Therapists in San Dimas, CA

Photo of Dena Nicole Carr, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Dena Nicole Carr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Online Only
Hello! My name is Dena, and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I am a dedicated therapist on a mission to motivate, support, and empower individuals in our community. My heart is firmly rooted in providing authentic and genuine individualized mental healthcare in our community. Our sessions will be geared towards empowering you to become your best self. I strive to create a comfortable space for the client to be their authentic self. I believe that collaboration is between the client and therapist is key to fostering client strengths and empower them to promote a healthy change.
Hello! My name is Dena, and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I am a dedicated therapist on a mission to motivate, support, and empower individuals in our community. My heart is firmly rooted in providing authentic and genuine individualized mental healthcare in our community. Our sessions will be geared towards empowering you to become your best self. I strive to create a comfortable space for the client to be their authentic self. I believe that collaboration is between the client and therapist is key to fostering client strengths and empower them to promote a healthy change.
(626) 714-6567 View (626) 714-6567
Photo of Aileen Castellanos, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MEd
Aileen Castellanos
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MEd
2 Endorsed
San Dimas, CA 91773
Not accepting new clients
I am here to assist you with your life or daily challenges that include family roles, societal roles, past and current trauma, anxiety, depression, men issues, cultural challenges, LGBTQ+, and more. As a therapist my job is to help guide you to that better place you want to be at but are unsure how to get there yourself.
I am here to assist you with your life or daily challenges that include family roles, societal roles, past and current trauma, anxiety, depression, men issues, cultural challenges, LGBTQ+, and more. As a therapist my job is to help guide you to that better place you want to be at but are unsure how to get there yourself.
(626) 669-1394 View (626) 669-1394
Photo of Mark D Sandlin, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, CCTP, EMDR
Mark D Sandlin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, CCTP, EMDR
San Dimas, CA 91773
The fact that you are here looking for someone to join with you and help navigate what is weighing on your mind is an import step. Feeling depressed, anxious, angry, or confused. Dealing with grief and loss of a loved one, or just stuck in some aspect of life? Tired of having what feels like the same arguments with your children or other loved ones, coworkers, or feeling unseen and unheard. Have a wound from the past that is not quite healed and impacting your relationships today? These are just some of the things that can rob you of your joy and peace, be it in moments or larger ongoing ways.
The fact that you are here looking for someone to join with you and help navigate what is weighing on your mind is an import step. Feeling depressed, anxious, angry, or confused. Dealing with grief and loss of a loved one, or just stuck in some aspect of life? Tired of having what feels like the same arguments with your children or other loved ones, coworkers, or feeling unseen and unheard. Have a wound from the past that is not quite healed and impacting your relationships today? These are just some of the things that can rob you of your joy and peace, be it in moments or larger ongoing ways.
(626) 349-6516 View (626) 349-6516
Photo of Christopher Zierman, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Christopher Zierman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
I am a father, son, husband, and friend. A key principle that I try to hold myself to is to refrain from judgment so that I am most able to help those around me in whatever ways I am able. I have a wealth of experience in social services in a variety of different capacities including working with children and adolescents, couples, and individuals with a broad scope of challenges. I hope to provide services that fit the needs of my clients in a respectful environment while maintaining appropriate professional boundaries.
I am a father, son, husband, and friend. A key principle that I try to hold myself to is to refrain from judgment so that I am most able to help those around me in whatever ways I am able. I have a wealth of experience in social services in a variety of different capacities including working with children and adolescents, couples, and individuals with a broad scope of challenges. I hope to provide services that fit the needs of my clients in a respectful environment while maintaining appropriate professional boundaries.
(909) 315-4877 View (909) 315-4877
Photo of Ramona Reyes Sepulveda, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Ramona Reyes Sepulveda
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Many people come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or uncertain about how to cope with life’s challenges. Whether they’re dealing with stress, anxiety, relationship struggles, past trauma, or simply trying to make sense of their emotions, they’re looking for support, understanding, and a path forward. Therapy offers a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore these experiences, gain clarity, and begin healing. My role is to walk alongside clients as they uncover their strengths, build emotional tools, and create meaningful, lasting change in their lives.
Many people come to therapy feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or uncertain about how to cope with life’s challenges. Whether they’re dealing with stress, anxiety, relationship struggles, past trauma, or simply trying to make sense of their emotions, they’re looking for support, understanding, and a path forward. Therapy offers a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore these experiences, gain clarity, and begin healing. My role is to walk alongside clients as they uncover their strengths, build emotional tools, and create meaningful, lasting change in their lives.
(626) 548-4270 View (626) 548-4270
Photo of Carrie Edwards, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Carrie Edwards
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
San Dimas, CA 91773
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and I have been practicing for 20 years, working with individuals, couples, families, and children. My specialties include marriage crisis, divorce, child custody, co parenting, blended families, relational problems, life transitions, infants and children, trauma treatment, crisis intervention, grief and loss, and parenting issues.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and I have been practicing for 20 years, working with individuals, couples, families, and children. My specialties include marriage crisis, divorce, child custody, co parenting, blended families, relational problems, life transitions, infants and children, trauma treatment, crisis intervention, grief and loss, and parenting issues.
(626) 594-9221 View (626) 594-9221
Photo of Victoria Keyser, Psychologist, PsyD, MSW, RPT
Victoria Keyser
Psychologist, PsyD, MSW, RPT
San Dimas, CA 91773
Youtherapy Psychological Services was established to assist children, adolescents, parents, and families, in their efforts to lead healthier, happier, and more productive lives. Many families encounter difficult times such as the loss of a loved one, divorce or blended family, academic struggles, mood or anxiety issues, low self-esteem, or interpersonal conflict. We are committed to helping kids and their families navigate these challenges utilizing strategies that are unique and specific to their needs. Parent involvement is crucial to the success of a child's emotional well-being and therefore we provide parent coaching as needed.
Youtherapy Psychological Services was established to assist children, adolescents, parents, and families, in their efforts to lead healthier, happier, and more productive lives. Many families encounter difficult times such as the loss of a loved one, divorce or blended family, academic struggles, mood or anxiety issues, low self-esteem, or interpersonal conflict. We are committed to helping kids and their families navigate these challenges utilizing strategies that are unique and specific to their needs. Parent involvement is crucial to the success of a child's emotional well-being and therefore we provide parent coaching as needed.
(909) 212-0554 View (909) 212-0554
Photo of Michelle Sierra, Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Michelle Sierra
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Hi! I'm Michelle, an associate therapist committed to helping children, teens, and adults navigate the challenges of life with compassion and clarity. I specialize in supporting clients through anxiety, grief, depression, life transitions, and women’s issues. Whether you're feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or simply in need of support, I’m here to walk alongside you.
Hi! I'm Michelle, an associate therapist committed to helping children, teens, and adults navigate the challenges of life with compassion and clarity. I specialize in supporting clients through anxiety, grief, depression, life transitions, and women’s issues. Whether you're feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or simply in need of support, I’m here to walk alongside you.
(626) 569-5557 View (626) 569-5557
Photo of Reina Avila, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Reina Avila
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
San Dimas, CA 91773
Are you or a loved one struggling with being able to control worry or fear? Staying up all night and not being able to turn off your brain? Finding it difficult to enjoy life and being unable to cope with anxiety or stress? Are you spending more time alone? Noticing that little things annoy and frustrate you but don’t want to feel this way? Do you feel that your thoughts control you and take a toll on your quality of work or relationships? Have you been trying to manage anxiety on your own, and you are not getting better? Well, you are not alone and don’t have to figure it out yourself.
Are you or a loved one struggling with being able to control worry or fear? Staying up all night and not being able to turn off your brain? Finding it difficult to enjoy life and being unable to cope with anxiety or stress? Are you spending more time alone? Noticing that little things annoy and frustrate you but don’t want to feel this way? Do you feel that your thoughts control you and take a toll on your quality of work or relationships? Have you been trying to manage anxiety on your own, and you are not getting better? Well, you are not alone and don’t have to figure it out yourself.
(626) 240-1721 View (626) 240-1721
Photo of Ashley Eng, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Ashley Eng
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
3 Endorsed
San Dimas, CA 91773
Welcome! I’m so glad you’re here. I’m an Asian-American Associate Marriage and Family Therapist dedicated to supporting individuals and couples through life’s challenges. Whether you’re facing anxiety, depression, low self-worth, or relationship stress, you’re not alone. I offer a warm and empathetic approach to therapy, creating a safe space where you can feel seen and heard. Together, we’ll explore your emotions, break unhelpful patterns, and foster deeper self-understanding and stronger connections.
Welcome! I’m so glad you’re here. I’m an Asian-American Associate Marriage and Family Therapist dedicated to supporting individuals and couples through life’s challenges. Whether you’re facing anxiety, depression, low self-worth, or relationship stress, you’re not alone. I offer a warm and empathetic approach to therapy, creating a safe space where you can feel seen and heard. Together, we’ll explore your emotions, break unhelpful patterns, and foster deeper self-understanding and stronger connections.
(626) 635-3889 View (626) 635-3889
Photo of Rick Williams, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, Trainee
Rick Williams
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, Trainee
San Dimas, CA 91773
I help individuals, couples, teens and athletes move through anxiety, depression, relationship and performance struggles with clarity and confidence. Using a mix of SFBT, ACT, EFT, and optional Christian-based counseling, I tailor each session to your story. Whether you're battling self-doubt, separation, conflict, or setbacks, I’ll walk with you toward lasting growth, peace, and purpose. For new couples, I am also Prepare Enrich certified - contact me today about your assessment! Using evidence-based models and interventions, I offer clients a structured and relaxing space to process, as well as the tools for lasting change!
I help individuals, couples, teens and athletes move through anxiety, depression, relationship and performance struggles with clarity and confidence. Using a mix of SFBT, ACT, EFT, and optional Christian-based counseling, I tailor each session to your story. Whether you're battling self-doubt, separation, conflict, or setbacks, I’ll walk with you toward lasting growth, peace, and purpose. For new couples, I am also Prepare Enrich certified - contact me today about your assessment! Using evidence-based models and interventions, I offer clients a structured and relaxing space to process, as well as the tools for lasting change!
(626) 609-7495 View (626) 609-7495
Photo of Enid Midley, Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Enid Midley
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
1 Endorsed
San Dimas, CA 91773
Waitlist for new clients
Life can feel so difficult - as a kid or a parent. As cliche as it may sound, no one gets a handbook on how to parent their particular child. My work is in helping kids better understand how to manage their behaviors, thoughts, and emotions, and guiding parents in learning how to better support their children. I like to start by highlighting existing strengths, then building on those strengths to tackle the challenges that brought you into therapy. I use talk and play therapy, including books, games, art, music, movement and activities, depending on individual and family needs and interests.
Life can feel so difficult - as a kid or a parent. As cliche as it may sound, no one gets a handbook on how to parent their particular child. My work is in helping kids better understand how to manage their behaviors, thoughts, and emotions, and guiding parents in learning how to better support their children. I like to start by highlighting existing strengths, then building on those strengths to tackle the challenges that brought you into therapy. I use talk and play therapy, including books, games, art, music, movement and activities, depending on individual and family needs and interests.
(626) 508-7312 View (626) 508-7312
Photo of Peter Yousef, Psychological Associate, MS, MA
Peter Yousef
Psychological Associate, MS, MA
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a Psychological Associate who creates a calming, welcoming space where clients feel safe and truly heard. I work with teens, adults, and older adults using CBT, DBT, trauma-informed care, and psychoanalytic therapy. I am fluent in Arabic and attuned to cultural diversity. I have experience with anxiety, trauma, stress, and life transitions. I bring warmth, curiosity, and grounding energy to every session and feel grateful to do this work.
I am a Psychological Associate who creates a calming, welcoming space where clients feel safe and truly heard. I work with teens, adults, and older adults using CBT, DBT, trauma-informed care, and psychoanalytic therapy. I am fluent in Arabic and attuned to cultural diversity. I have experience with anxiety, trauma, stress, and life transitions. I bring warmth, curiosity, and grounding energy to every session and feel grateful to do this work.
(909) 660-3227 View (909) 660-3227
Photo of Contessa Monique Ruiz, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Contessa Monique Ruiz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
Life is very complicated moreso now than ever. In a post pandemic world many people are still struggling to "get back on their feet". As a dedicated mental health professional, I specialize in providing compassionate support and evidence-based treatment to a diverse range of individuals, with a primary focus on adolescents, young adults, and adults navigating the complex terrain of anxiety and depression. I recognize that these life challenges can affect anyone at various stages, and my mission is to offer a safe and empathetic space for healing.
Life is very complicated moreso now than ever. In a post pandemic world many people are still struggling to "get back on their feet". As a dedicated mental health professional, I specialize in providing compassionate support and evidence-based treatment to a diverse range of individuals, with a primary focus on adolescents, young adults, and adults navigating the complex terrain of anxiety and depression. I recognize that these life challenges can affect anyone at various stages, and my mission is to offer a safe and empathetic space for healing.
(626) 587-3652 View (626) 587-3652
Photo of Chelsea Heller McGray - Blowfish Therapy Inc, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, PPS, LMFT, LEP
Blowfish Therapy Inc
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, PPS, LMFT, LEP
San Dimas, CA 91773
I'm Chelsea, a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (LMFT) and Licensed Educational Psychologist (LEP). I was a social worker for Child Protective Services for 10 years & worked at an in-patient psychiatric hospital. Currently, I'm a school psychologist & maintain a private practice - Blowfish Therapy Inc. Clients that tend to feel most comfortable with me are often able to connect or feel acceptance based on one the following areas or topics: LGBTQ+, Parenting, Millennials, Blended Families, Liberals, Potty Mouths, Self-Critics, Students, Sex, Use of humor, Sensitive Hearts. Reach out to see if I'd be a good fit for you!
I'm Chelsea, a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (LMFT) and Licensed Educational Psychologist (LEP). I was a social worker for Child Protective Services for 10 years & worked at an in-patient psychiatric hospital. Currently, I'm a school psychologist & maintain a private practice - Blowfish Therapy Inc. Clients that tend to feel most comfortable with me are often able to connect or feel acceptance based on one the following areas or topics: LGBTQ+, Parenting, Millennials, Blended Families, Liberals, Potty Mouths, Self-Critics, Students, Sex, Use of humor, Sensitive Hearts. Reach out to see if I'd be a good fit for you!
(909) 248-2654 View (909) 248-2654
Photo of Kimberly Cruz - Healing Paths Therapy Inc, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, AMFT
Healing Paths Therapy Inc
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I work through an attachment, CBT, Structural family therapy lens aimed at assisting children and their families connect. I utilize play based techniques to increase understanding and foster communication. I meet my clients were they are and work together to identify and foster their strengths in an empowering way.
I work through an attachment, CBT, Structural family therapy lens aimed at assisting children and their families connect. I utilize play based techniques to increase understanding and foster communication. I meet my clients were they are and work together to identify and foster their strengths in an empowering way.
(626) 602-9724 View (626) 602-9724
Photo of Kemi A Alemoh - Healing Path's Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Healing Path's Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I use a combination of approaches: behavioral, CBT, solution-focused, person centered, and problem solving. I meet my clients were they are at and start building the therapeutic relationship form there. In working with my client's I am able to help them meet thier goals and decrease some of the symptoms that they are feeling.
I use a combination of approaches: behavioral, CBT, solution-focused, person centered, and problem solving. I meet my clients were they are at and start building the therapeutic relationship form there. In working with my client's I am able to help them meet thier goals and decrease some of the symptoms that they are feeling.
(626) 317-9967 View (626) 317-9967
Photo of Tertia Morcos, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Tertia Morcos
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
6 Endorsed
San Dimas, CA 91773
How are you feeling today? Stuck in your personal life, struggling through relationship problems, unable to get over distressing events, feeling lost and purposeless or mired down by depression or anxiety? Most of us need a little help along the way, and a welcoming and supportive relationship with a professional therapist can make a significant difference.
How are you feeling today? Stuck in your personal life, struggling through relationship problems, unable to get over distressing events, feeling lost and purposeless or mired down by depression or anxiety? Most of us need a little help along the way, and a welcoming and supportive relationship with a professional therapist can make a significant difference.
(626) 513-4049 View (626) 513-4049
Photo of Andrey Chernev, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA AMFT, EMDR
Andrey Chernev
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA AMFT, EMDR
1 Endorsed
San Dimas, CA 91773
I offer both long-term and short-term therapy, with a precise, results-oriented approach. Using EMDR, I focus on specific targets. I specialize in treating complex trauma, relationship dynamics, self-esteem issues, anxiety, grief, loss, and depression. I work with adults and older adults, combining neuroscience with evidence-based practices. I am trained and certified in EMDR, which is evidence-based for treating trauma and trauma-associated somatic symptoms, PTSD, and: Anxiety, Depression, OCD, Sports anxiety, Fears/phobias (including blood-injury-injection phobia).
I offer both long-term and short-term therapy, with a precise, results-oriented approach. Using EMDR, I focus on specific targets. I specialize in treating complex trauma, relationship dynamics, self-esteem issues, anxiety, grief, loss, and depression. I work with adults and older adults, combining neuroscience with evidence-based practices. I am trained and certified in EMDR, which is evidence-based for treating trauma and trauma-associated somatic symptoms, PTSD, and: Anxiety, Depression, OCD, Sports anxiety, Fears/phobias (including blood-injury-injection phobia).
(657) 571-2734 View (657) 571-2734
Photo of Jodi Peterson, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Jodi Peterson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
San Dimas, CA 91773
I work with variety of people in the midst of their life journey. focus on client-centered therapy. By taking this approach, working with each individual, couple, family, and child, a stronger connection for growth can be created. I am privileged to walk along with my clients through their lives. Together we process challenges, traumas, heartaches, life adjustments, losses, relationships, and more related to personal experiences. Therapy helps increase abilities to communicate, & process. We work to go beyond surviving, through healing, to truly thriving, striving toward a life with strong relationships, filled with joy, and hope.
I work with variety of people in the midst of their life journey. focus on client-centered therapy. By taking this approach, working with each individual, couple, family, and child, a stronger connection for growth can be created. I am privileged to walk along with my clients through their lives. Together we process challenges, traumas, heartaches, life adjustments, losses, relationships, and more related to personal experiences. Therapy helps increase abilities to communicate, & process. We work to go beyond surviving, through healing, to truly thriving, striving toward a life with strong relationships, filled with joy, and hope.
(909) 906-9272 View (909) 906-9272

See more therapy options for San Dimas

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Dimas, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in San Dimas, CA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
70% Grief
68% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Cigna and Evernorth
70% Aetna
66% Optum

How Therapists in San Dimas, CA see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Dimas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.