Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Dvora Honigstein, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFC
Dvora Honigstein
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFC
San Francisco, CA 94117
I have been a psychotherapist for 30+ years. My preference is to work with people who want to go beyond immediate problem solving to an understanding of the underlying causes of their difficulties. I am aware of how challenging it can be to choose a therapist. My work style is to listen deeply and be collaborative. I am interactive and direct and use the therapy relationship to understand dynamics that may not be visible to my client. I have a strong belief in our potential to grow and change especially with increased awareness within a therapy relationship.
I have been a psychotherapist for 30+ years. My preference is to work with people who want to go beyond immediate problem solving to an understanding of the underlying causes of their difficulties. I am aware of how challenging it can be to choose a therapist. My work style is to listen deeply and be collaborative. I am interactive and direct and use the therapy relationship to understand dynamics that may not be visible to my client. I have a strong belief in our potential to grow and change especially with increased awareness within a therapy relationship.
(415) 299-8064 View (415) 299-8064
Photo of Kenneth F Edwards, Counselor, LPCC, LCPC
Kenneth F Edwards
Counselor, LPCC, LCPC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I typically work best with clients that have a high degree of self-agency and are in a career building or sustaining phase of life. I enjoy working with clients that enjoy a challenge from their therapist to grow and improve from visit to visit.
I typically work best with clients that have a high degree of self-agency and are in a career building or sustaining phase of life. I enjoy working with clients that enjoy a challenge from their therapist to grow and improve from visit to visit.
(415) 496-4658 View (415) 496-4658
Photo of Melinda Frenkel, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Melinda Frenkel
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
San Francisco, CA 94110
Choosing to begin psychotherapy opens yourself to the experience of self-discovery, reflection, and growth. This decision may feel exhilarating or scary, as self-work often requires courage and a willingness to examine aspects of life which may have gone unattended for some time. But truly, beginning psychotherapy reflects an inner desire and commitment to enhance the parts of yourself and your life which are working well, and to explore, and ultimately make changes in the parts you would like to be different.
Choosing to begin psychotherapy opens yourself to the experience of self-discovery, reflection, and growth. This decision may feel exhilarating or scary, as self-work often requires courage and a willingness to examine aspects of life which may have gone unattended for some time. But truly, beginning psychotherapy reflects an inner desire and commitment to enhance the parts of yourself and your life which are working well, and to explore, and ultimately make changes in the parts you would like to be different.
(415) 938-5311 View (415) 938-5311
Photo of Jen Joseph, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CST
Jen Joseph
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CST
5 Endorsed
Online Only
I'm an AASECT certified sex therapist and licensed couples therapist helping individuals and partners create more connected, pleasurable, and honest relationships. I specialize in sexual issues, couples conflict, and working with married couples on the brink of divorce through Discernment Counseling. I help individuals and partners struggling with mismatched libidos, low desire, sexual dysfunctions, sex pain, sexual performance issues, challenges with ethical non-monogamy or a desire to open up their relationship, sexual shame, recovering from a betrayal or affair, and out-of-control sexual behaviors (aka sex 'addiction.')
I'm an AASECT certified sex therapist and licensed couples therapist helping individuals and partners create more connected, pleasurable, and honest relationships. I specialize in sexual issues, couples conflict, and working with married couples on the brink of divorce through Discernment Counseling. I help individuals and partners struggling with mismatched libidos, low desire, sexual dysfunctions, sex pain, sexual performance issues, challenges with ethical non-monogamy or a desire to open up their relationship, sexual shame, recovering from a betrayal or affair, and out-of-control sexual behaviors (aka sex 'addiction.')
(415) 212-5329 View (415) 212-5329
Martha Lybarger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
San Francisco, CA 94115
Time to get your life back on track? Tired of the same old fights? Is your addiction hijacking your life? Wondering if you can continue to deal with the chaos around you? You can take your life back, find some peace and learn how to better communicate with your partner and yourself. We all have deep needs for tenderness, sharing and love.
Time to get your life back on track? Tired of the same old fights? Is your addiction hijacking your life? Wondering if you can continue to deal with the chaos around you? You can take your life back, find some peace and learn how to better communicate with your partner and yourself. We all have deep needs for tenderness, sharing and love.
(415) 969-7728 View (415) 969-7728
Photo of Tila B Bibliowicz, MA, BCET
Tila B Bibliowicz
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94131
As a Board Certified Educational Therapist with decades of experience working with children, adolescents, college students, and adults, I am dedicated to helping my clients discover their unique learning styles and find the best tools to maximize their potential. I work with students who are struggling academically, as well as those with ADD/ADHD, executive functioning issues, and OCD clients that affect their academic performance or are in need of remedial learning or effective test-taking strategies. I provide individualized instruction for clients struggling in school or college that addresses each student's difficulties.
As a Board Certified Educational Therapist with decades of experience working with children, adolescents, college students, and adults, I am dedicated to helping my clients discover their unique learning styles and find the best tools to maximize their potential. I work with students who are struggling academically, as well as those with ADD/ADHD, executive functioning issues, and OCD clients that affect their academic performance or are in need of remedial learning or effective test-taking strategies. I provide individualized instruction for clients struggling in school or college that addresses each student's difficulties.
(415) 390-0083 View (415) 390-0083
Photo of Toni Brooks, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Toni Brooks
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Online Only
I have been practicing psychotherapy for 45 years. I am an active therapist, committed to staying deeply engaged in our moment-to-moment exchange. I am able to go to the depths of a client's experience, allowing for the release of tangled feelings, and the breaking open of psychological "knots." I employ EFT, and EMDR and Flash (for trauma), as well as guided imagery, which allows clients to access and make use of the expansive and healing capacities of the unconscious mind. I am also skilled in working pragmatically, helping people communicate better, shift habits of negative thinking, and solve troubling life concerns.
I have been practicing psychotherapy for 45 years. I am an active therapist, committed to staying deeply engaged in our moment-to-moment exchange. I am able to go to the depths of a client's experience, allowing for the release of tangled feelings, and the breaking open of psychological "knots." I employ EFT, and EMDR and Flash (for trauma), as well as guided imagery, which allows clients to access and make use of the expansive and healing capacities of the unconscious mind. I am also skilled in working pragmatically, helping people communicate better, shift habits of negative thinking, and solve troubling life concerns.
(415) 779-7843 View (415) 779-7843
Photo of Tara Baker - The Connective (formerly Wellspace SF), Marriage & Family Therapist
The Connective (formerly Wellspace SF)
Marriage & Family Therapist
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
Tired of calling around? We have immediate openings! The Connective is an integrative practice of psychotherapists, certified coaches, and holistic health practitioners dedicated to a common goal: guiding, inspiring, and empowering individuals to live more authentic, fulfulling and healthy lives. From navigating personal and professional roadblocks, to achieving optimal health and wellness, our mission is to provide compassionate and strengths-based support centered on the whole person.
Tired of calling around? We have immediate openings! The Connective is an integrative practice of psychotherapists, certified coaches, and holistic health practitioners dedicated to a common goal: guiding, inspiring, and empowering individuals to live more authentic, fulfulling and healthy lives. From navigating personal and professional roadblocks, to achieving optimal health and wellness, our mission is to provide compassionate and strengths-based support centered on the whole person.
(415) 335-7793 View (415) 335-7793
Photo of Marc Joseph Manning, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, APCC, AMFT, MFA
Marc Joseph Manning
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, APCC, AMFT, MFA
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with the belief that each person carries a rich internal landscape, often shaped by early experiences, unconscious stories, and deep emotional currents. By paying attention to symbolic language, recurring patterns, and emotional responses, we can uncover the deeper threads that run through your life and help you make meaning of them in a way that empowers you. I am trauma focused, a member of the LGBTQ community, KINK/BDSM, poly positive and affirming. In our work together, I strive to meet you in your world, to understand how you see and feel things, and to collaborate on a path that supports your growth and your truth.
I work with the belief that each person carries a rich internal landscape, often shaped by early experiences, unconscious stories, and deep emotional currents. By paying attention to symbolic language, recurring patterns, and emotional responses, we can uncover the deeper threads that run through your life and help you make meaning of them in a way that empowers you. I am trauma focused, a member of the LGBTQ community, KINK/BDSM, poly positive and affirming. In our work together, I strive to meet you in your world, to understand how you see and feel things, and to collaborate on a path that supports your growth and your truth.
(415) 429-5810 View (415) 429-5810
Photo of Tarrah D Wauson, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Tarrah D Wauson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114
We support children, teens, parents, couples and families in finding their voice. We offer support in becoming more self confident, and communicating in a way that expresses essential needs. We are here to support you every step of the way. We work closely to increase awareness and encourage an overall goal of self awareness and self control. We believe that every human has the potential to fulfill their dreams and create an outcome they desire.
We support children, teens, parents, couples and families in finding their voice. We offer support in becoming more self confident, and communicating in a way that expresses essential needs. We are here to support you every step of the way. We work closely to increase awareness and encourage an overall goal of self awareness and self control. We believe that every human has the potential to fulfill their dreams and create an outcome they desire.
(628) 259-8239 View (628) 259-8239
Photo of Shyla Batliwalla, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Shyla Batliwalla
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you ever feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected? Life’s challenges—whether they involve anxiety, depression, or difficulty setting healthy boundaries—can feel heavy and isolating. You may also be navigating the added complexities of living in a world that doesn’t always understand or celebrate your identity. Starting therapy is a brave step toward living with purpose, peace, and authenticity. Whether you're navigating life transitions, seeking to deepen your sense of self, or learning to advocate for yourself, we’ll work together to create a life that truly feels like yours.
Do you ever feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected? Life’s challenges—whether they involve anxiety, depression, or difficulty setting healthy boundaries—can feel heavy and isolating. You may also be navigating the added complexities of living in a world that doesn’t always understand or celebrate your identity. Starting therapy is a brave step toward living with purpose, peace, and authenticity. Whether you're navigating life transitions, seeking to deepen your sense of self, or learning to advocate for yourself, we’ll work together to create a life that truly feels like yours.
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Photo of Dr. Elizabeth C. Johnson, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Elizabeth C. Johnson
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Hi, I’m Elizabeth—thank you for your interest in my private practice. If you're reading this right now things are probably pretty tough. I can help. As a licensed psychologist, my number one goal is to help you feel better—full stop. The way we’ll do this is by moving at your pace to find out what is keeping you stuck, and then use a concrete treatment plan backed by research to get you feeling better. In my practice I specialize in working with adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, family challenges, as well as adults with ADHD. Previous clients have described my style as warm, disarming, down-to-earth, and affirming.
Hi, I’m Elizabeth—thank you for your interest in my private practice. If you're reading this right now things are probably pretty tough. I can help. As a licensed psychologist, my number one goal is to help you feel better—full stop. The way we’ll do this is by moving at your pace to find out what is keeping you stuck, and then use a concrete treatment plan backed by research to get you feeling better. In my practice I specialize in working with adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, family challenges, as well as adults with ADHD. Previous clients have described my style as warm, disarming, down-to-earth, and affirming.
(415) 968-8681 View (415) 968-8681
Photo of Dr. Larkin Hoyt Gill - Dr. Larkin Hoyt Gill, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Larkin Hoyt Gill
Psychologist, PsyD
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you someone who overthinks everything, feels constantly on edge, or struggles to shut your mind off, even when nothing is “wrong”? I work with adults dealing with anxiety, trauma, ADHD, and burnout who feel stuck in patterns that don’t respond to quick fixes or surface-level coping strategies. Many of my clients are high-functioning on the outside, but internally feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or exhausted from holding it all together. My approach focuses on helping you understand and shift the underlying patterns driving your distress, not just managing symptoms.
Are you someone who overthinks everything, feels constantly on edge, or struggles to shut your mind off, even when nothing is “wrong”? I work with adults dealing with anxiety, trauma, ADHD, and burnout who feel stuck in patterns that don’t respond to quick fixes or surface-level coping strategies. Many of my clients are high-functioning on the outside, but internally feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or exhausted from holding it all together. My approach focuses on helping you understand and shift the underlying patterns driving your distress, not just managing symptoms.
(619) 759-5757 View (619) 759-5757
Photo of Susan R Greene, Psychologist, PhD, MA
Susan R Greene
Psychologist, PhD, MA
San Francisco, CA 94109
Engaging in a therapeutic relationship is an act of courage and hope that can lead to relief and lasting change. You may be experiencing loneliness, relationship issues, anxiety, depression, low self esteem, loss, creative blocks or the effects of trauma and oppression. Maybe you are just not where you would like to be in your life. Therapy can help to create a more fulfilling life in part by deepening self knowledge, increasing resilience and mitigating the effects of early life experiences.
Engaging in a therapeutic relationship is an act of courage and hope that can lead to relief and lasting change. You may be experiencing loneliness, relationship issues, anxiety, depression, low self esteem, loss, creative blocks or the effects of trauma and oppression. Maybe you are just not where you would like to be in your life. Therapy can help to create a more fulfilling life in part by deepening self knowledge, increasing resilience and mitigating the effects of early life experiences.
(650) 741-3698 View (650) 741-3698
Photo of Lisa Sporri, Psychologist, PhD, MEd
Lisa Sporri
Psychologist, PhD, MEd
San Francisco, CA 94118
Are you concerned about your child's development? Is your child experiencing learning difficulties? I conduct pediatric neuropsychological evaluations to help understand how your child learns best and then provide recommendations based on that learning profile. My goal is to bridge the gap between neuropsychological assessment and educational/treatment programming. I am not only a pediatric neuropsychologist, but have a master's degree in special education. This enables me to better integrate the neuropsychological assessment and educational programming. Integral to my approach is translating the neurocognitive profile to parents, educators and physicians in a meaningful, practical and collaborative manner.
Are you concerned about your child's development? Is your child experiencing learning difficulties? I conduct pediatric neuropsychological evaluations to help understand how your child learns best and then provide recommendations based on that learning profile. My goal is to bridge the gap between neuropsychological assessment and educational/treatment programming. I am not only a pediatric neuropsychologist, but have a master's degree in special education. This enables me to better integrate the neuropsychological assessment and educational programming. Integral to my approach is translating the neurocognitive profile to parents, educators and physicians in a meaningful, practical and collaborative manner.
(415) 534-6127 View (415) 534-6127
Photo of CK Olivieri Blackmore, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, PhD
CK Olivieri Blackmore
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, PhD
3 Endorsed
Online Only
CK Olivieri Blackmore is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who approaches life with warmth, compassion, and creativity. CK specializes in relationship dynamics, post-traumatic stress disorders, and existential/spiritual crises. She is particularly adept at issues pertaining to the queer community and their loved ones. CK utilizes eclectic modalities integrating DBT, EMDR, EFT, Gottman, and IFS to navigate the nuanced needs of her diverse clientele and the associated sexual and gendered concerns that arise. Blending insight-oriented and behavioral and change practices, CK works from a quirky and truly innovative lens.
CK Olivieri Blackmore is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who approaches life with warmth, compassion, and creativity. CK specializes in relationship dynamics, post-traumatic stress disorders, and existential/spiritual crises. She is particularly adept at issues pertaining to the queer community and their loved ones. CK utilizes eclectic modalities integrating DBT, EMDR, EFT, Gottman, and IFS to navigate the nuanced needs of her diverse clientele and the associated sexual and gendered concerns that arise. Blending insight-oriented and behavioral and change practices, CK works from a quirky and truly innovative lens.
(518) 269-5458 View (518) 269-5458
Photo of Sandra Stevenson - Sandra Stevenson, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Sandra Stevenson, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
As a solution-oriented depth therapist, I intend to promote your capacity to reveal your true potential and embrace your life as worthy of celebrating. While we cannot alter problematic or painful events from the past, we can work together to restructure their impact on the present. Through the use of complementary therapy approaches, we will adjust adverse perceptions and behavior patterns that may be binding you from fully living your life. If you are seeking professional direction through rough circumstances or traumatic crises, and if you aim to enhance your emotional well-being, I look forward to working with you to accomplish your objectives.
As a solution-oriented depth therapist, I intend to promote your capacity to reveal your true potential and embrace your life as worthy of celebrating. While we cannot alter problematic or painful events from the past, we can work together to restructure their impact on the present. Through the use of complementary therapy approaches, we will adjust adverse perceptions and behavior patterns that may be binding you from fully living your life. If you are seeking professional direction through rough circumstances or traumatic crises, and if you aim to enhance your emotional well-being, I look forward to working with you to accomplish your objectives.
(415) 735-4744 View (415) 735-4744
Photo of Ava Benezra, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Ava Benezra
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
San Francisco, CA 94117
Suffering is rarely random. More often, it grows from the gap between what we long for and the realities of our lives, between who we feel ourselves to be and how we’re able to show up in the world. If you're feeling depressed, anxious, or stuck, it's not a personal failure — and you're not likely to solve it through willpower alone. I believe emotional distress isn’t just a problem to eliminate; it's a signal pointing toward parts of ourselves that need care, understanding, and integration. When we learn to listen to what these experiences are communicating, real and lasting change becomes possible.
Suffering is rarely random. More often, it grows from the gap between what we long for and the realities of our lives, between who we feel ourselves to be and how we’re able to show up in the world. If you're feeling depressed, anxious, or stuck, it's not a personal failure — and you're not likely to solve it through willpower alone. I believe emotional distress isn’t just a problem to eliminate; it's a signal pointing toward parts of ourselves that need care, understanding, and integration. When we learn to listen to what these experiences are communicating, real and lasting change becomes possible.
(415) 799-3484 View (415) 799-3484
Photo of Sally Scheidlinger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sally Scheidlinger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
I imagine you’ve been hard on yourself lately. Thoughts like, “you’re not good enough” or “you should be over this by now,” may play on repeat, unchecked. My approach is focused on self-compassion, the art of reworking internal narratives to respond to yourself in a gentler, more understanding manner. You may not feel ready or deserving to treat yourself more kindly, but I would be honored to hold that warm space for you until you are.
I imagine you’ve been hard on yourself lately. Thoughts like, “you’re not good enough” or “you should be over this by now,” may play on repeat, unchecked. My approach is focused on self-compassion, the art of reworking internal narratives to respond to yourself in a gentler, more understanding manner. You may not feel ready or deserving to treat yourself more kindly, but I would be honored to hold that warm space for you until you are.
(415) 966-4828 View (415) 966-4828
Photo of Ali Pflaum, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Ali Pflaum
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
3 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102
I support people to live the life they desire. Many people find their way to my work simply because they feel a sense of “stuckness” or dissatisfaction. In our work together, I will serve as a collaborative and reliable thought-partner to help uncover emotional truths and work through obstacles that inhibit growth. I take pride in being a warm, approachable, and motivated fellow traveler, here to help support your process of moving towards a more fulfilling and satisfying life.
I support people to live the life they desire. Many people find their way to my work simply because they feel a sense of “stuckness” or dissatisfaction. In our work together, I will serve as a collaborative and reliable thought-partner to help uncover emotional truths and work through obstacles that inhibit growth. I take pride in being a warm, approachable, and motivated fellow traveler, here to help support your process of moving towards a more fulfilling and satisfying life.
(415) 496-0318 View (415) 496-0318

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$197

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
65% Stress
63% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
61% Cigna and Evernorth
51% Anthem

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

52% Online Only
48% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
22% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.