usually leads to a greater sense of contentment, acceptance for oneself, and closeness with others.
(747) 207-4255 View (747) 207-4255
Photo of Winnie Chang, Psychologist, PsyD, IFECMHS, PMH-C, CEIM
Winnie Chang
Psychologist, PsyD, IFECMHS, PMH-C, CEIM
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life can present us with unexpected challenges, and sometimes, it’s helpful to have a supportive guide along the way. Whether you're navigating difficult emotions, facing a life transition, or simply seeking personal growth, I’m here to provide a safe, non-judgmental space for you to explore, heal, and thrive. Together, we will work toward building greater self-awareness, developing coping strategies, and fostering emotional well-being. My goal is to empower you to lead a more fulfilling life, whether that means overcoming past trauma, managing anxiety, improving relationships, or achieving personal goals.
Life can present us with unexpected challenges, and sometimes, it’s helpful to have a supportive guide along the way. Whether you're navigating difficult emotions, facing a life transition, or simply seeking personal growth, I’m here to provide a safe, non-judgmental space for you to explore, heal, and thrive. Together, we will work toward building greater self-awareness, developing coping strategies, and fostering emotional well-being. My goal is to empower you to lead a more fulfilling life, whether that means overcoming past trauma, managing anxiety, improving relationships, or achieving personal goals.
(562) 655-7844 View (562) 655-7844
Photo of Sarah Riehl, Psychologist, PsyD
Sarah Riehl
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Stevenson Ranch, CA 91381
I bring a mindfulness approach to psychotherapy, emphasizing an open, accepting, and non-judgmental awareness of oneself in the moment. By bringing awareness and compassion to your thoughts and feelings, you are able to deepen your understanding of yourself and create more meaningful relationships in the world. My style is gentle, patient and honest, having deep respect for the nature of the human condition and pace of meaningful growth. Our work together will encourage and challenge you in finding your way through fear and pain.
I bring a mindfulness approach to psychotherapy, emphasizing an open, accepting, and non-judgmental awareness of oneself in the moment. By bringing awareness and compassion to your thoughts and feelings, you are able to deepen your understanding of yourself and create more meaningful relationships in the world. My style is gentle, patient and honest, having deep respect for the nature of the human condition and pace of meaningful growth. Our work together will encourage and challenge you in finding your way through fear and pain.
(310) 683-4585 View (310) 683-4585
Photo of Talin Khechoomian, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Talin Khechoomian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Stevenson Ranch, CA 91381
It may have taken you a long time to start this search for a therapist. This is a first big step for many–one that took courage and self-love. Life can be really rough and sometimes the judgement of our families, society, and culture gets in the way of taking care of our mental health. Free yourself from self-doubt and from racing thoughts that may take over your daily activities and affect your relationships.
It may have taken you a long time to start this search for a therapist. This is a first big step for many–one that took courage and self-love. Life can be really rough and sometimes the judgement of our families, society, and culture gets in the way of taking care of our mental health. Free yourself from self-doubt and from racing thoughts that may take over your daily activities and affect your relationships.
(323) 205-7088 View (323) 205-7088
Photo of Janet Miller Stier, Psychologist, PhD
Janet Miller Stier
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Serves Area
As a psychologist with a doctorate in clinical psychology, master's degree in developmental psychology, and certificate in marital and family therapy, I value treating the family as a whole. While I enjoy developing meaningful therapeutic relationships with individuals of all ages, I have an expertise in treating issues of early childhood through the teen years. The earlier we address developmental, emotional, or behavioral concerns, the better the likelihood for positive lifetime outcomes. Young people can quickly grow and adapt, and enjoy coming to talk and play in my office. I appreciate the time with my adult clients, as well.
As a psychologist with a doctorate in clinical psychology, master's degree in developmental psychology, and certificate in marital and family therapy, I value treating the family as a whole. While I enjoy developing meaningful therapeutic relationships with individuals of all ages, I have an expertise in treating issues of early childhood through the teen years. The earlier we address developmental, emotional, or behavioral concerns, the better the likelihood for positive lifetime outcomes. Young people can quickly grow and adapt, and enjoy coming to talk and play in my office. I appreciate the time with my adult clients, as well.
(661) 418-5376 View (661) 418-5376
Photo of Amy Porter, Psychologist, PsyD
Amy Porter
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Serves Area
As your provider, my goal is to help you succeed in reaching change, resolution, and growth. I work to customize treatment to your specific needs.
As your provider, my goal is to help you succeed in reaching change, resolution, and growth. I work to customize treatment to your specific needs.
(661) 689-4224 View (661) 689-4224
Photo of Sandy Allen, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMH-C
Sandy Allen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Feeling stuck, worried, or like your best is not enough ? I can help. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I work with adults and couples seeking to heal from emotional traumas, manage life transitions, and grow in self acceptance. I am certified in perinatal mental-health, helping mothers and partners understand postpartum needs, helping parents manage role changes, increased demands, and pressures of becoming parents in today's times.
Feeling stuck, worried, or like your best is not enough ? I can help. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I work with adults and couples seeking to heal from emotional traumas, manage life transitions, and grow in self acceptance. I am certified in perinatal mental-health, helping mothers and partners understand postpartum needs, helping parents manage role changes, increased demands, and pressures of becoming parents in today's times.
(661) 690-1897 View (661) 690-1897
Photo of Julia Young, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Julia Young
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Are you in emotional pain? Stressed, stuck in worry, exhaustion, or anger? Are you repeating the same type of relationship, pattern, or life situation, wishing you could change something or break the cycle? Or maybe, you've noticed that little things have become much more frustrating or stressful than usual. Sometimes, we aren't sure what is causing our distress, but we can sense that we're not reaching our full potential for health, happiness, or success. And, even if we do know what the issue is, sometimes change can still feel impossible. That's where I can help. I can teach you practical tools you can use to change your life.
Are you in emotional pain? Stressed, stuck in worry, exhaustion, or anger? Are you repeating the same type of relationship, pattern, or life situation, wishing you could change something or break the cycle? Or maybe, you've noticed that little things have become much more frustrating or stressful than usual. Sometimes, we aren't sure what is causing our distress, but we can sense that we're not reaching our full potential for health, happiness, or success. And, even if we do know what the issue is, sometimes change can still feel impossible. That's where I can help. I can teach you practical tools you can use to change your life.
(661) 443-3015 View (661) 443-3015
Photo of Heather Christine Rousselo, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Heather Christine Rousselo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hello! My name is Heather Rousselo and I specialize in Gottman Method couples therapy. I offer an intensive 4-session assessment of your relationship's strengths and areas of weaknesses. I'll give you the goals,concepts and tools to "take home" and work at your own pace. If you need a more guided approach, I can help with ongoing therapy sessions to tuneup your relationship. Please go www.safespacemfcc.com to learn more me, the Gottman method and the easy, no commitment, 4-session assessment. Don't forget to ask about our ongoing Couples workshops hosted by Heather Rousselo.
Hello! My name is Heather Rousselo and I specialize in Gottman Method couples therapy. I offer an intensive 4-session assessment of your relationship's strengths and areas of weaknesses. I'll give you the goals,concepts and tools to "take home" and work at your own pace. If you need a more guided approach, I can help with ongoing therapy sessions to tuneup your relationship. Please go www.safespacemfcc.com to learn more me, the Gottman method and the easy, no commitment, 4-session assessment. Don't forget to ask about our ongoing Couples workshops hosted by Heather Rousselo.
(661) 250-6810 View (661) 250-6810
Photo of Judi Cantor, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Judi Cantor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed? Are you struggling in your relationship? We all face challenges in life and we all struggle but, you don't have to face them alone. Through therapy we can work together to help you navigate life's challenges. I have over 25 years experience working with individuals and couples. No problem is too minor, common, severe, or unusual to be explored and healed. Everyone can benefit from psychotherapy.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed? Are you struggling in your relationship? We all face challenges in life and we all struggle but, you don't have to face them alone. Through therapy we can work together to help you navigate life's challenges. I have over 25 years experience working with individuals and couples. No problem is too minor, common, severe, or unusual to be explored and healed. Everyone can benefit from psychotherapy.
(661) 760-6140 View (661) 760-6140
Photo of Kathryn A Glickman, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Kathryn A Glickman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Serves Area
You may feel lost right now, but you are actually on your path. Let me explain. I envision therapy as a step along your path. And you are walking along the path of a labyrinth. You begin walking along the path with the goal of reaching the center. Upon reaching the center, you discover yourself.
You may feel lost right now, but you are actually on your path. Let me explain. I envision therapy as a step along your path. And you are walking along the path of a labyrinth. You begin walking along the path with the goal of reaching the center. Upon reaching the center, you discover yourself.
(661) 480-6993 View (661) 480-6993
Photo of Chris Jensen, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Chris Jensen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Serves Area
ADHD, Digital Health, Men's Mental Health, Teen and Family Counseling - I have extensive experience as a therapist within the school system, working with students with IEPs (including Autism, Emotional Difficulties, and I’m an ADHD Certified provider). I specialize in Digital Health, helping clients struggling with online addictions to develop a balanced relationship with technology. I also specialize in Men's Mental Health, fostering insight and personal responsibility and helping men to lead more productive, meaningful, and fulfilling lives.
ADHD, Digital Health, Men's Mental Health, Teen and Family Counseling - I have extensive experience as a therapist within the school system, working with students with IEPs (including Autism, Emotional Difficulties, and I’m an ADHD Certified provider). I specialize in Digital Health, helping clients struggling with online addictions to develop a balanced relationship with technology. I also specialize in Men's Mental Health, fostering insight and personal responsibility and helping men to lead more productive, meaningful, and fulfilling lives.
(661) 724-4626 View (661) 724-4626
Photo of Celina Aldeschulte, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Celina Aldeschulte
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
In a world filled with uncertainty, it is essential to prepare both physically and mentally to face challenges. Since individuals experience stress differently, Ms. Aldeschulte provides a safe space for people to address the emotions or situations that disrupt their peace. If you're facing a stressful situation, she can help you explore the underlying issues and facilitate open discussions. She offers support with empathy and genuine understanding, recognizing that ignoring problems can lead to unwanted emotions and behaviors.
In a world filled with uncertainty, it is essential to prepare both physically and mentally to face challenges. Since individuals experience stress differently, Ms. Aldeschulte provides a safe space for people to address the emotions or situations that disrupt their peace. If you're facing a stressful situation, she can help you explore the underlying issues and facilitate open discussions. She offers support with empathy and genuine understanding, recognizing that ignoring problems can lead to unwanted emotions and behaviors.
(661) 689-5908 View (661) 689-5908
1

See more therapy options for Stevenson Ranch

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Stevenson Ranch, CA

40+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Stevenson Ranch, CA who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
92% Depression
88% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
71% Parenting
67% Stress
65% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
54% Optum
50% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Stevenson Ranch, CA see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

87% Female
13% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Stevenson Ranch?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.