Therapists in Santa Cruz, CA

Photo of Brennen Facchini, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Brennen Facchini
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Brennen’s guiding principle is that therapy is a collaborative process, with patient and therapist working together toward a shared goal. He views each patient as a unique individual with distinct needs and concerns, offering weekly support and guidance tailored to their well-being. His approach is grounded in empathy, authenticity, and unconditional positive regard, core values that help create a foundation of trust and psychological safety. Brennen draws from various evidence-based models, including cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, and solution-focused therapies, adapting his interventions to meet each person’s needs.
Brennen’s guiding principle is that therapy is a collaborative process, with patient and therapist working together toward a shared goal. He views each patient as a unique individual with distinct needs and concerns, offering weekly support and guidance tailored to their well-being. His approach is grounded in empathy, authenticity, and unconditional positive regard, core values that help create a foundation of trust and psychological safety. Brennen draws from various evidence-based models, including cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, and solution-focused therapies, adapting his interventions to meet each person’s needs.
(831) 432-7002 View (831) 432-7002
Photo of Heidi Poteet Marini, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ALPCC, EMDR
Heidi Poteet Marini
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ALPCC, EMDR
3 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
Life can be hard but I'm guessing you already knew that.  All the hard stuff can leave us feeling overwhelmed, frustrated, or sad. Sometimes life's challenges become too difficult to overcome alone. Finding a safe and collaborative place to explore and address what is troubling you is the first step toward healing.  Perhaps you are struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, or challenges within a relationship. While there are no guarantees of what you will experience in therapy, research shows that therapy helps people. It works. Psychotherapy can elevate feelings of self worth, purpose, and improve your overall quality of life.
Life can be hard but I'm guessing you already knew that.  All the hard stuff can leave us feeling overwhelmed, frustrated, or sad. Sometimes life's challenges become too difficult to overcome alone. Finding a safe and collaborative place to explore and address what is troubling you is the first step toward healing.  Perhaps you are struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, or challenges within a relationship. While there are no guarantees of what you will experience in therapy, research shows that therapy helps people. It works. Psychotherapy can elevate feelings of self worth, purpose, and improve your overall quality of life.
(831) 232-9638 View (831) 232-9638
Photo of Erin Murray, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Erin Murray
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Do you find that you are questioning yourself constantly? Or feeling as if you have no motivation for the things you enjoy? Or struggling in your relationships? Are you feeling lost in this phase of life and trying to figure out what makes you happy? You may be wondering where these feelings are coming from. They may feel like familiar patterns, or these experiences might be new for you. Either way, you know something needs to shift. You want to feel more at ease within yourself and in your relationships. You are ready to quiet the inner critic and be more understanding of where, and who, you are.
Do you find that you are questioning yourself constantly? Or feeling as if you have no motivation for the things you enjoy? Or struggling in your relationships? Are you feeling lost in this phase of life and trying to figure out what makes you happy? You may be wondering where these feelings are coming from. They may feel like familiar patterns, or these experiences might be new for you. Either way, you know something needs to shift. You want to feel more at ease within yourself and in your relationships. You are ready to quiet the inner critic and be more understanding of where, and who, you are.
(669) 356-8984 View (669) 356-8984
Photo of Jennifer Alexander, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Jennifer Alexander
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
1 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
I am currently offering in-person and online individual sessions using expressive arts, mindfulness, neurofeedback, EMDR and Ketamine. Artistic expression may be done in person or virtually through an online collage program or with any materials you would like to use. This may include drawing, painting, collage, sculpture, music, movement, writing, photography, role play or any combination of these. The focus is on the creative process as a tool for exploration, transformation and manifestation.
I am currently offering in-person and online individual sessions using expressive arts, mindfulness, neurofeedback, EMDR and Ketamine. Artistic expression may be done in person or virtually through an online collage program or with any materials you would like to use. This may include drawing, painting, collage, sculpture, music, movement, writing, photography, role play or any combination of these. The focus is on the creative process as a tool for exploration, transformation and manifestation.
(831) 531-7827 View (831) 531-7827
Photo of Katie Jacobson, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Katie Jacobson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
It’s not easy being human, and it takes courage to reach out for support. At times, we can feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure how to cope and move forward—but you don’t have to navigate these moments alone. I’m here to help you find relief, clarity, and a deeper connection with yourself, in your relationships, and your life. My work invites you to turn inward with curiosity and compassion, shift the way you relate to yourself, and reconnect with your inner wisdom and unique strengths. Through a holistic, integrative approach, I hold the belief that you are already whole—resilient and capable of meaningful growth and healing.
It’s not easy being human, and it takes courage to reach out for support. At times, we can feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure how to cope and move forward—but you don’t have to navigate these moments alone. I’m here to help you find relief, clarity, and a deeper connection with yourself, in your relationships, and your life. My work invites you to turn inward with curiosity and compassion, shift the way you relate to yourself, and reconnect with your inner wisdom and unique strengths. Through a holistic, integrative approach, I hold the belief that you are already whole—resilient and capable of meaningful growth and healing.
(831) 318-8009 View (831) 318-8009
Photo of Lori Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lori Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
A warm welcome to you! I've been a therapist for many years, have a master’s degree in social work from UC Berkeley, and draw upon a depth of life and work experience in our work together.
A warm welcome to you! I've been a therapist for many years, have a master’s degree in social work from UC Berkeley, and draw upon a depth of life and work experience in our work together.
(831) 273-4160 View (831) 273-4160
Photo of Monique Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Monique Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
5 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
I'd be honored to support your healing and personal growth. I love guiding those ready to re-parent themselves and heal complex trauma, including emotional neglect and narcissistic abuse. I work with couples and families, especially in non-traditional spaces: LGBTQ+ community, blended families, and those grappling with how technology and AI are reshaping intimacy, relationships, and human connection—whether through personal use, relational concerns, or broader existential anxiety. I also offer Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy and medicine journey integration.
I'd be honored to support your healing and personal growth. I love guiding those ready to re-parent themselves and heal complex trauma, including emotional neglect and narcissistic abuse. I work with couples and families, especially in non-traditional spaces: LGBTQ+ community, blended families, and those grappling with how technology and AI are reshaping intimacy, relationships, and human connection—whether through personal use, relational concerns, or broader existential anxiety. I also offer Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy and medicine journey integration.
(831) 539-2451 View (831) 539-2451
Photo of Melissa S Bernstein, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Melissa S Bernstein
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
The frame of Acceptance and Commitment Training as a structure in therapy is helpful in bringing you into the present moment to better understand what is going on in your life and developing an awareness of your core values. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is helpful for noticing your distortions, reframing your thoughts, developing self-talk, and increasing your problem-solving skills. This part of therapy requires journaling to increase self-reflection and develop a sense of agency in your life. Also, developing assertive communication skills and boundaries with yourself and those around you to improve your quality of life.
The frame of Acceptance and Commitment Training as a structure in therapy is helpful in bringing you into the present moment to better understand what is going on in your life and developing an awareness of your core values. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is helpful for noticing your distortions, reframing your thoughts, developing self-talk, and increasing your problem-solving skills. This part of therapy requires journaling to increase self-reflection and develop a sense of agency in your life. Also, developing assertive communication skills and boundaries with yourself and those around you to improve your quality of life.
(831) 257-2012 View (831) 257-2012
Photo of E. Murphy, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
E. Murphy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Hello! My name is Murphy. I believe you are the expert on your own life & I’m here to help you on your path. I have a toolbox of skills available as you bravely strive to overcome mental health challenges. I’m here to be your partner & helper in achieving stability, safety & satisfaction in your mind & in your relationships. I support teens & adults addressing anxiety, depression, & trauma, to improve their mental health. I’m warm, compassionate & easy to relate to. I am a social justice advocate & my work is gender affirming & neurodiversity affirming.
Hello! My name is Murphy. I believe you are the expert on your own life & I’m here to help you on your path. I have a toolbox of skills available as you bravely strive to overcome mental health challenges. I’m here to be your partner & helper in achieving stability, safety & satisfaction in your mind & in your relationships. I support teens & adults addressing anxiety, depression, & trauma, to improve their mental health. I’m warm, compassionate & easy to relate to. I am a social justice advocate & my work is gender affirming & neurodiversity affirming.
(831) 609-9991 View (831) 609-9991
Photo of Amber Thuston, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSc, LPCC
Amber Thuston
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSc, LPCC
Online Only
As a part of your journey, my focus is to partner with you from a person-centered and holistic approach, integrating mind, body, and spirit. I strongly believe that you have all the answers hidden within yourself and with some guidance, skills, and support you will be able to achieve the goals you have set.
As a part of your journey, my focus is to partner with you from a person-centered and holistic approach, integrating mind, body, and spirit. I strongly believe that you have all the answers hidden within yourself and with some guidance, skills, and support you will be able to achieve the goals you have set.
(831) 603-6788 View (831) 603-6788
Photo of Ann Marie Speno, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Ann Marie Speno
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Are you feeling consumed by self-consciousness, body hatred, and thoughts of food and weight? Do you find yourself trapped in a cycle of undereating and/or overeating, trying to live by rigid dietary rules? I want you to know that you are not alone. I specialize in treating eating and body image issues. I can help you to explore the emotions that underly your relationship to food and your body, enhance your awareness of the many ways our culture creates eating problems, and help you to locate healthier ways to cope with the stress of life.
Are you feeling consumed by self-consciousness, body hatred, and thoughts of food and weight? Do you find yourself trapped in a cycle of undereating and/or overeating, trying to live by rigid dietary rules? I want you to know that you are not alone. I specialize in treating eating and body image issues. I can help you to explore the emotions that underly your relationship to food and your body, enhance your awareness of the many ways our culture creates eating problems, and help you to locate healthier ways to cope with the stress of life.
(831) 272-4937 View (831) 272-4937
Photo of Brynne Liberty Flidais, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Brynne Liberty Flidais
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
3 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
Relating with people and witnessing growth is what I love most. It is my honor to support you when you’re feeling stressed out, anxious, invisible or depleted. I hold a somatic (body-based) perspective that is empathetic, patient and curious. I am receptive to that which naturally emerges through thoughts, emotions, sensations, images and memories in each session. I approach personal narratives with openness & compassion.
Relating with people and witnessing growth is what I love most. It is my honor to support you when you’re feeling stressed out, anxious, invisible or depleted. I hold a somatic (body-based) perspective that is empathetic, patient and curious. I am receptive to that which naturally emerges through thoughts, emotions, sensations, images and memories in each session. I approach personal narratives with openness & compassion.
(831) 265-5547 View (831) 265-5547
Photo of Serene Silva, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Serene Silva
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
You are already whole, and I believe the process of psychotherapy is to shed the self limiting beliefs we hold of ourselves that keep us fractured and compartmentalized. The process of integrating our disavowed parts creates the space for our wholeness to emerge. We make meaning through our experiences, but shame and trauma can distort our way of relating to ourselves and the world. Through the therapeutic container of safety one can begin to deconstruct the strategies adopted along the way to keep one feeling “safe” and “in control”, while also in many ways, keeping one from meeting the world with an open and curious heart.
You are already whole, and I believe the process of psychotherapy is to shed the self limiting beliefs we hold of ourselves that keep us fractured and compartmentalized. The process of integrating our disavowed parts creates the space for our wholeness to emerge. We make meaning through our experiences, but shame and trauma can distort our way of relating to ourselves and the world. Through the therapeutic container of safety one can begin to deconstruct the strategies adopted along the way to keep one feeling “safe” and “in control”, while also in many ways, keeping one from meeting the world with an open and curious heart.
(831) 265-0651 View (831) 265-0651
Photo of Catherine Louise, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Catherine Louise
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My name is Catherine and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I am passionate about working with people to find/return to the best version of themselves possible. My approach is compassionately focused strength-based. I am skilled at meeting you unconditionally where you are at today and allowing space for self-discovery to support healing. I have 20-plus years of experience working with people in recovery from addictions, mental health challenges, and health and well-being. I utilize a holistic approach to uniquely tailor our sessions to meet your highest good.
My name is Catherine and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I am passionate about working with people to find/return to the best version of themselves possible. My approach is compassionately focused strength-based. I am skilled at meeting you unconditionally where you are at today and allowing space for self-discovery to support healing. I have 20-plus years of experience working with people in recovery from addictions, mental health challenges, and health and well-being. I utilize a holistic approach to uniquely tailor our sessions to meet your highest good.
(213) 431-0350 View (213) 431-0350
Photo of David Schulkin, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
David Schulkin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
I am an experienced guide, walking alongside you in your world to support you in the directions you want to go. My goal is to help you shed the self-limiting beliefs that keep you from feeling like your integrated, authentic self.
I am an experienced guide, walking alongside you in your world to support you in the directions you want to go. My goal is to help you shed the self-limiting beliefs that keep you from feeling like your integrated, authentic self.
(831) 531-4529 View (831) 531-4529
Photo of Cursha Pierce-Lunderman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Cursha Pierce-Lunderman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I love partnering with people on their journey to greatness. I use a strengths-based approach to help my clients see the choices that are always at their disposal to unlearn past harmful messaging or combat unrelenting present symptoms. As a Black woman, I always integrate the importance of diversity. Playing small to blend in doesn't serve anyone. Whether we're different based on external or internal attributes, we all need to embrace our beautiful and different qualities so that we can live an authentic life.
I love partnering with people on their journey to greatness. I use a strengths-based approach to help my clients see the choices that are always at their disposal to unlearn past harmful messaging or combat unrelenting present symptoms. As a Black woman, I always integrate the importance of diversity. Playing small to blend in doesn't serve anyone. Whether we're different based on external or internal attributes, we all need to embrace our beautiful and different qualities so that we can live an authentic life.
(629) 217-0851 View (629) 217-0851
Photo of Bianca Pisano, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Bianca Pisano
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
The pace of the world today can feel overwhelming, leaving you anxious, depressed, or unsure of how to move forward. These struggles create distance from yourself and from the people who matter most. Therapy, with me, offers a space to slow down and look inside. My approach is collaborative and down-to-earth. Healing doesn't have to be heavy all the time, we'll make space for humor, curiosity, and even joy along the way.
The pace of the world today can feel overwhelming, leaving you anxious, depressed, or unsure of how to move forward. These struggles create distance from yourself and from the people who matter most. Therapy, with me, offers a space to slow down and look inside. My approach is collaborative and down-to-earth. Healing doesn't have to be heavy all the time, we'll make space for humor, curiosity, and even joy along the way.
(831) 243-3959 View (831) 243-3959
Photo of Carly Rose Bretl, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Carly Rose Bretl
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
I trust that challenges, and our responses to them, hold immense wisdom—AND, we can really struggle with trauma, longing, patterns, overwhelming emotions, avoidance... In the work of therapy, we’ll get curious about this stuff. Using self awareness and clinical knowledge to enact change, you’ll feel known and able to attend to your heart. I love using imagination, dreams, the body, and just talking, to understand what's at the heart of your therapy. My intention is to support healing, and that your work will enable clarity, choice, the freedom to keep growing.
I trust that challenges, and our responses to them, hold immense wisdom—AND, we can really struggle with trauma, longing, patterns, overwhelming emotions, avoidance... In the work of therapy, we’ll get curious about this stuff. Using self awareness and clinical knowledge to enact change, you’ll feel known and able to attend to your heart. I love using imagination, dreams, the body, and just talking, to understand what's at the heart of your therapy. My intention is to support healing, and that your work will enable clarity, choice, the freedom to keep growing.
(831) 226-8978 View (831) 226-8978
Photo of Dr. Dean Leav - Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean, Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean
Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
(831) 744-7224 View (831) 744-7224
Photo of Elani Aquino, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Elani Aquino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
As a Level 3 Certified Internal Family Systems Therapist, and practicing Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapist, I look forward to accompanying you on your healing journey, offering hope, validation, warm support. Whatever brings you to therapy - relationships, stress, trauma, pain, fears, hurts, depression - I believe in your capacity for healing. Discover new ways to communicate to foster positive outcomes in your relationships, harmony to your inner world. You are entitled to experience personal growth, healing, lasting change, restoration of self respect, meaning and purpose, aliveness, peace and joy in your life. Let us begin!
As a Level 3 Certified Internal Family Systems Therapist, and practicing Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapist, I look forward to accompanying you on your healing journey, offering hope, validation, warm support. Whatever brings you to therapy - relationships, stress, trauma, pain, fears, hurts, depression - I believe in your capacity for healing. Discover new ways to communicate to foster positive outcomes in your relationships, harmony to your inner world. You are entitled to experience personal growth, healing, lasting change, restoration of self respect, meaning and purpose, aliveness, peace and joy in your life. Let us begin!
(831) 427-5505 View (831) 427-5505

See more therapy options for Santa Cruz

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Santa Cruz, CA

600+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Santa Cruz, CA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
82% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
67% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

57% Aetna
42% Cigna and Evernorth
40% Anthem

How Therapists in Santa Cruz, CA see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
17% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Santa Cruz?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.